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LANDBIRD CONSERVATION PLAN: STRATEGIES FOR REVERSING THE
DECLINE OF PASSERINE BIRDS ON THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea) one of the species with recorded declines on Santa Cruz
(Transition zone: decline by >75%; Scalesia zone: decline by >45%; Agricultural zone: decline by >85%)
Photo: M. Dvorak
Secondary report of the workshop:
Searching for solutions for the control of the avian parasite, Philornis downsi
Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos
31 January - 3 February, 2012
Charles Darwin Foundation and Galapagos National Park Service
September 2012
Contributors
This plan was developed in February 2012 during the workshop "Searching for Solutions for the
Control of the Avian Parasite, Philornis downsi". Charlotte Causton and Francesca Cunninghame
(Charles Darwin Foundation) and Wacho Tapia (Galapagos National Park Service) organized the
workshop. The workshop was sponsored by Galapagos Conservancy, Galapagos Conservation Trust,
and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. Though the main focus of the workshop was P. downsi, the
development of a strategy for protecting and monitoring small landbirds was considered timely and
necessary. The plan was compiled by Francesca Cunninghame, Luis Ortiz-Catedral, and Birgit Fessl.
The production of the plan, in large part, was made possible through support provided by the Durrell
Wildlife Conservation Trust.
The list of contributors to the plan includes the members of the landbird working groups and additional
researchers who reviewed the plan:
Rachel Atkinson
Victor Carrion
Oscar Carvajal
Charlotte Causton
Francesca Cunninghame
Michael Dvorak
Birgit Fessl
Pierre-Yves Henry
Gustavo Jimenez
Sonia Kleindorfer
Nivia Luzuriaga
Godfrey Merlen
Jody O'Connor
Luis Ortiz-Catedral
Jorge Renteria
Christian Sevilla,
Wacho Tapia,
Sabine Tebbich
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Island Conservation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Parque Nacional Galápagos, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Birdlife, Austria
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
University Pierre & Curie Paris VI, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Independent consultant
Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Parque Nacional Galápagos, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Parque Nacional Galápagos, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
LANDBIRD CONSERVATION PLAN
Strategies for reversing the decline of passerine birds on the Galapagos Islands
Background
Little is known about the native and endemic Galapagos passerines (20 species) and their
population sizes and numbers, even though this group includes the world famous Darwin`s finches.
From studies carried out primarily by collaborating and visiting scientists at the Charles Darwin
Research Station, it has become apparent, at least on some inhabited islands, that populations or
subspecies of several of the endemic passerine species have become extinct (see Petren et al., 2010)
or are in decline (Table 1). Six of the nine species surveyed in Santa Cruz have shown serious
decline. Of these, five are insectivorous species: Large Tree Finch (Camarhynchus psittacula),
Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea), Woodpecker Finch (Camarhynchus pallidus), Yellow Warbler
(Dendroica petechia), and the Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) (Dvorak et al., 2012).
These declines have been most pronounced in humid forest and agricultural zones at higher
elevations (Dvorak et al., 2012). On Floreana, studies showing a serious decline in the Medium Tree
Finch (Camarhynchus pauper) have lead to an upgrade of this species to “Critically Endangered”,
under the IUCN criteria (O'Connor et al., 2010b, 2010c). An insectivorous subspecies, the Warbler
Finch (Certhidea olivacea ridwayi), was searched for in vain and might be already extinct from
Floreana Island (Grant et al., 2005). The reasons for these declines are not understood, though
multiple potential threats are present; several of which are more pronounced in the highlands. All of
the species found to be in decline suffer from reduced nesting success due to parasitism from the
introduced bot-fly Philornis downsi (Dudaniec & Kleindorfer, 2006; Fessl et. al., 2006a,b; Huber, 2008;
O'Connor et al., 2010a,b,c; Koop et al., 2011) in addition to facing predation from introduced mammals
(rats Rattus rattus & R. norvegicus, and cats Felis catus), and having suffered from habitat loss due to
anthropogenic land use change. Only one percent of the original Scalesia forest currently remains on
Santa Cruz while none is left on San Cristobal and only remnants remain on Floreana, Santiago and
Southern Isabela (Watson et al., 2010; Mauchamp & Atkinson, 2011). Scalesia forest is key habitat for
the passerine species mentioned above (Dvorak et.al., 2012). Other suggested reasons for the
observed declines are the possible reduction in food availability (likely related to habitat reduction and
invasive plants) and, potentially, an unknown effect from pesticide and herbicide use.
It is thus imperative that long-term regular monitoring be carried out on the endemic and native
Galapagos passerine populations in order to determine the extent of declines and the current
population trends of these species. Due to the cyclic nature of the Galapagos climate and the breeding
of passerines being directly correlated to rainfall, a long-term data set needs to be obtained to be able
to better understand the status of these species. Although declines of passerines on at least two
islands have been reported there is no baseline monitoring for passerines on other inhabited islands
(San Cristobal or Isabela) aside from the critically endangered Mangrove Finch Camarhynchus
heliobates (Fessl et al., 2010) or on uninhabited islands (exception Daphne and Genovesa – work of
Grant and Grant). Furthermore, aside from two species-specific conservation projects focusing on
critically endangered passerines (Mangrove Finch, and Floreana Mockingbird Mimus trifasciatus), no
permanent small landbird monitoring exists on the Galapagos (Luzuriaga et al. 2012), therefore we are
reliant on the work of visiting and collaborating scientists, which though it yields important information
and has provided the current awareness of declines, does not present an opportunity for the required
thorough population monitoring and resulting population management which is needed to prevent
further declines.
Research needs to be carried out on species that are in decline and management actions
implemented to prevent further loss. There are only two specific conservation management
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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
programmes in place to protect critically endangered passerine species or the habitats they occupy
(Mangrove finch and Floreana Mockingbird). The lack of action taken to protect small landbird species
is primarily due to an absence of information and the assumption that small landbirds are not
threatened; the status of small landbirds is little known at a local or international level. A recent
assessment of Galapagos birds (IUCN, 2012) identifies 5 of the 20 passerine species as threatened
by extinction. However, subspecies or populations of landbirds are not assessed by the IUCN and in
Galapagos several of the passerine species have subspecies that are restricted in their distribution
(Table 1, Wiedenfeld, 2006). A further six species have been identified to be in serious decline by
researchers who work in Galapagos (Grant et al., 2005; Wiedenfeld and Jiménez Uzcátegui, 2008;
O'Connor et al., 2010b; Dvorak et al., 2012; Merlen, in press). Awareness raising is needed to ensure
that appropriate action is taken to protect these iconic species.
Table 1. Conservation status of Passeriformes that are native (N) and endemic (E) to the
Galapagos Islands (Source Wiedenfeld 2006; IUCN, 2012)
Scientific name (origin)
English common name
IUCN status *
Additional reports of species or
subspecies with serious declines
Camarhynchus heliobates (E)
Mangrove Finch
CR, stable
Camarhynchus pallidus (E) 3 sub sp.
Woodpecker Finch
LC, stable
Santa Cruz 1
Camarhynchus parvulus (E) 2 sub sp.
Small Tree finch
LC, stable
Santa Cruz1
Camarhynchus pauper (E)
Medium Tree Finch
CR, decreasing
Only found on Floreana
Camarhynchus psittacula (E) 3 sub sp.
Large Tree finch
LC, stable
Floreana2, Santa Cruz 1
Certhidea olivacea (E) 8 sub sp.
Warbler Finch
LC, stable
Floreana2,3, Santa Cruz1
Dendroica petechia (N)
Yellow Warbler
LC, stable
Santa Cruz1
Geospiza conirostris (E) 3 sub sp.
Large Cactus Finch
LC, stable
Geospiza difficilis (E)
Sharp-beaked Ground Finch
LC, stable
Geospiza fortis (E)
Medium Ground Finch
LC, stable
Geospiza fuliginosa (E)
Small Ground Finch
LC, stable
Geospiza magnirostris (E)
Large Ground Finch
LC, stable
Geospiza scandens (E) 4 sub sp.
Cactus Finch
LC, stable
Mimus melanotis (E)
San Cristóbal Mockingbird
CR, decreasing
Mimus parvulus (E) 6 sub sp.
Galapagos Mockingbird
LC, stable
Mimus trifasciatus (E)
Floreana Mockingbird
CR, stable
Myiarchus magnirostris (E)
Galapagos Flycatcher
LC, decreasing
Platyspiza crassirostris (E)
Vegetarian Finch
LC, stable
Progne modesta (E)
Galapagos Martin
EN, decreasing
Archipelago-wide5
Pyrocephalus rubinus (E) 2 sub sp.?
Vermilion Flycatcher
Not listed*
Extinct on San Cristobal, declining
on Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz5,6
Extinct on Floreana, Isabela 4
Extinct on Floreana, San Cristobal4
Extinct on Floreana 5
* IUCN does not evaluate the status of subspecies or populations.
Dvorak et al, 2012; 2O'Connor et al., 2010b; 3Grant et al., 2005; 4Petren et al., 2010, 5 Wiedenfeld and Jiménez-Uzcátegui, 2008; 6Merlen, in
press
1
A four day workshop hosted by the Galapagos National Park (GNP) and the Charles Darwin
Foundation (CDF) took place from 31 January – 3 February, 2012 to develop an action plan for the
control of the invasive parasitic fly P. downsi to conserve the archipelago's endemic birds. During the
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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
planning phase of the workshop, it became apparent that very little is known about the status of
Galapagos landbirds, in spite of the recent declines of several species, and that a framework for the
protection of Galapagos landbirds is needed. Additional sessions were included to discuss actions for
monitoring and protecting landbirds.
Following a day of talks (see appendix), participants were divided into four groups to discuss work on
specific tasks; two of them focusing on landbird protection, namely:
a.
b.
To develop an action plan for the immediate and long-term protection of threatened bird
species
To develop a standardized, simple and efficient monitoring method to enable us to pick up
changes in population numbers of common bird populations.
The presentations from the workshop are available on line:
https://sites.google.com/site/philornisworkinggroup/workshop/presentations
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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
Table 2: Summary of high priority activities that are necessary to develop an effective
management plan for the protection of threatened passerine species
Goal
Activities
Location
Cooperators a
Galapagos
Workshop
participants
Galapagos,
Santa Cruz
Isabela
CDF, FU, GNP,
LO, MD, ST,
1-2
2.2 Habitat protection and
Galapagos,
restoration of Scalesia Forest Santa Cruz
in Santa Cruz (p11)
BF, CDF, FC, FU,
GNP, IC, JR, LO,
MD, Skl, ST, STe
2.3 Bird protection in
Floreana Island (p13)
Galapagos,
Floreana
2.4 Determine current status
of Galapagos Martin (p15)
Galapagos
archipelago
1.Develop action plan for 1.Identify species that should
protection of threatened
be considered that are not
passerine species
currently managed (p 8)
Duration Funding Approx.
(years)
statusb
funding
required
$USDc
In progress
-
completed
PF
97,500
√
2+
U
96,500
√
CDF, EN, MD,
SKl, Project
Floreana
1-3
PF
50,000
√
CDF, GNP,
naturalist Guides,
visiting scientists
1-3
U
20,000
2.5 Conduct study basic
Galapagos,
ecology/impact of smooth
Santa Cruz
billed ani and develop control
methods (p16)
CDF, GNP
1-2
F
113, 630
2.6 Determine current status
of large ground finch (p17)
Galapagos,
Santa Cruz
CDF, Visiting
Scientists
2-3
U
12,200
1-2 Implementation of
standardised monitoring of
land birds across different
islands and habitat zones (p
18)
Galapagos
archipelago
GNP, MD, SKl,
MD, P + RG, FCD,
Naturalist Guides,
Earthwatch ,
Community
Groups, Interested
local land owners,
Citizen Science
1
U
104,000
2. Identify key actions that
are necessary to develop
strategic, efficient and
effective action for the
management and protection
of threatened bird species
2.1 Determine current status
of Vermilion flycatcher on
Santa Cruz and Isabela ,
identify conservation
management actions (p9)
2. Develop standardized,
simple, time efficient
monitoring methods for
landbirds that enable us
to pick up changes in
populations as well as
factors that may be
influencing in population
changes and ecosystem
changes.
√
√
a: Cooperators: BF, Birgit Fessl (CDF); CC, Charlotte Causton (CDF); CDF, CDF researcher (to be hired);EN, Erwin Nemeth (Max Plank
Institute of Ornithology) :FC, Francesca Cunninghame (CDF); FU, Fundar; GJ, Gustavo Jimenez (CDF); GM, Godfrey Merlen (Independent
consultant); GNP, Galapagos National Park Service; IC, Island Conservation; LO Luis Ortiz-Catedral (CDF): JR, Jorge Renteria (CDF); MD,
Michael Dvorak (Birdlife International, Austria); SKl, Sonia Kleindorfer (Flinders University, Australia); ST, Sabine Tebbich (University of
Vienna, Austria); STe, Stephen Teale (College of Environment and Forestry, SUNY, USA).
b: Funding status: F, funded; PF, partially funded; U, unfunded.
c: Approximate costs: The intention of these estimates is to give an idea of the range of costs needed to complete each research activity.
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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
RESEARCH PLAN
This document identifies key research and actions that are needed to develop an effective research
and management programme for the conservation of passerines on the Galapagos Islands. The plan
is divided into two sections based on two goals: 1) Develop an action plan for the immediate and longterm protection of threatened passerine species and 2) Develop standardized, simple, time efficient
monitoring methods that enable us to pick up changes in populations as well as identifying factors that
may be influencing in population changes and ecosystem changes. It is recommended that the plan is
reviewed after a year to ensure that goals are being met and to identify additional actions that are
necessary to protect Galapagos passerines.
The following high priority tasks were identified for each goal and are listed according to priority.
Goal 1: Develop an action plan for the immediate and long-term protection of threatened
passerine species
1. Identify species that should be considered for protection or research that are not currently under
any kind of research or management programme.
2. Identify priority actions that are needed to develop strategic, efficient and effective action for the
management and protection of threatened bird species.
2.1 Determine current status of the Vermillion flycatcher on Santa Cruz and identify
conservation management actions to enable the species to expand its range and recover
population numbers.
2.2 Habitat protection and restoration of Scalesia Forest in Santa Cruz.
2.3 Bird protection on Floreana Island.
2.4 Determine current status of Galapagos Martin.
2.5 Conduct study into basic ecology and impact of smooth-billed ani and develop mechanisms
for its control.
2.6 Determine current status of large ground finch.
Goal 2: Develop standardized, simple, time efficient monitoring methods for landbirds that
enable us to pick up changes in populations as well as factors that may be influencing in
population changes and ecosystem changes
1. Determine which islands, habitats and bird species should be focused on.
2. Develop a standardised methodology which is simple to implement in all habitats.
Presented below is an overview of the recommended actions that should be undertaken to achieve
each goal. For each identified task (listed above) the following information is provided: brief description
of methodology, where the research will be conducted, principal resources required to carry out the
research, list of researchers cooperating on the project with the coordinator of the project indicated by
an asterisk, and, lastly the funding needs of the project. Field research and resulting management will
be conducted on the Galapagos Islands, however visiting and collaborating scientists from several
countries will carry out their personal analysis and advise from outside of Ecuador. Any actions
requiring research or control techniques related to P. downsi will be conducted in collaboration with
researchers identified in the action plan: Management of the avian parasite Philornis downsi in the
Galapagos Islands; a strategic research plan produced by CDF and GNP in April 2012.
https://sites.google.com/site/philornisworkinggroup/action-plan
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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
GOAL 1: DEVELOP AN ACTION PLAN FOR THE IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM PROTECTION
OF THREATENED PASSERINE SPECIES
Problem: There are no specific conservation management actions in place to protect threatened
species (exceptions are the programmes to protect the mangrove finch and Floreana mockingbird).
Threats to these species are increasing (Philornis parasitism, pesticides, herbicides, introduced
vertebrates, habitat degradation). There is an urgent need for awareness raising about these declines
and a need to define what research is required and what actions need to be taken in the short and
long-term to protect these species.
Task 1: Identify species that should be considered for protection or research that are not
currently under any kind of research or management programme (completed)
Method: The species were identified from information available in the literature or because of the lack
of information available for the given species; islands of focus for future work are listed in brackets, the
priority of the bird species descends with the order.
Note: This list is far from complete. There is very little or no information available about land birds from
most inhabited (with the exception of Santa Cruz and Floreana) and uninhabited islands (with the
exception of Daphne and Genovesa), because of this, this evaluation is primarily limited to inhabited
islands.
Species where data indicates that they are in decline:






Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea) (LC) (Floreana, Santa Cruz); significant decline on
Santa Cruz (Dvorak et al. 2012), very rare on Floreana (Grant et al. 2005), study in progress
for Santa Cruz (S.Tebbich, Univ. Vienna);
Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) (LC) (Santa Cruz, Floreana, Isabela);
significant decline on Santa Cruz, potentially extinct on Floreana and reported declines on
other inhabited islands, charismatic flagship species, easy to recognize by those interested in
birds and representative of Scalesia habitat;
Medium Tree Finch (Camarhynchus pauper) (CR) (Floreana); study showing decline
(O’Connor et al., 2010b), severely impacted by P. downsi;
Small Tree Finch (Camarhynchus parvulus) (LC) (Santa Cruz); stable according to study
(Dvorak et. al. 2012), though ongoing study shows very low nesting success in Scalesia forest
(Univ. of Vienna) in addition to an apparently aging population;
Woodpecker Finch (Camarhynchus pallidus) (LC) (Santa Cruz); significant decline on
Santa Cruz (Dvorak et al. 2012), highland birds might be especially susceptible to diseases
such as avian pox virus;
Large Tree Finch (Camarhynchus psittacula) (LC) (Santa Cruz, Floreana); significant
decline on Santa Cruz (Dvorak et al. 2012), might be especially affected by land use change
as it cannot be found at lower altitudes. Seems to be very rare on Floreana and could be
potentially extinct (S. Kleindorfer pers. comm.).
Species for which baseline data are broadly absent:

Galapagos Martin (Progne modesta) (EN) (archipelago-wide); data deficient, lack of
baseline data and population trends but known to be uncommon. As an endemic species there
is a need to better understand its status. Wiedenfeld and Jimenez Uzcategui (2008), estimate
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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan


that there are less than 500 individuals and that they are found in limited areas;
Large Ground Finch (Geospiza magnirostris) (LC); this species could not be counted in a
study conducted by Dvorak et al (2012). It is likely that it has special habitat needs or starts
singing activity later than the other species monitored;
Vegetarian Finch (Platyspiza crassirostris) (LC); appears to be uncommon on San Cristobal
and extremely rare on Floreana (Dvorak pers. comm.).
Species for which baseline data is absent and are/could be contributing to declines in bird populations:

Bot fly, (Philornis downsi) (archipelago-wide); known to impact many species of passerines.
Little known about its biology and no known control methods. Action plan implemented.

Smooth-billed Ani (Crotophaga ani) (archipelago-wide); though an introduced species it is
a possible predator and/or food competitor of endemic species (S. Deem); however studies on
this species are lacking. Furthermore an eradication plan is in progress with the GNP and
control by shooting has already begun. Funding has been obtained by CDF to research the
basic ecology of the species on Santa Cruz;
Task 2: Identify key actions that are necessary to allow conservation organizations to develop
strategic, efficient and effective action for the management and protection of threatened
passerine species
2.1. Determine current status of the Vermilion flycatcher on Santa Cruz and Isabela and identify
conservation management actions that will allow the species to expand its range and recover
population numbers
Background
The endemic Galapagos subspecies of the Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus nanus is the
most well known species of those recorded to be in serious decline. It has been recorded from all of
the major islands except Genovesa and Darwin, with only single records from Española and Wolf and
extinct on Santa Fe and Rabida (Wiedenfeld, 2006). It has become extinct on San Cristobal within the
last 40 years (Wiedenfeld, 2006), is suspected to be extinct on Floreana (Grant et al., 2005), and has
a severely reduced range (possibly on the verge of extinction) on Santa Cruz [Dvorak et. al., 2012,
Merlen, in press]). This species is characteristic of Scalesia habitat and like many of the other species
reported to be in decline, the reasons for this population reduction are unknown. This species has
been chosen as a flagship species to raise awareness about the plight of small landbirds in Galapagos
and the need to protect key breeding habitats.
Action




Determine the current distribution of the Galapagos Vermilion Flycatcher on Santa Cruz Island
and contrast with its historical distribution using historical records, specimens in museums and
interviews with members of the local community (high priority, partly started);
Through intensive surveys, investigate the vermilion flycatcher population on Isabela and
determine population size (Sierra Negra area) (high priority);
Where sufficient numbers of the flycatcher are found determine the territory size of breeding
pairs during and outside the breeding season (high priority);
If possible, determine the reproductive success (number of chicks/nest/breeding pair) in two
study groups: a) focal group and b) management group (high priority)
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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan


Identify the main threats limiting the reproductive success of the species (e.g. rat predation,
predation by smooth-billed ani, nest infestation by Philornis, predation by Solenopsis ants)
(high priority);
Compile observational data from different islands (including reports made by Park guards) (low
priority).
Brief description of methodology
This research will be dependent on the size of the populations found on Santa Cruz and Isabela
(Sierra Negra). Phase 1) Compilation of information on historical distribution of the species, current
sightings and interviews with members of the community on Santa Cruz and Isabela Island; Phase 2)
Fieldwork with emphasis on the breeding season (January to May). Fieldwork includes searches for
active nests and georeferencing of territories remaining in the highlands of Santa Cruz Island and on
Sierra Negra, Isabela Island. If found, habitat types will be categorized and breeding pairs will be
ringed with unique combinations of metal and plastic rings to aid in determining the size of territories
as well as interactions with conspecifics. There may be opportunities to take blood, tissue, faecal or
feather samples to test for diseases, parasites, and chemical contamination. If possible, the territories/
nests found will be divided into two groups: a) focal study group and b) management group. The focal
study group will be used to determine the effect of threats in the absence of management. The
management group will be used to determine the efficiency of management actions to increase
reproductive success (i.e. nest protection against rat predation, treatment for Philornis infestation etc.).
Duration: 1-2 years
Employ
Recruit and employ principal investigator to carry out work over 2013-14 breeding seasons,

eight months per year.

If funding permits and the research focus remains the same, employ a principal investigator for
work on Isabela for five months each year.

Two field assistants for the duration of the field season each year (1 Santa Cruz, 1 Isabela).

Where possible, involve the community in the surveys.
Resources needed
Transport
Basic field equipment (GPS, binoculars, capture and banding equipment, foot wear etc)
Collaborators
Sabine Tebbich and University of Vienna (current distribution in Scalesia Forest on Santa Cruz is
based on what was found by Sabine’s field team), Michi Dvorak, Godfrey Merlen, CDF, GNP, Fundar
Funding sources
Proposal submitted to Galapagos Conservation Trust - to be used as their Christmas Appeal,
Estimated funding needs for total project $97 500
Work in progress
Proposal submitted to GCT;

Point count data from Dvorak et. al., data from 1997 to 2010 from point counts as GPS

coordinates;
Count data from Luzuriaga et. al., data from 2010 and 2011 from point counts and transects,

with GPS coordinates;
Godfrey Merlen has conducted distribution surveys during 2011 and started a thorough

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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan


literature review;
University of Vienna field workers have found territories and nests in study area in Scalesia
forest on Santa Cruz in 2011;
Angel Ulloa (CDF P. downsi field assistant) will continue to make observations of birds in the
Scalesia forest 2012 -2013.
2.2 Habitat Protection and Restoration of Scalesia Forest on Santa Cruz Island
Background
On Santa Cruz the highest density of insectivorous passerines is found in the remnant Scalesia forest
at Los Gemelos craters with four of the five listed finch species from Task one having their highest
recorded densities in the forest (Dvorak et. al., 2012). The protection of this area is worthwhile and
important, though it should be pointed out that additional land management actions, such as the
reforestation of agricultural areas, are necessary to avoid landbird declines at an island-wide level
(see below). Due to the high density of nesting finch species in the Scalesia forest and the similarity of
their habitat requirements it has become clear that multi-species monitoring and management, in
conjunction with habitat restoration, is the most feasible and effective way to help conserve the
passerines that inhabit the area.
The Medium Tree Finch from Floreana also inhabits Scalesia forest and therefore conservation
management methods developed on Santa Cruz could be implemented on Floreana Island based on
what is found to work on Santa Cruz. Moreover it is likely that similar trends are present on Floreana
with other species and on San Cristobal, although only one season`s data is available for San
Cristobal. However funding and logistic limitations mean it is unrealistic to initially propose to work on
several islands. Using the remnant forest in Santa Cruz to begin with should be seen as the first step
of a long-term vision to enhance endemic landbird conservation across all islands. The benefits of
having Santa Cruz as the main point of reference for population declines is the high density of
endemic passerines that it supports as well as its accessibility to the headquarters of both CDF and
GNPS.
We propose a habitat management approach for the conservation of passerines in the Scalesia forest.
It is likely that many of the species in recorded decline are suffering from the same pressures (further
highlighted by the fact that 5 of the 6 species are insectivorous). One possible reason for recorded
declines is habitat reduction, which itself may also be the driver for a possible reduction in food
sources. Though the adult trees remain intact the ecosystem is degraded due to the presence of many
introduced plant species. The species with the most notable effect is blackberry Rubus niveus which
forms a dense understory subsequently inhibiting the germination of endemic flora (Renteria 2006,
Renteria 2011). The current control method for blackberry is only possible on a small scale and is
carried out in only certain areas within the Scalesia forest. It involves cutting back the established
plants and a regular application of herbicides to new seedlings, this results in the removal of the
understory. Studies conducted by Sabine Tebbich from the University of Vienna showed that passerine
nesting success was far lower in areas of blackberry control (10%), than in areas with no blackberry
control (64%). The reasons for this are unknown and the results are based on just one season`s work
(2010). Follow up is needed as it is likely related to many factors, however, understory seems
especially important as cover for recently fledged chicks (B. Fessl pers. obs.). In addition, a multispecies management programme needs to be put in place to reduce the impacts of the invasive
species that are known to have an impact on bird nesting, such as rats, fire ants, anis, and Philornis.
11
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
Action




Annual multi species endemic passerine monitoring during the breeding season;
Establish experimental habitat management zones;
Implement introduced predator control;
Assess more effective ways of controlling blackberry and, if this still requires removal of the
understory, time actions to occur after the bird breeding season.
Brief description of methodology

Conduct passerine population monitoring during the breeding season using point counts when
male singing activity is most reliable. Data from earlier years are already available for
comparisons. This needs a trained person with good knowledge of bird song and bird
identification, as most often, birds are identified by song only;
Implement P. downsi control methods to a set number of nests if methodologies are developed

in time for the 2012-13 breeding season (using poles to inject low concentration pyrethrum into
nests);
Select at least 20ha of Scalesia forest in which to establish introduced rat, ani, and fire ant

control using permanent bait stations and determine efficacy;

Trial different methods for controlling blackberry in selected experimental plots within the
Scalesia forest see whether there is any correlation between passerine nesting success and
the blackberry control methods;
Compare P. downsi effects on nesting success between areas of blackberry and non

blackberry control (Partly done).
Duration: 2 years
Employ
Passerine bird investigator who will also conduct nesting success observations related to rat

and fire ant predation, and P. downsi parasitism;
Minimum one field assistant during breeding seasons;

Minimum two volunteers during breeding seasons;

Collaborate with GNP rangers for rat, ant and blackberry control, minimum of four personnel

needed for blackberry work.
Resources needed
Rat bait and fire ant bait station materials (GNP)
Blackberry control materials (GNP)
Binoculars, range finder (for counting method), nest camera
Basic Field Equipment (GPS, foot wear etc)
Collaborators
Sabine Tebbich University of Vienna has conducted passerine nesting success and P. downsi

studies in this habitat for two seasons and has collected data related to blackberry control and
nesting success;

Birgit Fessl and Michi Dvorak have passerine species density estimates from point counts;
Sonia Kleindorfer Flinders University has conducted passerine nesting success and P. downsi

studies on Santa Cruz since 2000, including data on nesting density and population age
structure;
Earthwatch volunteers (coordinated by Kleindorfer) will collect data across six weeks a year on

nesting outcome;
12
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan




Jorge Renteria (CDF) studied effect of blackberry on endemic plant composition in Scalesia
forest at Los Gemelos;
CDF Restoration group to establish experimental design of various treatment plots;
GNP to conduct introduced predator and blackberry control;
Island Conservation, rat control, some rat trapping was done March 2012 together with GNP.
Funding needs
GNP can supply logistical support as well as rat and ant poison and herbicides. CDF should present
proposal with detailed methodology to possible donors. Estimated funding needs for complete project
$96, 500
Work already in progress
Blackberry control and habitat restoration by GNP but methodology needs to be refined;

Reforestation of Scalesia zone behind los Gemelos with support from the Japanese group;

Passerine nesting success studies by collaborating and visiting scientists;

Passerine distribution in Scalesia zone using point counts;

Galapagos Conservation Trust are funding research into short-term control methods for P.

downsi.

Detailed action plan prepared by Jorge Renteria CDF: “Plan de acción para la restauración del
bosque de Scalesia en “Los Gemelos” Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos” written with detailed
methodology. Information can be used to present formal funding proposal;
Note: In addition to the Scalesia forests, other important areas for bird breeding are the humid,
agricultural zones and the fern zone. With partners such as Galapagos National Park, Fundar and
Conservation International, current efforts to reforest the agricultural zones with native species should
be evaluated in order to identify the highest priority areas for intervention.
2.3. Bird protection in Floreana Island
Background
Although the highlands are relatively intact, this island appears to have lost more bird species than
any other (Floreana Mockingbird, Large Ground Finch, Vermillion Flycatcher, Warbler Finch, Sharpbeaked Finch) (Grant et al., 2005; Wiedenfeld 2006; Petren et al., 2010; M. Dvorak, pers. comm.).
Studies have shown a significant decline in the population of the Medium Tree Finch which is now
found in only a small area of Floreana (O’Connor et al. 2010c; M. Dvorak pers. comm), the Vegetarian
Finch is also declining (M. Dvorak pers. comm) and a study in progress seems to suggest that the
Large Tree Finch might be almost extinct (Kleindorfer et al, in progress). Studies so far have been
concentrated on the Cerro Pajas area; counts in other areas have been carried out in 2005 (Grant et
al., 2005), February-April 2010-2011 (Luzuriaga et al., 2012, in progress) and in February 2012
(Dvorak et. al. in progress), so baseline data are available. Floreana is subject to a huge restoration
project; the landbird aspect focusing on the re-introduction of the Floreana Mockingbird. Highland
restoration and/or P. downsi control methods that are tested in Santa Cruz could be applied to
Floreana once they are available.
Action


A new comprehensive survey of Medium Tree Finch on Floreana by a experienced person is
needed to get a more detailed picture of its status;
Bird monitoring over the whole island with a focus on declining species (if the person in charge
cannot monitor all species) in order to obtain long-term data and confirm the first data set;
13
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan

Conduct specific searches for Vermilion Flycatcher, Large Tree Finch and Warbler Finch to
establish the current status of these very rare or possibly extinct species.
Brief description of methodology
Conduct repeatable point counts at set locations across different habitat zones on the Island. Include
Cerro Pajas Scalesia forest to focus on declining Medium Tree Finch. Carry out point counts during
the bird breeding season when singing activity is most reliable at a minimum of 20 sites in each habitat
zone. Compare data obtained to base line data available from Kleindorfer, Dvorak and Luzuriaga. If
individuals of very rare or possibly extinct species are detected conduct monitoring to determine
breeding status. If possible capture and mark individuals to better determine numbers. Repeat point
counts each year.
Duration: 1-3 years.
Employ

Field assistant to conduct point counts. Note: it is imperative that these baseline surveys are
done by experienced observers familiar with Galapagos birds.
Recruit local GNP rangers to partake in monitoring if possible.

Volunteers to assist with field work.

Resources Needed
Transport
Basic Field Equipment (GPS, binoculars, capture and banding equipment, foot wear etc)
Collaborators
CDF, Project Floreana;

CDF Floreana Mockingbird Project may establish areas of predator control on Floreana which

will benefit all bird species in the area;
Sonia Kleindorfer (Flinders University) and her team has extended data from the Cerro Pajas

area since 2004, including population age structure, nesting success, parasite intensity, and
population genetic structure;
Michi Dvorak (BirdLife International Austria) and Erwin Nemeth (Max Plank Institute of

Ornithology);

GNP.
Funding Sources
CDF through Project Floreana - Island Conservation (IC) is planning a large scale rodent eradication
and island restoration project from 2013 onwards. Estimated funding needs to conduct bird monitoring
(not including implementation of conservation measures) is $50,000.
Work in Progress
CDF Floreana Mockingbird plans underway to establish small scale predator control in

lowlands of Floreana.
Michi Dvorak and Erwin Nemeth have carried out point counts for baseline data in 2012 and

plan to return each season.

Sonia Kleindorfer and her team have long established projects from Cerro Pajas including
species density estimates from point counts in 2004 and 2008. Kleindorfer’s team will continue
annual nest monitoring and population recruitment patterns in Darwin’s tree finches.
Earthwatch volunteers (coordinated by Kleindorfer) will collect data across six weeks a year on

nesting outcome.
14
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan

Nivia Luzuriaga carried out point counts and transects for baseline data in Feb-Apr. 2010-2011.
2.4. Determine current status of Galapagos Martin
Background
This species has recently been uplisted to Endangered by the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2012). The
population size, structure and trends of this species are very poorly known. It is known to be
uncommon, seen in small numbers throughout the archipelago (Wiedenfeld and Jiménez-Uzcategui,
2008). It is unlikely that the total population exceeds 500 birds, with fewer than 250 mature individuals
in each subpopulation, and is in decline (Birdlife International, 2012). Dedicated surveys are needed
urgently, and may reveal that the species warrants uplisting to Critically Endangered on the basis of an
even smaller population.
Action






Collect baseline data for this species and conduct a thorough literature search;
Carry out surveys for this species throughout its range, visiting all known or suspected
strongholds, to develop accurate population estimates;
Develop a questionnaire for interested guides and GNP rangers who frequent areas of its
distribution and thus enhance knowledge on distribution and numbers;
Establish monitoring programme to determine population trends;
Carry out research to determine the reasons for its small population and any declines;
Carry out actions to reduce any threats to this species (e.g. control of nest predators).
Duration: 1-3 years.
Employ
Investigator as well as field assistant, volunteer or student to carry out literature search and develop
and manage questionnaire.
Resources Needed
Access to historic records, literature
Collaborators
Due to the distribution and habitat requirements of this species, the necessary work cannot be
combined with any other actions proposed in the plan. If there is a landbird investigator who can be
employed by CDF he/she could eventually initiate a student project for collecting baseline data.
People partaking in field trips to less visited sites conducted by GNP or visiting and collaborating
scientists should be approached and given questionnaires, such as Galapagos Naturalist Guides,
GNP.
Funding Sources
CDF to prepare and present proposal to secure field assistant or volunteer to carry out literature
review and to prepare and distribute questionnaire. Estimated cost including investigator $20,000.
Field costs undetermined (initial stage will involve gathering baseline data - no field trips planned.
Guides and others to carry out investigations as part of other trips).
Work in Progress
Nil
15
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
2.5 Conduct study into basic ecology and impact of Smooth-billed Ani and develop control
methods
Background
Although the Smooth-billed Ani was introduced to Santa Cruz in the 1960s and rapidly spread
throughout the archipelago (Jiménez-Uzcátegui et.al., 2011) there have been few studies into its
ecology on the Galapagos or efforts to quantify the risk it presents to endemic and native species. It is
omnivorous and a stomach content analysis has indicated that anis have a wide ranging diet including
fruits of the invasive blackberry Rubus niveus, introduced rats, Darwin's Finch nestlings, and other
native and endemic vertebrate and invertebrate species (S. Deem, pers. comm.). They are gregarious
and show aggressive and competitive behavior toward native birds. Furthermore there is concern that
their impact on the populations of critically endangered bird species such as the Mangrove Finch and
Floreana Mockingbird may be adding an additional stress to population recovery and conservation
efforts. Current funding secured in 2012 with the GNP has resulted in the implementation of control
through shooting. Due to the wide range of anis control across all areas of occupancy is not possible.
To be better able to control the species, knowledge of its basic ecology in the Galapagos is essential.
Furthermore there is a need to better understand the impact that anis have on endemic bird species to
be able to effectively target control methods. It has been recommended that anis be eradicated from
Galapagos, however, bird eradication on this scale has never been carried out successfully, and this
management technique is unlikely to be a feasible option for this species. A realistic aim for
management of the ani should be to establish a regular targeted control programme using optimal
methods and focused on the areas that are most susceptible to the negative impacts of the species.
Action





Study ecology of Smooth-billed Ani;
Quantify the population level impact that the Smooth-billed Ani has on key native species;
Determine the most efficient control method for Smooth-billed Ani;
Carry out a feasibility study for the implementation of the optimal control method;
Develop and implement a plan for Smooth-billed Ani control at the level of archipelago.
Brief description of methodology
This work will be carried out on Santa Cruz.

Carry out a literature review on the ecology, impact and control of ani species.

Select key species as targets for a study of the ani on the native fauna of Galapagos
(vertebrate and invertebrate species).
Carry out impact studies in the field with ani exclusion experiments and control plots with anis

to determine the impact of the ani at the level of the population on the key native species; once
in dry season, once in wet season, in the dry, transition and humid zones.

Carry out trials to determine the most efficient method and methodology for the control of ani
populations. Trials should be carried out using shooting, trapping, poisoning etc.
Establish the time taken to re-colonize a control area to determine how often control needs to

be carried out.
Establish the relative cost of each control method.

Determine realistic and quantitative objectives of the control of ani

Identify priority areas for ani control, based on conservation priorities, as well as social

priorities (e.g. tourism sites).
Determine preparatory activities, training and equipment needed.


Carry out a cost analysis for control measures each priority area.

Determine the feasibility of the programme over a long time scale.

Develop an implementation plan for control of the ani, which includes a programme of
16
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
monitoring and evaluation to determine the efficiency of the control methods.
Duration: 1-3 years.
Employ
Project coordinator (part time salary)
Principal Investigator
Field assistants (5 for 12 months) (GNP)
Resources Needed
Transport
Field equipment (poison, guns and ammunition (GNP) GPS, binoculars, traps)
Computer
Collaborators
It is imperative that this project is run closely with the GNP Invasive Species Control and Eradication
Team who are already implementing ani control.
Funding Sources
GNP providing $75 000 as counterpart, CDF submitted successful grant application to KNCF Japan
and secured $38 630. Estimated funding needs for completing project $113,630
Work in Progress

GNP air rifles and ammunition purchased in January 2012. Control efforts have begun in
agricultural zone of Santa Cruz and opportunistic shootings in more remote areas when visited
as part of other GNP work (Rabida for ant control, NW Isabela for cat control)

CDF Restoration Group submitted successful proposal and funding secured, project planning
underway

Nivia Luzuriaga has carried out point counts and transects for baseline data in February-April
2010-2011. These counts include Ani data, and are available on request.
Michi Dvorak has unpublished point count data available from Santa Cruz, 2010.

2.6. Determine current status of Large Ground Finch
Background
The Large Ground Finch has already been lost from Floreana and San Cristobal (Petren et al., 2010),
and has not been observed around Villamil on Isabela. This species is scarce, and because of this it
has not been possible to calculate population densities (Dvorak, pers. comm). It is a difficult species to
assess since it is largely confined to lower altitudes where access is difficult. Our inability to count this
species needs to be addressed. Observations suggest that it has special, so far unidentified habitat
preferences. On Santa Cruz, it has been observed around CDRS, Tortuga Bay and Garrapatero,
however estimates are higher than thought because it is often confused with medium ground finches
(M. Dvorak pers. comm). Other parts of the arid zone of Santa Cruz should be surveyed.
Action


Identify places with large ground finch abundance through communication with visiting
scientists and other parties.
Look at habitat aspects of inhabited areas in order to determine habitat requirements of the
species.
17
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
Brief description of methodology
Liaise with people working and visiting different habitat zones on Santa Cruz

(visiting/collaborating scientists, guides, local land owners, GNP rangers) to determine areas of
occupancy;

Conduct point counts during breeding season in accessible areas throughout lowlands to help
determine distribution;
Characterize habitat at inhabited sites and compare to find common factors;

Search further areas of similar habitat;

Conduct all field work over six months during breeding season.

Duration: 2-3 years.
Employ
Field assistant to liaise with collaborators and conduct point counts and habitat characterization. It is
essential that who ever conducts the surveys is trained in identifying LGF and able to distinguish
between other species.
Resources Needed
Transport
Basic Field Equipment (GPS, binoculars, capture and banding equipment, foot wear etc)
Collaborators
Visiting and Collaborating Scientists with field work based on Santa Cruz
GNP rangers
CDF
Naturalist Guides
Funding Needs
CDF to develop small proposal. Approximate funding needs for field assistants and transport $12,200
Work in Progress
Nil
18
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
GOAL 2: DEVELOP A STANDARDIZED, SIMPLE, TIME EFFICIENT MONITORING METHODS FOR
LANDBIRDS THAT ENABLE US TO PICK UP CHANGES IN POPULATIONS AS WELL AS
FACTORS THAT MAY BE INFLUENCING IN POPULATION CHANGES AND ECOSYSTEM
CHANGES.
Problem: Some landbird species are being monitored, but different methods are being used
(O'Connor et al., 2010b, Dvorak et al., 2012, Luzuriaga et al., 2012 and in progress), while other
species appear to be declining, but are not being monitored at all. Monitoring is the only valuable tool
for detecting population changes in a long-term context. It is time intensive and requires motivated and
trained people in both visual and oral bird identification (Luzuriaga et al., 2012). Training to a high level
is not simple and it has to be taken into account that the bird song of the same species differs
substantially between islands, meaning that people trained for Santa Cruz need further additional time
before they are able to satisfactorily monitor on other islands. Samples of bird song for several species
and several islands should ultimately be available through Erwin Nemeth, Austria and Jeremy
Robertson, Australia. The ultimate goal is to obtain baseline data that quantify population trends and
can be used as a baseline for the assessment of bird health and efficiency of localized management
actions across species.
Task 1: Determine which islands, habitats and bird species should be focused on
1.1 Which islands should be focused on?




Inhabited islands, as land use change is most prominent and some baseline data already exist;
Islands with projected restoration plans (Floreana) as it is very important to have a baseline
data set. Furthermore these data might help decisions with timing of events etc.;
Islands with restoration already in progress (even if baseline does not exist it is preferable to
start collecting data);
Opportunistic visits to places/ islands where visiting scientists go. Most importantly is that the
same method is used across all of the sites to achieve consistency. And, if the monitoring
design must differ between islands (because of unequal visiting effort), the different monitoring
designs should be nested, so that all data can be easily combined.
Table 3. Existing monitoring data as related to key islands and habitat zones
Island
Zones
Existing Data
Santa Cruz
1,2,3,4,5
1997, 2008 – 2010 (Dvorak), 2010-11 (Luzuriaga)
San Cristóbal
1,2,3,4,5
2010 (Dvorak)
Floreana
1,2,3,4,5
2004, 2008, 2011 (Kleindorfer), , 2010-11 (Luzuriaga), 2012 (Dvorak)
Isabela Sierra Negra
1,2,3,4,5
none
Isabela Cerro Azul
3,4,5
none
Isabela Volcán Wolf
3,4,5
?
Isabela Volcán Alcedo
3,4,5
1997-1998 (Vargas), Mangroves (Dvorak)
Fernandina
3,4,5
2009 – 2010 (?)
Baltra
1
none
Genovesa
1
1973, 1978-1988 (Grant), 2006 (Jiménez Uzcátegui )
Marchena
1
1990s (Grant)
Champion
1
1973, 1978-1988 (Grant), followed by CDF, Hoeck
Daphne
1
1973-2012 (Grant)
Española
3
2010 (FCD)
Santa Fe
3
2003 (FCD), 2011 (PNG)
Santiago
3
2004? (FCD)
Pinta
3,4,5
2011 (PNG), 1980 (Schluter)
Pinzón
3
2011 (FCD)
Rábida
3,4,5
2011(FCD)
Zones: 1 lowland scrubland, scrub and dry lands; 2 Agricultural land; 3 Opuntia-Bursera forest; 4 Transition zones; 5 Scalesia-Fern Humid
forest
19
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
1.2 Which habitat zones should be focused on?
The habitat zones can be divided into five groups (Urban, Agricultural, Arid, Transition and Humid;
Dvorak et al, 2012). Ideally bird monitoring should be conducted across all zones to determine trends
in all different habitats. For rare species monitoring, the spatial distribution of the number of point
counts should be a priori stratified, so that enough point counts are implemented in the known
preferred habitats (eg. Vermillion Flycatcher in the humid zone, Large Ground Finch in arid zone).
1.3 Which birds should be focused on?
The monitoring system proposed below is only designed to capture common species. This is because
the cost to monitor rare species is too great, primarily because one would need to greatly increase the
sampling effort. However, the occurrence of rare species will be noted in the following ways:







Use opportunistic observations (made systematically during the period of baseline monitoring;
but possibly also across the year);
Create a table of all terrestrial bird species with classifications about status (common, rare,
declining) and publish on Datazone;
Compile observations of rare birds in a separate data base with GPS coordinates (where
available);
Share data with online systems such as ebird.com;
Liaise with tour guides and ornithology tourists to report sightings of rare birds;
Establish a way to enter data with the FCD observations database (created by Rob Adams);
When restoration activity occurs, increase monitoring activity (more point samples) with the
same methodology.
For common birds: obtain an index of population level changes related to ecosystem, climate change
and human-mediated environmental changes (see Danielsen et al. 2003, 2006; Nichols & Williams,
2006):



All of the species
All of the islands
Human habited and uninhabited areas
20
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
The following classification is based on the feasibility for counting birds:
For all the finches some training and, at best, audio-cds will be necessary. Caution is needed, as
some finches sing differently between islands and between different habitat zones within an island.
Bird species
Visual identification
(without binoculars)
Oral identification
Comments
Mockingbird
Easy
Easy
Might follow
Vermilion flycatcher
Easy
Moderate, song is not very loud
and easy to miss
Might follow, display flight
more suspicious than its
song
Galapagos flycatcher
Easy
Easy
Might follow up, sings early
morning; otherwise pair has
typical call
Dark-billed cuckoo
Easy
Easy
Shy bird, hard to see;
Distance estimation difficult
with their call
Yellow warbler
Easy
Easy
Vegetarian finch
Easy
Easy
Cactus finch
Easy
Hard, difficult to separate from
SGF
Warbler finch
Easy
Easy
Several song types, young
yellow warblers might be
counted as warbler finches
Small ground finch*
Easy
Moderate
Might be confused with
medium ground finch and
cactus finch (song)
Medium ground finch*
Moderate to difficult
Moderate
The MGF has different song
types and a high variability in
its beak size
Large ground finch*
Moderate, large billed MGF can be
very similar to LGF, especially
when seen from a distance.
Moderate, because rare. The song
is easy to recognise and by far the
best clue to identify and count the
species.
As rare, would take a while
to be trained, not sure if song
record available
Small tree finch
Easy
Moderate
Different song types
Woodpecker finch
Easy
Easy
Different song types in
different habitat zones
Large tree finch
Moderate, difficult to identify from a
distance
Moderate
Different song types in
different habitat zones; could
be mixed up with ground
finches
SGF, MGF, LGF: Some individuals of these species are difficult to identify, and you have to use
several clues (song, call, behaviour). Some birds will be impossible to identify.
Task 2. Develop and implement standardised monitoring methodology which is simple to use
in all habitats.
Background
There is no locally based established long-term monitoring programme for land birds in the Galapagos
(Luzuriaga et al. 2012). Monitoring has been conducted previously by local employees of CDF and
GNP in addition to visiting and collaborating scientists. However, the methodologies have differed
21
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
therefore making it problematic to try and compare data and look for trends across time. Moreover
often challenging terrain makes monitoring hard to implement across the archipelago. There is a need
to implement standardised bird monitoring that can be carried out across a range of habitats.
Action
Develop and implement a simple landbird monitoring method agreed upon by mangers and
researchers that can be applied across the archipelago over the long-term.
Brief description of methodology
We propose a point count method for common land birds as preferable to transects for the following
reasons:

Transects are often along existing paths with disturbed vegetation, thus bird populations in
edge vegetation might be very different, e.g. many ground finches feed on artificial open
pathways and therefore population estimates would be artificially high;
Conditions on some islands mean that transects are not possible to establish or at best would

require a lot of effort. Therefore it is time consuming and disturbs habitat;
The terrain is often difficult in the Galapagos and therefore at times walking transects requires

significant concentration, therefore taking away the observer`s ability to focus completely on
bird counting;
Some bird species follow the observer therefore a transect-counting method could result in an

increased frequency of multiple counting.
Note: This conclusion is in contra to Luzuriaga et al. (2012), however, these authors do agree with the
recommendation in this plan.
To produce a standardized methodology across islands and habitats we propose the following (the
only exception is if one wants to focus on rare species):

Minimum 20 points per zone, per island;
Minimum distance between points should be 250m to avoid duplicating counts;


Conduct five-minute bird counts between 06:00 and 09:00 in the morning;

Conducted once per year during the height of the breeding season (January – March) when
bird singing activity is its most reliable. To account for between-year fluctuations in the start of
the rainy season, and therefore of the breeding season, the starting date of the counting period
could be matched with a threshold value of rainfall.
Below is an example of a monitoring sheet with necessary information:
Species
Observation
Seen
Heard
Distance
Bearing
Deformities
Beak
Feet
Sex
GPS
coordinates
While walking between points, observations of rare species should be registered with their
corresponding coordinates.
In addition to this, the following environmental data should be recorded:
Observer, identity, island, date, time, wind (none/gentle/moderate/strong/very strong), cloud cover (4
categories), Precipitation (4 categories), temperature, altitude, vegetation type (general). Vegetation
classification (three strata) cover and percentage of main plant in following three categories 1 (herbs):
22
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
< 50cm, 2 (brush): 50 – 150cm, 3 (trees): > 150cm. This should be estimated for a radius of 50m and
if this is not possible because of dense vegetation this will be recorded, there will be always outliers. In
addition introduced plants should be recorded if they are not the dominant species.
Employ
Consultant data base;
Consultant monitoring plan;
Part time landbird investigator to oversee and develop monitoring programme;
Field assistants during the monitoring period (bird breeding seasons);
GNP will coordinate monitoring programme once it is implemented.
Resources Needed
Transport
Basic Field Equipment (GPS, binoculars, foot wear etc)
Training bird song tapes
Computer for data compilation and analysis
Database for observations and for collating monitoring information.
Collaborators
The success of this programme is dependent on the collaboration of many people and will require a
coordinator to ensure that the correct methods are employed and that data is collated.
To have reliable bird monitoring across islands and habitat the involvement of several observers is
necessary. There are several different groups who could, in theory, conduct the surveys (listed below),
however, as previously stated, high level training of all personnel is required (Luzuriaga et al., in
progress). GNP, FCD, visiting and collaborating scientist such as Kleindorfer, Tebbich, Dvorak, P and
R Grant, Podos, Naturalist Guides, Earthwatch , Community Groups, Interested local land owners,
Citizen Science.
Some groups could count all bird species while others might focus on some species only, e.g. the
“easy” ones, depending on the zone in which the surveys are conducted and the skill level of the
group.
Funding Needs
The total estimated costs of the monitoring programme (below) will depend on the availability of
trained personnel (GNP, CDF, visiting scientists, and bird watchers) and how many people need to be
hired, and the availability of GNP transport. Because of this, we have identified three possible
scenarios. Calculations are based on 20 points per habitat zone per island with monitoring conducted
once during the bird breeding season. This system is only for common bird species; the cost to
monitor rare species is much higher because one would need to greatly increase the sampling effort.
Per diem of 26 USD day +
GNP transport
Per diem of 45 USD day +
GNP transport
Per diem of 45 USD day +
private transport
Per diem
7600
13000
13000
Transport
8500
8500
17000
Coordination
17000
17000
17000
Total (plus 15%)
38000
45000
54000
It is estimated that a further $50,000 is needed for equipment, consultants etc. Total maximum
estimate: $104,000.
23
Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
Some support available from CDF, GNP, Earthwatch.
Implementation schedule
2013
Jan -March (1) Apply for funds for equipment
April - June (2) Include work in SOP of GNP for 2014
Consultancy 1: Define work plan for fieldwork (ideally a local person with good
knowledge of the field conditions)
July - Sep (3) Consultancy 2: Develop database
Oct-Dec (4) Purchasing of equipment
Training for volunteers
2014
Jan -March (1) Implementation
Funds from GNP
April – June (2) Data preparation and analysis
July - Sep (3) complete analyses and prepare report
There is an urgent need for a permanent landbird investigator position based in Galapagos, either in
CDF or GNP. All of the activities proposed in this plan require a landbird investigator who can oversee
the work and provide guidance to the field assistants, volunteers and collaborators involved.
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Galapagos Landbird Conservation Plan
Appendix 1. List of workshop participants and contact information of those whom participated
in the bird working groups and/or development of this plan.
Rachel Atkinson
Botany/invasive species/restoration, adjunct
researcher
Victor Carrion
Technical advisor
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
Island Conservation, Galapagos Islands,
Ecuador
Oscar Carvajal
Coordinator, Isabela office
Parque Nacional Galápagos, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Entomology/invasive species, adjunct researcher
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
Francesca
Cunninghame
Ornithology, Mangrove finch programme
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
[email protected]
Michael Dvorak
Ornithology/conservation biology
Birdlife, Austria
[email protected]
Birgit Fessl
Behavioral ecology/conservation biology, adjunct
researcher
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
[email protected]
Pierre-Yves Henry
Biodiversity management/ornithology/climate
change, research professor
University Pierre & Curie Paris VI, Museum
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [email protected]
Charlotte Causton
Gustavo Jimenez
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
[email protected]
Flinders University, Adelaide, South
Australia
[email protected]
Sonia Kleindorfer
Ornithology, researcher
Ornithology/behavioral ecology, Professor of
Biodiversity and Conservation and Scientific
Director for the Flinders Research Centre for
Climate Adaptation and Animal Behaviour
Nivia Luzuriaga
University Pierre & Curie Paris VI, Museum
Conservation biology/monitoring Graduate student National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [email protected]
Godfrey Merlen
Conservation/invasive species pathways
Ornithology/conservation biology/Floreana
Mocking bird programme, coordinator restoration
programme
Independent consultant
[email protected]
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
[email protected]
Jorge Renteria
Habitat restoration, consultant
Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
[email protected]
Christian Sevilla
Coordinator, Conservation and restoration of island Parque Nacional Galápagos, Galapagos
ecosystems
Islands, Ecuador
[email protected]
Wacho Tapia
Coordinator, Conservation, Sustainable
Development and Research programme
[email protected]
Sabine Tebbich
Ornithology/behavioral ecology, research associate University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Luis Ortiz-Catedral
Parque Nacional Galápagos, Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
[email protected]
Appendix 2. Working groups
Group
1
Participants
Protecting threatened bird species
a) Sonia Kleindorfer, Michael Dvorak, Nivia Luzuriaga, Pierrea) Monitoring system for birds – which system, which species, Yves-Henry, Luis Ortiz-Catedral, Wacho Tapia, Oscar
where, what needs to be monitored (bird numbers, parasitoids, Carvajal.
presence of ants, Philornis)
b) Plan for protecting threatened species including:
b) Birgit Fessl, Francesca Cunninghame, Godfrey Merlen,
Sabine Tebbich,
2
Biology/Ecology P. downsi
a) Expand on information available about P. downsi
b) Identify research questions
c) means to answering questions (step by step plans)
d) Identify possible collaborators/donors
Andrew Parker, Dave Chadee, Raymond Martinez, Martín
Quiroga, Steve Teale, Kristin Doherty, Piedad Lincango, Jen
Koop, Renato Leon, Leandro Vaca
3
Management of P. downsi
Intermediate solutions for controlling fly in areas of high
conservation value
Long-term solutions
Cathy Smallridge, George Heimpel, Charlotte Causton,
Christian Sevilla, Victor Carrion, Sarah Knutie, Ronal Azuero,
Raphael Carrion.
26