Download CH 4.INDIA AND CHINA

February 4, 2014
• Analyze the map on page 92 in the textbook.
• Answer questions 1 and 2 in your notebook.
1. What geographic features may have allowed
civilizations to develop in ancient India and
China?
2. What geographic features do you think could
have influenced the development of the Indus
and Huang He civilizations?
Ancient China
1. Geography
a. Two major rivers
i. Chang Jiang aka Yangzi
ii. Huang He aka Yellow River
iii. Civilizations in China started in the river valleys of
these two rivers
b. Crops
i.
South
1.
The environment was suitable for rice
ii. North
1.
Suitable for wheat and millet
c. Isolated
i. Much of China is
covered with
mountains, hills and
desert
ii. Helped protect China
from invasion
Shang and Zhou Dynasties
• Use textbook pages 109 – 112 to take notes on
the development and achievements of China’s
earliest dynasties.
Shang Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
Shang Dynasty
-
Strong monarchy
Large army
Governors ruled distant parts
Developed writing
Advances in bronze working
Built huge structure
Astronomers created a precise
calendar based on moon
cycles
- Created one of the world's
first systems of money
- Used oracle bones to ask
ancestors for advice
Zhou Dynasty
-
Ruled by Mandate of Heaven
Used iron
Population grew
New farming techniques
Cities grew
Built roads and canals
Introduced coins and use of
chopsticks
2. Major Philosophies
a. Concept of the Mandate of Heaven
i. Political philosophy
ii. Used to explain the fall of one dynasty and the
rise of another
iii. Stated that the gods would support a just ruler,
but they would not allow anyone corrupt to hold
power
b. Confucianism
i.
Based on the teachings of a man named Kongfuzi
or Confucius
ii. Confucius
1.
2.
3.
Believed that people should treat one another
humanely
Believed tat love and respect had disappeared and this
was what was responsible for violence in a society
Believed that if respect for tradition was restored,
society would again be stable and orderly
iii. The Analects
1. A book written by Confucius
2. States that rulers should treat their subjects fairly
3. Subjects should in return reward their ruler with
respect and loyalty
4. People need to respect the members of the family
5. It is the duty of all educated people to devote
themselves to public service
c. Daoism
i.
Encourages people to retreat from the laws of
society and yield to the laws of nature
ii. Concept of the Dao or the way
1.
Dao is the limitless force that is part of all creation
iii. Embraces the concept
of yin and yang
1. Represents the
balancing aspect of
nature
2. Neither can exist
without the other
3. When in balance
represents perfect
harmony
3. Buddhism
a. Origins
i.
ii.
Originated in India
Founder, is a man by
the name of Siddhartha
Gautama
b. Teachings
i.
Four Noble Truths
1.
Suffering is a part of human life
a.
2.
3.
4.
No one can escape from suffering while alive
Suffering comes from people’s desires for pleasure
and material goods
Overcoming these desires during life eventually
brings suffering to an end
Desires can be overcome by following the Eightfold
Path
ii. The Eightfold Path
1. Right View
a. Accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths
2. Right Attitude
a. Striving for moderation in all things
3. Right Speech
a. Avoiding lies, boasts and hurtful words
4. Right Action
a. Treating others fairly
5. Right livelihood
a. Avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others
6. Right effort
a. Constantly trying to improve oneself
7. Right mindfulness
a. Remaining aware of the world around you
8. Right Concentration
a. Ignoring temptation and discomfort while
meditating
iii. Nirvana
1. A state of perfect peace in which the soul would
be free from suffering
2. Can be attained by following the Eightfold Path
3. If nirvana is not achieved you will be reborn and
go through the cycles of suffering again
iv. Middle Way
1. Another way of expressing The Eightfold Path
2. “Live in moderation, avoid extremes of either
comfort or discomfort in the search for nirvana”
c. 3 Divisions
i.
Theravada (The Way of the Elders)
1.
2.
Oldest of the Buddhist traditions
Based on the Pali Canon
a.
3.
Oldest of the Buddhist Writings
Best way to attain nirvana is to become a monk or nun
and spend all of one’s time in meditation
ii. Mahayana
1. Taught that people can help each other find
enlightenment
2. Incorporated text written after the Buddha’s
lifetime
3. Bodhisattvas
a. People who have found enlightenment but have not
passed yet
b. Help others find enlightenment
iii. Tibetan Buddhism
1. Incorporates some of the many teachings with
Mahayana
2. Believe you can use special techniques to harness
spiritual energy and achieve nirvana in a single
lifetime
Ancient India and Hinduism
1. Geography
a. Subcontinent – large landmass that is
part of a continent
i. Three major geographic zones
1. Himalaya and Hindu Kush mountain
systems
2. Deccan Plateau
3. Northern Plains
a. Where Indian society first developed
b. Rivers
i. Indus River
ii. Ganges
c. Monsoons – seasonal winds that bring
rain during the summer
i. First civilizations depended on monsoons
to bring water for crops
2. Indus Valley Civilization
a. Cities and Settlements
1. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro ("mound of the
dead")
2. Well planned and carefully laid out
a. Streets run in grid pattern
b. Community wells
c. Public drainage system
3. Citadel – walled, elevated fortress that
enclosed buildings such as granaries,
warehouses, and meeting halls.
Mohenjo Daro
b. Economy
i. Focused on agriculture and trade
ii. City dwellers specialized in crafts such
as pottery, metal-work, and jewelry
c. Society
i. Writing System
1. unable to read
ii. Single authority, rather than many citystates
1. Common tool designs
2. Set of standard weights
d. Decline
i. Thrived from 2500 to 2000 BCE
ii. Mohenjo Daro abandoned
1. Reasons unknown
3. The Vedic Period
a. Sacred writing called the Vedas
i. Includes details about Aryan history and
society
1. Aryans took control of India
sometime after 2000 BCE
b. Vedic Society
i. Groups of small villages banded together
under regional leaders called rajas
1. Raja was a war leader
2. Protected the people in exchange
for food and money
c. Social Structure
i. According to Rigveda, society divided
into four social classes called varnas
1. Brahmins
a. highest ranking; smallest
group; priests and teachers
2. Kshatriyas
a. Warriors and rulers
3. Vaisyas
a. Traders, farmers, herders, etc
4. Sudras
a. Servants
ii. Over centuries, varnas were divided into
hundreds of smaller divisions called
castes
1. Caste determines job and who you
can marry
2. Untouchables were beneath caste
system
February 5, 2014
• For each of the multiple choice questions,
choose the best answer.
Ancient India and Hinduism
(Continued)
d. Vedic Religion
i. People pray to many aspects of single
eternal sprit
ii. Worship
1. Fire sacrifices
2. Offer food and drink
3. Rituals grew more complex over time
a. Gave Brahmin more power
4. Basic Teachings of Hinduism
a. Brahman
i. Eternal being that created and preserves
the world
ii. Everything in the world is an aspect of
Brahman
iii. Human mind cannot understand
Brahman
iv. Everybody has an atman, or soul, that is
a part of Brahman
v. Brahman manifests in four different
devas
1. Brahma, the Creator
2. Vishnu, the Preserver
3. Siva, the Destroyer
Basic Hindu Beliefs
• Fold your paper in quarters
• Use pages 99 – 100 (or the handout) to identify
and describe the four basic Hindu beliefs
Reincarnation
After death, the atman will be
released from the body and
later reborn in another
Karma
Sum effect of a person’s deeds
and actions during life
Nature of a person’s new life
will be shaped by karm
Moksha
Escape from the cycle of
rebirth (ultimate goal of
human existence)
Atman leaves the world and
reunites with Brahman
Dharma
Set of spiritual duties and
obligations
Must be fulfilled in order to
achieve moksha
Varies based on class and
station in life
5. Sacred Texts and Practices
a. The Vedas
i. Sacred hymns of praise
ii. Contains eternal knowledge revealed to
humans by Brahman
b. Later writings inspired by Vedas
i. Upanishads
1. Deals with nature of the world and
the meaning of life
c. Sacred Epics
i. Ramayana
1. Model for Hindu couples
ii. Mahabharata
1. War between 2 families
2. Teaches about dharma and proper
behavior
3. Includes Bhagavad Gita, most sacred
Hindu text
a. Diaglogue between Arjuna and
Krisha (Vishnu in human form)
d. Religious Practices
i. Worship varies
1. Anywhere
2. Priests may recite portions of Vedas
3. May offer food, drink, gifts to deva
4. Prayers, meditation, reflection
a. Yoga – series of integrated
physical and mental exercises
iii. Pilgrimage
1. Religious journey to a holy
location, the Ganges River
6. Jainism
a. Believed Hindus put too much emphasis on
ritual
b. Jains believe people can achieve moksha by
giving up all worldly things and carefully
controlling actions
c. Ahimsa
i. Nonviolence
e. Truthfulness
f. Eliminate greed, anger, prejudice, gossip
Judaism
# of
followers
world wide
Key
concepts
Founder
Name of
deity
Sacred
text / Holy
Book
Religious
symbol
Buddhism Hinduism
Confucianism
Christianity
Islam
The Sumerians lived in southern Mesopotamia. They built
a number of cities. Because they lacked stone and
timber, they used mud bricks to build walled cities,
temples, and palaces. Their architectural innovations
included arches, columns, ramps, and the pyramidshaped ziggurat. These new features and styles
influenced building throughout Mesopotamia. In
addition, the Sumerians developed copper and bronze
tools and weapons. They also developed the world’s
first known writing, cuneiform. They used it on clay
tablets.
Source: Bech, Black, Krieger, Naylor, Shabaka, World History: Patterns of Interaction, McDougal Littell,
1999 (adapted).
What were three accomplishments of the Sumerians?
What impact did Sumerian accomplishments have on
other civilizations?
Pyramids were built as a final resting place for the
ka, or spirit, of the pharaoh. The embalmed body
of the pharaoh was placed in a special room
within the pyramid. Also in the room were gold,
jewels, chariots, statues, and other objects the
pharaoh might need in the afterlife. Pyramids
were built of huge blocks of stone that were
moved into place by groups of peasants and other
workers. The government organized and directed
these armies of workers.
Source: Bech, Black, Krieger, Naylor, Shabaka, World History: Patterns of Interaction, McDougal Littell, 1999
(adapted).
Why were the pyramids built?
How were the pyramids built?
Study Guide
• On a separate sheet of paper, describe each of
the terms, and be able to explain why it is
significant.
Jeopardy!
• I will assign you to a group of 4
• Each group needs:
– 1 whiteboard, 1 marker, 1 eraser
– 1 textbook
– 2 notebooks
• First group to hold up the correct answer
(written legibly) will get the points for that
round.