* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Investigating Personality Differences among Stuttering
Generalized anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Conversion disorder wikipedia , lookup
Spectrum disorder wikipedia , lookup
Mental disorder wikipedia , lookup
Child psychopathology wikipedia , lookup
Personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Controversy surrounding psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Schizoid personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders wikipedia , lookup
Classification of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
History of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Antisocial personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
History of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Dissociative identity disorder wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Behavioral theories of depression wikipedia , lookup
Pyotr Gannushkin wikipedia , lookup
Global Journal of Medicine Researches and Studies, 1(4) 2014, Pages: 111-116 Academic Journals Global Journal of Medicine Researches and Studies ISSN 2345-6094 www.academicjournalscenter.org Investigating Personality Differences among Stuttering and Ordinary Individuals Abdoulwahab Pourghaz *1, Elnaz Rahimi 2, Zahra Ramezani 3 1. Associate professor, Department of Education, University of Sistan and Baluchestan 2. MA of Educational Research, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan 3. MA of Educational Research, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan * Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE IN FO ABSTRACT Keywords: Stuttering is one of the most common anomalies in the rhythm of speech. This anomaly exists in all nations and languages. The present study aimed to examine personality differences among individuals with stuttering and ordinary individuals. A descriptive survey method was applied. The sample was selected through using both simple random sampling and convenience sampling methods, including 20 individuals with stuttering, with the age range of 12-30 referring to centers for speech therapy in Zahedan and 30 ordinary individuals with the same age range. The instrument for data collection was Multifaceted Minnesota Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results indicated that people suffering from stuttering experienced more personality issues compared to ordinary individuals. In terms of scales such as hypochondria, depression, hysteria, psychologicalsocial deviance, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and hypomania significant differences were found between ordinary individuals and those with stuttering problems. Moreover, the findings demonstrated that in terms of gender, no significant difference was found between the personality components of people who stutter. Stuttering Personality Traits Ordinary Individuals © 2014 Global Journal of Medicine Researches and Studies. All rights reserved for Academic Journals Center. Introduction Stuttering is one of the most common abnormalities in the rhythm of speech. This anomaly exists in all nations and languages (Daliri, et al., 2007). For centuries and maybe for more than two thousand years, stuttering has received attention and many different views has been proposed about its nature, causes and treatment. Although stuttering disorder may sometimes associate with anomalies or physical difficulties, in most cases no injury or illness is found unless mere stuttering that may itself associate with intensity and weakness under the influence of multiple natural factors (Azimi Raad, 2001: 45). The other definition of stuttering is centered on a complex communication disorder that not only hinders speech, but also causes negative reactions and feelings in both the speaker and a listener (Guitar, 2005). Stuttering is also a complex psychological-kinesthetic phenomenon that temporarily or permanently occurs in pronunciation of words and syllables, such that due to abnormal muscle contractions, the word is not pronounced correctly (Koolaee Nejad, 2003: 91). In such a disease, the patient exactly knows what speech sequence he/she intends to express, however he/she is not able to smoothly articulate that sequence (Movsessian, 2005: 290-297). This speech impediment (dysarthria) may occur in three age periods: A) 2 to 4 years old: In the age of onset of speech, due to the rapid growth of lexicon, a child may start stuttering. B) 6 to 7 years old: The beginning of school. The child may start stuttering due to emotional features and special social adaptation of this stage facing with the first formal social experience. This period is a well-provided time for the occurrence of the disorder. C) Puberty: Hormonal mental and social changes provide a high-yielding base for the emergence or worsening of stuttering. The disorder is more common among boys than girls in such a way that various studies and research obtained the ratio about 70% for boys and 30% for girls (Fraser, 1997: 14). Investigating Personality Differences among Stuttering … Global Journal of Medicine Re searches and Studie s, 1( 4) 2014 Types of Stuttering Considering different states and effects of stuttering, i.e., the duration of pauses/interruptions, their frequency and sequence, the strength and pressure regarding to the pronunciation of letters and words, there are two types of stuttering: Type I: Contraction Stuttering (Tonic) It occurs due to the contraction of muscles of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and vocal cords and the patient, with this type of stuttering, suffers from impediment and interruption to express words and pronounce the word, and strongly pushes it out and after a while suddenly the word is uttered. This mode is more psychological. Type II: Spastic Stuttering In this type, usually a part (the first part) is repeated spastically. For example, the word mother is stated as M...M...M...Mother. This is often known to be caused by a nervous-muscular physiological disorder. Sometimes both types of stuttering are seen in patients (Milanifar, 131995: 344). Another problem that individuals with stuttering are faced with is personality disorders. Personality, in fact, is a gradual evolutionary phenomenon that develops and evolves and is influenced by many internal and external factors including heredity, physical characteristics and social conditions (Shamloo, 2001: 200). In addition, in every society, there are people who, in spite of their willingness, cannot adapt to social norms; hence, their performance endangers themselves as well as the society. Such individuals have sick personality and cannot adapt to the society, and their behavior creates anxiety for themselves and others. Abnormal personality is the very mental disorder that involves a wide variety of dimensions, some of which are addressed in the current research. Hypochondriasis "HS" Mental obsession, fear of being infected or the belief to be infected with a serious disease that is based on wrong interpretation and such an inappropriate fear or belief, may continue to exist despite medical assurances (Shamloo, 2007) Depression "D" Depression is one of the most common mood disorders worldwide. This disorder is the fourth leading cause of disease load, so that it accounts for the largest share of non-fatal disease load in the world. Depression is associated with symptoms such as losing energy and interest, feeling guilt, weak concentration, changes in appetite, and suicide and death thoughts (Farzadi et al., 2012). Depression is also associated with mental rumination, anxiety as well as worry. When the person suffers from depression, he/s he has the tendency to be full conscious, to focus on past issues and engage in related present and future difficulties (Salarifar & Pour Etemad, 2011) Hysteria "HY" Hysteria is referred to as an involuntary change or limitation of physical performance due to a psychological conflict or need (Kaplan and Sadock, 2006: 224) Conversion hysteria is a clear somatic manifestation that has neurological aspects in most cases and yet can be regarded by the observer as a multi-symptom disorder. This disorder can be raised and influenced by hypnosis. In hysteria, based on the needs of the unconscious, suppressed desire or anxiety is replaced with a somatic manifestation and such a somatic function seems understandable (Dadsetan, 2003: 222-221). Obvious symptoms of hysteria include involuntary loss of function or dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system activity or consciousness. Often, the symptoms occur suddenly due to acute, emotional conditions, such as numbness or paralysis of the limbs, fainting, and so on. Sometimes symptoms of hysteria disappear as fast as they arise, and often they can be eliminated or reduced by hypnosis (Shamloo, 2003: 140) Psychosocial Deviance “PD" Psychosocial deviance is among the issues addressed in the field of social pathology. Deviance is the trait attributed to some behaviors or individuals, such as criminals or mental patients. The issue is among the early problems addressed in social pathology. Sociologists consider the deviance not as a behavioral trait or a type of personality, but as a characteristic of certain social states or structural functions of the social system (Mohammadi Asl, 2006: 13). In general, the sociologists accept deviance as being defined as nonconformity with certain norms approved by a large number of people in society or community (Giddens, 2007: 294) 112 Investigating Personality Differences among Stuttering … Global Journal of Medicine Re searches and Studie s, 1( 4) 2014 Paranoia "PA" Individuals with this type of disorder are suspicious of others. They often behavior unfriendly and show actions followed by anger and insult to others. This group of patients suffers from unjustified doubts about the honesty of others. Diagnosis of paranoia is different from that of schizophrenia, since the symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, does not exist in paranoid, and less damage in social and occupational functioning is seen. This disorder is more common in men and is alternately linked to with avoidant disorder, borderline and schizotypal (Davison and Neil, 2007: 153) Psychasthenia (Mental Fatigue) "PT" This disorder is similarly seen in individuals with mental illness suffering from phobia or obsession. Individuals with psychasthenia show symptoms of anxiety, phobia, fear, rumination, self-doubt and pointless, and worthless apprehension. The disorder can be seen in obsessive-compulsive individuals who feel frightened by phenomenon, show inability to decide and cannot focus their mind on a subject (Nora, 2009). Schizophrenia "SC" Schizophrenia is one of the most common severe mental disorders that is associated with turbulence in the content of thoughts, perception, emotion, self-perception, motivation, interpersonal behavior and performance (Halgin & Whitbourne, 2010). Vulnerability of schizophrenia does not have only one cause in spite of various treatments, only small proportion of patients suffering from schizophrenia can completely recover, and majority of them suffer from mental symptoms and problems during the whole life (Sadok & Sadok, 2005). Hypomania "Ma" It is a mood disorder with symptoms of high or continuously irritable mood over a period of at least 4 days, the patient experiences a decreased need for sleep, talking more than usual or feeling pressure if unaddressed, jumping thoughts, distractibility, increased activities regarding social, occupational, educational, sexual goals as well as high profligacy (Zahiroddin & Karamad, 2005). The neurotic base of stuttering was first analyzed in 1913-1914. Qorbani and Haidari (2011) in a study entitled “Students' Attitudes towards Individuals with Stuttering” indicated that according to personality traits scale, assuming positive traits of "forthright", "bold", "clever", "competent", "confident", except for the trait of "quiet", a significant difference was observed among all traits. In general, these characteristics’ mean in individuals without stuttering were more than individuals with stuttering. In addition, assuming negative traits of "anxious", "timid", "shy", "aggressive", "imbecile", "moderate", "taciturn", "incompetent", except for the trait of "aggressive", a significant difference was observed among all traits. In other words, stuttering individuals had a higher mean value in such traits than individuals without stuttering. Also, it was indicated that there was no significant difference between the participants’ gender and their attitudes toward stuttering individual. Narimani et al. (2009), in a study entitled “Comparison of Emotional Intelligence and Attachment Styles in Children with Stuttering and Children without Stuttering”, concluded that the mean value of students without stuttering on components of appraising others emotions was lower than that of students without stuttering. Moreover, there was a significant difference between students without stuttering and those with stuttering in terms of the components of appraising others’ emotions. Sadok and Sadok (2007) found that individuals suffering from stuttering may have certain other clinical characteristics such as failure and depression. In a study carried out in Iraq conducted by Al-Jawadi and Abd-Al-Rahman (2007), the prevalence of stuttering among children with 1 to 12 years old was estimated about 3%. Oussi and Diller (1998) in Turkey indicated that children and adolescents suffering from stuttering showed the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder as well. The main purpose of the present study was to examine personality differences of individuals with stuttering and ordinary individuals. Accordingly, the hypotheses are as follows: 1. There is not any significant difference between individuals with stuttering and individuals without stuttering regarding their personality traits. 2. There is not any significant difference between individuals with stuttering and individuals without stuttering regarding personality components (hypochondria, depression, hysteria, psychosocial deviance, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and hypomania). 3. There is a significant difference between individuals with stuttering and individuals without stuttering regarding their gender. Methods This is a descriptive-survey study which is an applicable research conducted on stuttering subjects (N = 20) and ordinary individuals (N = 30). The population included all the stuttering individuals who suffer from dysarthria. Since the process of sample selection, through random or non-random methods was difficult and the number of such individuals decreases by the age, two sampling methods were used. For stuttering individuals, convenience sample method was applied selecting 20 individuals, with an age range of 12-30 years, referring to centers for speech therapy in Zahedan. For ordinary people, 30 participants in the 113 Investigating Personality Differences among Stuttering … Global Journal of Medicine Re searches and Studie s, 1( 4) 2014 same age range were randomly selected and the questionnaire was distributed among them. Multifaceted Minnesota Personality Inventory was used as the instrument for data collection. The MMPI is a standard questionnaire for calling for a wide range of self-reporting characteristics and their scoring which provides a quantitative index of individuals’ emotional adjustment and attitudes toward participation in the study. The basic form of MMPI was developed by Stark R. and Jee Charnly McCain at University of Minnesota. Studies on the reliability and validity of the inventory indicate that it has an average level of short-term stability and internal consistency. For example, Hansley, Hanson and Parker conducted a meta-analysis in 1970’s and concluded that the inventory is quite reliable in all scales and its reliability coefficients ranges from 0.71 to 0.84. Results H1: There is not any significant difference between individuals with stuttering and individuals without stuttering regarding personality traits. To test the above hypothesis, an independent t-test was performed and the results can be seen in Table 1. Table (1): Results of t-test regarding the first hypothesis Group N M SD T Ordinary Individuals 30 20.23 10.27 10.70 Stuttering Individuals 20 15.56 11.23 df Sig 48 0.000 The above table indicates that the MMPI mean and SD values for children with stuttering are 56.15 and 12.23, respectively; while these values for ordinary children are 23.20 and 10.27. Therefore, calculated t (10.70) is significant on 99% level (p <0.01). Thus, the H0 is rejected and children with stuttering have more personality difficulties compared to ordinary children. H2: There is not any significant difference between individuals with stuttering and individuals without stuttering regarding personality components (hypochondria, depression, hysteria, psychosocial deviance, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and hypomania). Group Ordinary Individuals Stuttering Individuals Ordinary Individuals Stuttering Individuals Ordinary Individuals Stuttering Individuals Ordinary Individuals Stuttering Individuals Ordinary Individuals Stuttering Individuals Ordinary Individuals Stuttering Individuals Ordinary Individuals Stuttering Individuals Ordinary Individuals Stuttering Individuals Table 2: Results of t-test regarding the second hypothesis Component frequency Mean SD HS 30 0/30 8/18 HS 20 2/83 5/66 D 30 0/36 8/81 D 20 1/62 4/51 HY 30 0/83 5/63 HY 20 8/12 8/68 PD 30 5/60 8/68 PD 20 6/82 5/63 PA 30 5/16 8/10 PA 20 6/32 5/88 PT 30 5/66 5/02 PT 20 6/03 0/00 SC 30 5/00 5/18 SC 20 6/43 5/48 MA 30 0/23 8/13 MA 20 4/62 8/66 T df Sig - 0/562 48 0.002 - 6/048 48 0.000 - 83/833 48 0.000 - 6/824 48 0.000 - 2/266 48 0.000 - 2/664 48 0.000 - 6/633 48 0.000 - 5/450 48 0.019 Results of the above table suggests that considering the MMPI test, the mean value of the HS (Hypochondria) scale for ordinary individuals and stuttering individuals is 3.03 and 5.10, respectively. The calculated t is -3.265. The mean value of the D (Depression) scale for ordinary individuals and stuttering individuals is 3.07 and 8.75, respectively and the calculated t is -6.349. The mean value of the HY (Hysteria) scale for ordinary individuals and stuttering individuals is 3.10 and 9.85, respectively and the calculated t is -10.165. The mean value of the PD (Psychosocial deviance) scale for ordinary individuals and stuttering individuals is 2.63 and 6.95 respectively and the calculated t is -6.954. The mean value of the PA (Paranoia) scale for ordinary individuals and stuttering individuals is 2.87 and 6.05, respectively and the calculated t is -5.566. The mean value of the PT (Psychasthenia) scale for ordinary individuals and stuttering individuals is 2.67 and 7.30, respectively and the calculated t is 5.774. The mean value of the SC (Schizophrenia) scale for ordinary individuals and stuttering individuals is 2.33 and 7.40 respectively and the calculated t is -6.600, and the mean value of the MA (Hypomania) scale for ordinary individuals and stuttering individuals is 3.50 and 4.75, respectively and the calculated t is -2.423. Calculated t values are all significant on 99% level, except for the scale of MA, in which a significant difference was found on 95% level. Thus, stuttering individuals have more personality disorders compared to ordinary individuals. 114 Investigating Personality Differences among Stuttering … Global Journal of Medicine Re searches and Studie s, 1( 4) 2014 H3: There is a significant difference between individuals with stuttering and individuals without stuttering regarding their gender. Group Male Female Table 3: Results of t-test regarding the third hypothesis N M SD T Df 9 56.11 10.26 0.014 18 11 56.18 12.46 Sig 0.98 The above table indicates that the MMPI test mean and SD values for male children with stuttering are 56.11 and 10.26, respectively, while these values for female children with stuttering are 56.18 and 12.46 and the calculated t (0.014) is significant on 95% level (p <0.05). Thus, the null H0 is confirmed and there is not any significant difference between individuals with stuttering and individuals without stuttering regarding their gender. Discussions Language is an instrument for communication. It is a communication tool by which individuals can express their thoughts and feelings. Smooth and fluent mode of expression of feelings and thoughts affect individuals and provide feelings of satisfaction. If such a satisfaction does not occur, mental health is damaged and the personality is also affected in long term. The environmental factors also may double the effect. Stuttering is a communication disorder that can deeply affect interpersonal relationships (Manning, 2000). The cognitive-behavioral approach helps provide an appropriate environment inside the family and in society through investigating communication styles among helpless children, applying appropriate communication skills such as mutual respect, understanding, etiquette, punctuality, self-awareness, empathy, establishing effective relationships, establishing interpersonal relationships, increasing confidence, coping with excitement and stress and avoiding cognitive errors in verbal and nonverbal relationships to children suffering from stuttering. This approach focuses on methods encompassing the control of conflict, negative emotion and stress (Bolton, 2005 as cited in Tuzande Jani, Naimi & Ahmad Pour, 2011). The aim of the present study was to answer the question that whether personality differences among individuals with stuttering and ordinary individuals is significantly different. According to the results obtained from the sample, personality traits and components of these personality traits (hypochondria, depression, hysteria, psychosocial deviance, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and hypomania) were significantly different for stuttering individuals and ordinary individuals. Accordingly, the followings are recommended: 12- The presence of a psychologist and counselor at schools seems necessary (especially primary schools). Teachers should be familiar with psychological problems and be prepared to deal with students who have personality disorders through training courses in the field of psychology. The implementation of educational courses on cognitivebehavioral skills related to difficulties, level of learning and establishing relationships with others may help increase the rate of the disorder. Finally, the implementation of these measures is expected to drop the mental pressure of stuttering people and provide them with an easiness to deal with the anomaly so that their personality disorders decrease. Reference [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] AL-Jawadi, A.A. & Abdul-Rahman, S. (2007). Prevalence of childhood & early adolescence mental disorders among children attending primary health care centers in Mosul, Iraq: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 7, 1-8. Avci, A. Diler, R.S. (1998). Co morbidity of obsessive compulsive symptoms with childhood stuttering. Eur Psychiatry, Elsevier, 13 (4): 236. Azimi Raad, N. (2001). Prevention and treatment of stuttering. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publication. Dadsetan, P. (2003). Abnormal psychology transformation. 5 th edition. Volume 1. Tehran: Samt Publication. Daliri, R., Tohidkhah, F., Gharibzade, Sh., and Shekofte, Y. (2007). Modeling the effect of psychological states on stuttering. Fourteenth Conference on Medical Engineering. Davinson, J. and Neil, J. (2007). Psychopathology.Translated by: Mafakheri, A. and Shakiba, S. 1 st edition, 2nd vol. Tehran: Behavaran Publication. Farizar, M. (1997). Self-therapy of stuttering. Translated by: Afrouz, Gh.A. 3 rd edition. Tehran: Eslami Publication. Farzdi, F., Mafton, F., Azin, S.A., Omidvari, S., Jahangiri, K., Aeein Parast, A., Sedighi, Zh, Ebadi, M., Montazeri, A. and Vahdaninia, M.S. (2012). Health study from Iranian people’s point of view. Journal of Monitoring, 11(2), 207-212. Giddens, A. (2007), Sociology. Translated by: Chavoshian, H. 2 nd edition. Tehran: Nei Publication. Guitar, B. (2005). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams& Wilkins. Halgin, R.P. & Whitbourne, S.K. (2010).Understanding Abnormality, Abnormal psychology: Clinical perspectives on psychological disorders (6thEd. pp.22 & 26 - 27). Boston: McGraw Hill. Heidari, F. and Ghorbani, M. (2011). Examining students’ attitude towards people with stuttering. Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 8(1), 1-8. 115 Investigating Personality Differences among Stuttering … Global Journal of Medicine Re searches and Studie s, 1( 4) 2014 st [13] K and S (2006). Guide to clinical psychiatry. Translated by: Mokhtari, et al. 1 edition. Tehran: Tabib Publication. th [14] Kolaee Nejad, J. (2003). Psychology of Reading. 5 edition. Tehran: PNU Publication. [15] Manning, WH. (2000). Clinical Decision Making in Fluency Disorders. Diego, California, Second Edition. Vancouver, Canada: Singular. [16] Milanifar, B. (1995). Psychology of exceptional kids and young adults. Tehran: Ghomes Publication. st [17] Mohammadi Asl, A. (2006). Juvenile delinquency and social deviance theories. 1 edition. Tehran: Science Publication. [18] Movsessian, P. (2005).Neuropharmacology of theophylline induced stuttering: the role of dopamine, adenosine and GABA. Medical Hypotheses, 64, 290–297. [19] Narimani, M, Mahmoudi, N, and Malekshahifar, M. (2009). Comparison of Emotional Intelligence and Attachment Styles in Children with Stuttering and Children without Stuttering. Exceptional children Research, 9(2), 155-162. [20] Nora, M. (2009). Investigating the differences between individuals with stuttering and their parents with ordinary [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] individuals and their parents. MA thesis, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Sadock, B.J. & Sadock,V. A. (2005). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (8thed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Ltd. Sadock, B.J. Sadock,V.A. Kaplan & Sadock (2007). Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1186. Salarifar, M.H. and Pour Etemad, H.R. (2011). Metacognitive beliefs related to anxiety and depression. Journal of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 13(4), 29-38. Shamloo, S. (2001). Psychopathology. 9th edition. Tehran: Roshd Publication. Shamloo, S. (2003). Psychopathology. 7th edition. Tehran: Roshd Publication. Toozandejai, H., Naeemi, H, and Ahmadpoor, M. (2011). Investigating the effect of cognitive-behavioral coping skills in facing with anxiety and strutting children. Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 7(2), 126-140. Zahiroddin, A.R. and Karamad, A. (2005). Report of a rare case of risperidone and olanzapine induced hypomania. Journal of Gift of Knowledge, 11(2), 115-122. 116