Download the equivalence and shift in the english translation of indonesian

THE EQUIVALENCE AND SHIFT IN THE ENGLISH
TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES
Ayu Bandu Retnomurti / Prof. Dr. Indiyah Imran
Universitas Gunadarma Jl. Margonda Raya no: 100 Depok
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The problems of this research are; How are Indonesian Noun Phrases translated into
English?, What are the types of equivalence in the English translation of Indonesian
Noun phrases? and What are the types of shift in the English translation of Indonesian
Noun phrases?. The aims of the research are to compare the translation of Indonesian
Noun Phrases into English then to describe the types of equivalence and shift in the
English translation of Indonesian Noun phrases. This research uses a qualitative
descriptive method. The Indonesian novel as Source Language (SL) “Ronggeng Dukuh
Paruk” by Ahmad Tohari and its English translation (TL) “The Dancer” that was
translated by Rene T. A Lysloff, as source of the data. The writer classifies the data into
two main categories; the equivalence and shift. The equivalence is subcategorized into
Textual equivalence: SL subject-NP is translated into TL subject-NP; SL predicate-NP
is translated into TL predicate-NP; SL object-NP is translated into TL object-NP,
Linguistic equivalence: SL plural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP; SL singular-NP is
translated into TL singular-NP, and Dynamic equivalence. The writer also finds three
categories of shift, Structure shift in word order: SL head word initial is translated into
TL head word final, Unit shift: SL phrase is translated into TL word; SL phrase is
translated into TL compound word; SL phrase is translated into TL three words, and
Intra system shift: SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may
have a determiner. The result of this research shows that the shift occurs more than the
equivalence, with the percentage of 58 % shift, and the equivalence with the percentage
of 42 %.
Key Word: Equivalence, shift, noun phrases
INTRODUCTION
The subject of the research is the equivalence and shift in the English translation of
Indonesian noun phrases. This research tries to find out the equivalence and shifts in
form and meaning in the English translation of Indonesian noun phrases. This is because
the core of equivalence and shifts are in the form and meaning. In equivalence and shift,
the meaning is more important than the form. Beside that, equivalence focuses to cases
where languages describe the same situation by different structure. Whereas, when the
form in Source Language, has a new form or different form from the Target Language,
it is called shifts. Therefore, the writer would like to compare the translation of
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Indonesian noun phrases into English in order to find the equivalence and shifts in form
and meaning.
The reason why this topic is interesting to be discussed because in reading a
book, novel or other sources of data, we can find noun phrases, but many students are
confused in differentiating the word order in head words of the Indonesian and the
English noun phrases. This is because Indonesian and English head words are not the
same; it means that in Indonesian noun phrases, the head word is head-initial position,
while in English the head word is head-final position. Therefore, the core of the phrase
is head word, which is used to determine the meaning in the word class.
This research is important to be carried out because it is difficult for Indonesian
students to translate the Indonesian noun phrase into English, since the position of head
word in word order of both languages are different. Therefore, they often make mistakes
because they translate word by word or literal translation. In translation, they use
Indonesian word order if they translate in English. By means of that reason, this
research may help students to understand the sentences by identifying word order and
its marker in noun phrases.
THEORETICAL REVIEW
Translation
Hatim and Munday (2004, p.3) said that “translation is a phenomenon that has a huge
effect on everyday life.” The first of these two senses relates to translation as a process,
the second to the product. The first sense focuses on the role of the translator in taking
the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language (the target
text, TT). The second sense centers on the concrete translation the product produced by
the translator. Machali (2000, p. 60) noted that “translation as an operation performed
on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in
another”.Larson (1998, p. 3) stated that “translation is basically a change of form. In
translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of receptor (target)
language”. It can be concluded that translation is a process of transferring the meaning
of the source language into the target language.
Kinds of Translation
Larson (1998, p. 15) divided translation into two types, they are:
1. Literal translation is a form-based translation attempting to follow the form of the
source language.
2. Idiomatic translation is a meaning-based translation that makes every effort to
communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural form of the
receptor language.
Newmark (1991, p. 39) wrote types of translation:
1. Communicative translation, attempts to produce on its readers an affect as close as
possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.
2. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic
structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the
original.
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Equivalence
Vinay and Darbelnet (as cited in Munday, 2001, p. 58) stated that “equivalence refers to
cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural
means”. Catford (as cited in Hatim and Munday, 2004, p. 40) wrote texts in different
languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), in
respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics,
of grammar, of lexis, etc), and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase,
sentence-for-sentence).Baker (1998, p. 77) used the notion of equivalence for the sake
of convenience because most translators use it rather than because it has any theoretical
statements. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition for
translations, an obstacle to a progress in translation studies, or a useful category for
describing translation. She also added that proponent of equivalence as the relationship
between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT). That’s allowed the TT to be
considered as a translation of the ST in the first place.
Types of Equivalence
Catford’s model of equivalence (as cited in Munday, 2001, p. 60) said:
1. Formal correspondence is any TL category (unit, class, element of structure, etc)
which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible the “same” place in the “economy
of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL. For example: translating an
adjective by an adjective.
2. Textual Equivalence is any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a
particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. For
example: translating adjective by an adverbial phrase.
Popovic (as cited in Susan Basnett, 1998, p. 32) distinguishes four types:
1). Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both
SL and TL texts, i.e. word for word translation.
2). Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of ‘the elements of a
paradigmatic expressive axis’, i.e. elements of grammar, which Popovic sees as
being a higher category than lexical equivalence.
3). Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is ‘functional equivalence of
elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an
invariant of identical meaning’.
4). Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the syntagmatic
structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
Types of equivalence according to Nida which are stated in (Munday, 2001, p. 41)
which are: (1) formal equivalence and (2) Dynamic equivalence.
Nida defined these as follows:
1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content
… one is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely
as possible the different elements in the source language.
2. Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls ‘the principle of equivalent effect’,
where ‘the relation between receptor and message should be substantially the same as
that which existed between the original receptors and the message’.
Shift
Gentzler (1993, p. 86) wrote Popovic’s opinion about shift (1970, p. 78) that each
individual method of translation is determined by the presence or absence of shifts in
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the various layers of the translation. All that appears as new with respect to the original
or fails to appear where it might have been expected may be interpreted as a shift. So,
when the form in source language has a new form or different form from target
language, it is called shift. According to Baker (1992, p. 20), non-equivalence at word
level means that the target language has no direst equivalent for a word which occurs in
the source text. The type and level of difficulty posed can vary tremendously depending
on the nature of non-equivalence. Different kinds of non-equivalence require different
strategies, some very straightforward, others more involved and difficulty to handle.
Since, in addition to the nature of non-equivalence, the context and purpose of
translation will often rule out some strategies and favour others.
Types of Shift
Catford (as cited in Hatim and Munday, 2004, p. 26) said that ‘shifts’, is departures
from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. There are
two major types of ‘shift’: level shifts and category shifts:
1) Level shift is SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a
different level.
2) Category shift is a departure from formal correspondence in translation. Category
shift occurs if the source language (SL) has different forms from the target language
(TL). So category shifts are:
2.1) Structure shift is to be the most common form of shift and involve mostly a
shift in grammatical structure.
2.2) Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of SL item is a member of a
different class from the original item.
2.3) Unit-shift means change of rank – that is, departures from formal
correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the
SL, is a unit at a different rank in the TL”.
2.4) Intra-system shift is a departure from formal correspondence in which (a
term operating in) one system in the SL has as its translation equivalent (a term
operating in) a different – non-corresponding-system in the TL.
Phrase
A phrase is a group of words which has no subject (Tallerman, 1998, p. 90). It means
that every group of words or combination of words, which are grammatically similar to
word and do not have its own subject is called phrase. There are some phrases, which
are Noun Phrase (NP) for example, very bright sunflowers is headed by a noun; Verb
Phrase (VP) for example, overflowed quite quickly is headed by a verb; very bright is an
Adjective Phrase (AP); quite quickly is an Adverb Phrase (AdvP); and inside the house
is a preposition Phrase (PP) headed by the preposition inside. But in this research, the
writer focuses on the noun phrase. A noun phrase can act as a subject in a sentence
function (e.g. The child read the book), as the object of a verb (e.g. The child read the
book), as the object complement of a verb (e.g. John buy a cake), or as the object of a
preposition (e.g. Jill is swimming in the pool).
The Comparison between the Indonesian and the English Noun Phrases
The similarity between the Indonesian and English noun phrases is they have their
markers. For example in Indonesian and English noun phrase, they have the markers to
identify the noun phrase. Both morphological and syntactic categories are the markers
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of the noun phrase. The difference between the Indonesian and English noun phrases is
the position of head word in the word order. In fact, the position of head word in
Indonesian noun phrase is head-initial. While, the position of head word in English
noun phrase is head-final. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (1998, p. 203) stated that
the Indonesian noun phrase is a group of words with a noun or pronoun as the main part
or the head. Whereas, the English noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a
noun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc.), adjective, adverbs, and nouns. It
cannot begin with a preposition. Both subjects and complements are generally noun
phrases. (Pyle and Munoz, 1995, p. 42). For example: The diamond gave off a bluish
light, the diamond as a subject in a sentence function. Then, One day, Sakarya placed a
stone; a stone is the object of a verb or object complement. Tallerman (1998, p. 92)
stated that “in many languages, certain heads require their Noun Phrase dependents to
occur in a particular grammatical case. Within the English noun phrase (NP), nouns
often co-occur with a closed class of words known as DETERMINERS (Tallerman,
1998, p. 37). For instance, a transitive verb has two arguments, therefore two dependent
NPs: the subject and the object are the markers of the English noun phrases. For
example: The child read the book”.
Subject-NP
object-NP (object of a verb)
RESEARCH METHOD
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. It means that all the data in this
research are in the form of sentences and words, not in the form of numbers. As
Wilkinson (2000, p. 7) stated that the resulting data is presented in the form of
descriptions. So, the data in this research is in the form of descriptions. According to
Wilkinson (2000, p.79), qualitative data is usually analyzed by subjecting it to some
form of coding process.
Source of the Data
The source of the data in this research is a novel written by Ahmad Tohari (third
edition: 2007) entitled “Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk”, and its English translation “The
Dancer” that was translated by Rene T. A Lysloff (2003). The Source Language (SL) is
Indonesian and the Target Language (TL) is English.
Technique of Collecting Data
In collecting data, the following procedures are taken:
1). Identify the SL data which consists of Indonesian noun phrases (SL) related to their
markers then underline them.
2). Identify the TL data which consists of English translated noun phrases from
Indonesian (TL) related to their markers then underline them.
3) The data of the Source language (SL) and the target language (TL) are put together
side by side in a list then give the number of page and line to each data.
Technique of Analyzing Data
1) Editing or selecting
The data are edited, because there might be some mistakes when they are transferred
from SL into TL, then put them into the corpus.
2) Classifying the Data
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Those data are classified into two main categories:
a. First category is the equivalence
b. Second category is the shift
2.1) The equivalence category is further subcategorized into:
1. Textual equivalence;
1.1 SL subject-NP in a sentence is translated into TL subject-NP
1.2 SL predicate-NP in a sentence is translated into TL predicate-NP
1.3 SL object-NP in a sentence is translated into TL object-NP.
2. Linguistic equivalence;
2.1 SL plural in NP is translated into TL plural in NP
2.2 SL singular in NP is translated into TL singular in NP
3. Dynamic equivalence
2.2) The Shifts category is further subcategorized into:
1 Structure shift in Word Order;
SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final
2 Unit shift;
2.1 SL phrase is translated into TL word
2.2 SL phrase is translated into TL compound word
2.3 SL phrase is translated into TL three words
3 Intra system shift;
3.1 SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a
determiner
3) Table of data classification
NO
1
2
The Main Categories and its Sub-Categories
Equivalence
1.1 Textual Equivalence
1.1.1 SL subject – NP is translated into TL subject - NP
1.1.2 SL predicate – NP is translated into TL predicate - NP
1.1.3 SL object – NP is translated into TL object - NP
1.2 Linguistic Equivalence
1.2.1 SL plural – NP is translated into TL plural - NP
1.2.2 SL singular – NP is translated into TL singular - NP
1.3 Dynamic Equivalence
Shift
2.1 Structure Shift in Word Order
SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final
2.2 Unit Shift
2.2.1 SL phrase is translated into TL word
2.2.2 SL phrase is translated into TL compound word
2.2.3 SL phrase is translated into TL three words
2.2.3.1 Addition of a word in NP
2.2.3.2 Omission of a word in NP
2.3 Intra System Shift
SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a determiner
Presenting Data
1. The data will be presented by using a pie chart, flow chart and two tables.
2. The pie chart covers two main categories of the equivalence and shift in the English
translation of Indonesian noun phrases, with the percentage (%).
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3. The flow chart covers the main and the sub-categories of the equivalence and shift in
the English translation of Indonesian noun phrases, with the percentage (%).
4. The first table consists of the sub-categories of the equivalence in the English
translation of Indonesian noun phrases, the number of data, and the percentage (%).
5. The second table consists of the sub-categories of the shift in the English translation
of Indonesian noun phrases, the number of data, and the percentage (%).
Interpreting Data
The data are interpreted as follows:
1. The data in flow chart and tables are discussed according to the classification of the
equivalence and shift in the noun phrases.
2. Some of the data from each category are interpreted.
3. The data for analysis are taken by means of representing the other remaining data in
the corpus.
4. The rest of the data are put in the appendices which are arranged according to the
classification of the equivalence and shift in the noun phrases.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
42%
58%
Equivalence
Shift
FIGURE 1.
The Main Categories of Equivalence and Shift in the
English Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrases
There are two main categories namely equivalence and shift. In this research, there are
100 data, consisting of equivalence and shift. With 42 data of equivalence or 42 % and
58 data of shift or 58 %. It shows that the shifts occur more often in the novel than the
equivalence.
Each category has sub-categories. The equivalent category is subcategorized into: 1)
Textual equivalence which is divided into three sub-categories which are SL subject-NP
in a sentence is translated into TL subject-NP, SL predicate-NP in a sentence is
translated into TL predicate-NP, SL object-NP in a sentence is translated into TL objectNP, 2) Linguistic equivalence which is divided into two sub-categories which are; SL
plural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP, SL singular-NP is translated into TL singularNP, and 3) Dynamic equivalence with the percentage. And the shift category is
subcategorized into 1) Structure shift in word order which is SL head word initial is
translated into TL head word final, 2) Unit shift is divided into three sub-categories
which are SL phrase is translated into TL word, SL phrase is translated into TL
compound word, SL phrase is translated into TL three words, and 3) Intra system shift
which is SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a
determiner with the percentage. The novel entitled Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk by Ahmad
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Tohari is the source language (SL) and its English translation The Dancer by Rene T. A.
Lysloff is the target language (TL) as source of the data.
FLOWCHART
THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF
INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES
100%
EQUIVALENCE
42%
TEXTUAL
17%
SHIFT
58%
LINGUISTIC
20%
SL subjectNPTL subjectNP (7%)
SL predicateNPTL predicateNP (6%)
DYNAMIC
5%
SL pluralNPTL pluralNP (9%)
STRUCTURE
21%
SL head word
initialTL head
word final (21%)
SL singularNPTL singularNP (11%)
SL objectNPTL
object-NP (4%)
INTRA
SYSTEM
5%
UNIT
32%
SL
phraseTL
word (21%)
SL phrase-no
determiner TL
determiner (5%)
SL phrase TL
compound word
(3%)
SL phrase
TL three
words (8%)
FIGURE 2.
The Main Categories and Sub-categories of Equivalence and Shift
in the English Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrases
The Analysis of Equivalence
NO.
1
2
3
The Equivalence and
Its Sub-Categories
Textual Equivalence
1.1 SL subject – NP is translated into TL subject - NP
1.2 SL predicate – NP is translated into TL predicate - NP
1.3 SL object – NP is translated into TL object - NP
Linguistic Equivalence
2.1 SL plural – NP is translated into TL plural - NP
2.2 SL singular – NP is translated into TL singular - NP
Dynamic Equivalence
TOTAL
Number
of Data
(%)
17
17%
20
20%
5
42
5%
42%
7
6
4
9
11
FIGURE 3.
The Equivalence in the English Translation of
Indonesian Noun Phrases and its Sub-Categories
Based on figure 3 above, there are 17 or 17% data of Textual Equivalence which is
divided into three sub-categories which are SL subject-NP in a sentence is translated
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into TL subject-NP, SL predicate-NP in a sentence is translated into TL predicate-NP,
SL object-NP in a sentence is translated into TL object-NP, there are 20 or 20% data of
Linguistic Equivalence which is divided into two sub-categories which are; SL pluralNP is translated into TL plural-NP, SL singular-NP is translated into TL singular-NP,
and 5 or 5% data of Dynamic Equivalence.
Textual Equivalence
SL subject-NP in a sentence is translated into TL subject-NP
SL
TL
(1) Sebutir berlian memancarkan
cahaya kebiru-biruan,… (p. 147,
l. 24)
(1) The diamond gave off a
bluish light: … (p. 157, l. 17)
Sentence (1), SL noun phrase ‘sebutir berlian’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘the
diamond’. Here, the word ‘sebutir’ is the marker of the Indonesian noun because
prefix se- is one and the word ‘butir’ (numeral) is a noun to classify small things. It can
be seen that SL ‘sebutir berlian’ and TL ‘the diamond’ are noun phrases have the
function as a subject in the sentence because the position of the noun phrases in the
sentence above. Therefore, it can be concluded that this is Textual equivalence, because
they have the same function as a subject in a sentence above. There is equivalence in a
subject of the sentence, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
SL predicate-NP in a sentence is translated into TL predicate-NP
SL
TL
(2) “Aku bukan anak kecil. (p.
316, l. 39)
(2) “I’m not a child. (p. 354, l.
25)
Sentence (2), SL noun phrase ‘anak kecil’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘a child.
Actually, one of the syntactic categories in Indonesian nominal markers is the negative
sign of noun like the word “bukan” or Indonesian called ‘pengingkar’. It can be used in
the Indonesian noun marker, because the negative marker of a noun “bukan” is always
followed by Indonesian noun for example ‘bukan anak kecil’ based on the text above.
It can be seen that they have the same function as the predicate of the noun phrase in the
sentence. Based on the analysis of the text above, it can be concluded that this is Textual
equivalence, because there is equivalence of the structuring of the text in a predicate.
SL object of a verb - NP in a sentence is translated into TL object of a verb - NP
SL
TL
(3) Suatu hari Sakarya meletakkan
sebuah batu … (p. 283, l. 17)
(3) One day, Sakarya placed a
stone … (p. 318, l. 1)
Sentence (3), SL noun phrase ‘sebuah batu’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘a
stone’. Here, prefix se- as ‘one’ of the marker of the Indonesian singular noun and the
word ‘buah’ is a noun as classifier a fruit or another things outside the human being.
Based on the text above, they have the function as the object complement of a verb in
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the sentence because the position of the noun phrases in the sentence above. It can be
seen that this is Textual equivalence, because there is equivalence of the structuring of a
text which is there is the same function as the object complement of a verb in the
sentence, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
Linguistic Equivalence
SL plural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP
SL
(4) “Aku menyediakan dua pilihan.
(p. 200, l. 24)
TL
(4) “I would like to propose two
alternatives:… (p. 218, l. 3)
Sentence (4), SL noun phrase ‘dua pilihan’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘two
alternatives’. Here, SL ‘dua pilihan’ and TL ‘two alternatives’ are noun phrases. It can
be seen that the noun phrase ‘dua pilihan’ is plural because ‘dua’ is the Indonesian
numerical in nominal markers. Also ‘two alternatives’ is plural noun because ‘two’ is
determiner of number and ‘alternatives’ has suffix -s ‘plural are the markers of the
English nouns. Therefore, this is Linguistic equivalence, because there is homogeneity
on the linguistic level of both SL and TL texts. It can be concluded that they have same
linguistic level which is plurality in countable words, so that SL plural noun phrase is
translated into TL plural noun phrase.
SL singular-NP is translated into TL singular-NP
SL
(5) Seekor codot melintas di atas
pohon pisang. (p. 111, l. 10)
TL
(5) A bat passing over the top of a
banana tree … (p. 117, l. 7)
Sentence (5), SL noun phrase ‘Seekor codot’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘A bat’.
Here, SL ‘seekor codot’ and TL ‘a bat’ are noun phrases. Based on the analysis of the
text above, the Indonesian noun phrase ‘seekor codot’ like ‘seekor in prefix se- is ‘one’
as singular and ’codot’ is a noun, and then English noun phrase ‘a bat’ like ‘a’ in
determiner of articles is singular, so they are the markers of singular nouns. It can be
seen that this is Linguistic equivalence, because there is homogeneity on the linguistic
level of both SL and TL texts. They are the same linguistic level which is singular in
countable words. So, SL singular noun phrase is translated into TL singular noun
phrase.
Dynamic Equivalence
SL
(6) Ingat, sebuah ringgit emas! …
(p. 77, l. 33)
TL
(6) Just think, a gold piece! … (p.
79, l. 15)
Sentence (6), SL noun phrase ‘sebuah ringgit emas’ is translated into TL noun phrase
‘a gold piece’. It can be seen that they are dynamic equivalence, because the word
‘ringgit’ can be omitted into ‘gold’ by the translator, if in TL is translated into ‘ringgit’
it would be more confused, it would be better if ‘ringgit is not translated, but it can be
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changed into the word ‘gold’ based on the text above. Therefore, there is dynamic
equivalence, although the form of SL is changed but the meaning in TL is the same.
The Analysis of Shift
NO
The Shift and
Its Sub-Categories
1
Structure Shift in Word Order
SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final
Unit Shift
2.2.1 SL phrase is translated into TL word
2.2.2 SL phrase is translated into TL compound word
2.2.3 SL phrase is translated into TL three words
2.2.3.1 Addition of a word in NP
2.2.3.2 Omission of a word in NP
Intra System Shift
SL phrases have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a
determiner
TOTAL
2
3
Number
of Data
(%)
21
21%
32
32%
5
5%
58
58%
21
21
3
8
5
FIGURE 4.
The Shift in the English Translation of
Indonesian Noun Phrases and its Sub-Categories
The research found that there are 21 or 21% data of Structure Shift in word order which
is SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final, 32 or 32% data of Unit
Shift is divided into three sub-categories which are SL phrase is translated into TL
word, SL phrase is translated into TL compound word, SL phrase is translated into TL
three words, and 5 or 5% data of Intra System Shift which is SL phrases have no
determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a determiner.
Structure Shift in Word Order
SL head word initial is translated into TL head word final
SL
(7) Ah, rumah ilalang lagi. (p. 314, l.
20)
TL
(7) Another grass shack. (p. 352, l.
4)
Sentence (7), SL noun phrase ‘rumah ilalang’ is not translated into shack grass, but it
is translated into TL noun phrase ‘grass shack’. This is because the word order between
Indonesian and English are different. As the position of the Indonesian head word is
head-initial, and SL head word is the word ‘rumah’. While, the position of the English
head word is head-final, and TL head word is the word ‘shack’. It can be seen that there
is structure shift in word order involves mostly a shift in grammatical structure. So, SL
head word initial is translated into TL head word final.
Unit Shift
SL Noun phrase is translated into TL word
SL
(8) Banyak perempuan memenuhi
rumah Kartareja. (p. 18, l. 18)
TL
(8) Women filled the Kartareja
house … (p. 14, l. 15)
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Sentence (8), SL noun phrase ‘banyak perempuan’ consists of two words is translated
into TL ‘women’ consists of one word. It can be seen that the word ‘banyak’ is the
marker of the Indonesian plural noun. Here, there is a shift namely unit shift means
change of rank which is a unit at one rank in the SL, is a unit at a different rank in the
TL, for example from ‘a phrase’ to ‘a word’. It can be concluded that shift occurs from
a noun phrase in SL into a word in TL.
SL Noun phrase is translated into TL compound word
SL
(9) Tetes-tetes air yang tersisa … (p.
21, l. 28)
TL
(9) Rainwater, collected … (p. 18,
l. 12)
Sentence (9), SL noun phrase ‘tetes-tetes air’ is translated into TL compound word
‘rainwater’. It can be seen that SL ‘tetes-tetes air’ is plural noun phrase because of
‘tetes-tetes’ is plurality and the word ‘tetes-tetes’ is plural noun to classify water.
While TL ‘rainwater’ is a compound word or noun compound and sometimes
presented as a single word ‘rainwater is a noun because its rightmost component is a
noun such as rain is a noun and water is a noun based on the analysis of the text above.
Therefore, there is a unit shift because a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different
rank in the TL for example from a phrase in SL to a compound word in TL. So, SL
noun phrase is translated into TL compound word.
SL Noun phrase is translated into TL three words
Addition of a word in the Noun phrase
SL
(10) Sehelai tikar tersedia bagi
tempat Srintil menari. (p. 19, l. 8)
TL
(10) A large mat was unrolled for
Srintil to dance on. (p. 15, l. 7)
Sentence (10), SL ‘sehelai tikar’ which consists of two words is translated into TL ‘a
large mat’ which consists of three words. SL ‘sehelai tikar’ is a noun phrase, because
prefix se- ‘one’ as the marker of Indonesian nouns is translated into ‘a large mat’ like
article ‘a’ as ‘sehelai’ and tikar is ‘mat’. Here, there is the word ‘large’ as the adjective.
Therefore; the word ‘large’ is addition of a word in the noun phrase. It can be ‘a large
mat’ which consists of three words. So, there is a unit shift because a unit at one rank in
the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL based on the analysis of the text above. It
can be concluded that SL noun phrase is translated into TL three words as the addition
of a word in the noun phrase.
Omission of a word in the Noun phrase
SL
(11) “Saya Prajurit Dua Rasus …
(p. 273, l. 20)
TL
(11) “I’m Private Rasus … (p.
306, l. 15)
Sentence (11), SL ‘Prajurit Dua Rasus’ which consists of three words is translated
into TL ‘private Rasus’ which consists of two words. SL ‘Prajurit Dua Rasus’ is
12
translated into ‘Private Rasus in TL, but it is not translated into ‘Private Second Rasus’.
Here, there is the word ‘Dua’ as the Indonesian numerical or number. But it is not
translated into ‘second’. Therefore; the word ‘Dua’ is omission of a word in the noun
phrase. It can be ‘Private Rasus’ which consists of two words. So, there is a unit shift
because a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL based on the
analysis of the text above. It can be concluded that SL noun phrase is translated into TL
two words as the omission of a word in the noun phrase.
Intra System Shift
SL Noun phrases have no determiner is translated into TL Noun phrases may have
a determiner
SL
TL
(12) Sinar bulan tidak mampu
menembus tirai … (p. 22, l. 6)
(12) The moonlight, to weak to
pierce the blanket … (p. 18, l.
18)
Sentence (12), SL noun phrase ‘sinar bulan’ is translated into TL noun phrase ‘the
moonlight’. Usually nouns in bahasa Indonesia do not use any articles, whereas in
English, nouns are usually preceded by the articles a, an or the. SL ‘sinar bulan’ is
translated into TL ‘the moonlight’. Of course it can be seen that the system in English, it
must use article ‘the’ because there is only one moon. Therefore, this is Intra system
shift occurs if one system in the SL has as its translation equivalent a different – noncorresponding-system in the TL. It can be concluded that there is different system in SL
and TL which is the Indonesian systems do not use the determiners while in English
systems use the determiners. So, SL noun phrases have no determiner is translated into
TL noun phrases may have a determiner.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
The problems in this research are: How are Indonesian Noun Phrases translated into
English?, What are the types of equivalence in the English translation of Indonesian
Noun phrases?, and What are the types of shift in the English translation of Indonesian
Noun phrases?. This research answers the questions by analyzing and describing
equivalence and shift in form and meaning which are found in the novels. The writer
concludes that the equivalence is not similar. Form and meaning are frequently not fully
equivalent, but one should notice that forms may change but meaning must not change.
In dynamic equivalence, although the form is different, but one thing is important,
which is the meaning is the same. Whereas, shift should be considered as the
consequence of the translators effort to establish translation naturalness between two
different languages, SL and TL. The occurrence of shift reflects the translator’s
awareness of the linguistic and non-linguistic discrepancies between SL and TL. In this
sense, shift can be defined as problem solving strategies adapted consciously to
minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into
another language. In this research, the relation between translation and the noun phrases
is every text in the translation consists of the sentence and in sentence there are clause
and phrase, both Indonesian and English translation. From some sentences, we can
know the noun phrase. Therefore, the writer makes the equivalence and shift in the
English translation of Indonesian noun phrases in order to help students to understand
13
the sentences in the translation by identifying word order and its marker in noun
phrases. The writer also concludes that there are two main categories which are
equivalence and shift, each category are subcategorized. The equivalent category is
subcategorized into: 1) Textual equivalence is divided into three sub-categories which
are SL subject-NP in a sentence is translated into TL subject-NP, SL predicate-NP in a
sentence is translated into TL predicate-NP, SL object-NP in a sentence is translated
into TL object-NP, 2) Linguistic Equivalence is divided into two sub-categories which
are; SL plural-NP is translated into TL plural-NP, SL singular-NP is translated into TL
singular-NP, and 3) Dynamic Equivalence. And the shift category is subcategorized
into 1) Structure shift in word order which is SL head word initial is translated into
TL head word final, 2) Unit Shift is divided into three sub-categories which are SL
phrase is translated into TL word, SL phrase is translated into TL compound word, SL
phrase is translated into TL three words, and 3) Intra System Shift which is SL phrases
have no determiner is translated into TL phrases may have a determiner. The result
shows that the shifts occur more often than the equivalence. There are 42 data of
equivalence or 42 % and 58 data of shift or 58 %.
The writer suggests for the next researcher to discuss the equivalence and shift in the
English translation of the other Indonesian phrases or vice versa.
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From
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