Download Liste indicative avec des descriptions

Liste indicative avec des descriptions
Nom du bien : Yalong, Tibet
État partie Chine (Asie et pacifique)
Coordonnées : 28°40'-29°30' N / 90°50'-92°20' E
Date de soumission : 29/11/2001
Critères : N (i)(iii) C (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi)
Soumis par : National Commission of the People's Republic of China. ( [email protected] )
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région :
Brève description
Covering the valley of the middle reach of Yaluzangbu River,its branches and some lakes on the Tibetan
Plateau,Yalong region is the cradle of Tibetan culture.The extant relics,artifacts and ancient sites demonstrate the
early civilization of the Tibetans,including their early religion,culture,arts and society.Yalong region covers an area of
1350 square kilometers.It is an area of high cultural and natural value on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau. This region
belongs to plateau temperate semi-arid monsoon climate,with strong sunshine,strong radiation and thin air.Average
annual temperature is 8.3? and annual rainfall is between 330 and 390 mm.Average annual total radiation in Zedang
is 172kcal/square cm.The average atmospheric pressure is between 60,000Pa and 70,000Pa.The geological
structure of this region is very complicated.The area to the north of Yaluzangbu River belongs to Mesozoic
depression belt and late Yanshan Era-Himalayas Era granite of northern Gangdisi Mountain Range;the area to the
south of the River is metamorphic flysch rock belt of northern Himalayas.In this region,the Quaternary strata are thick
and well developed and are dotted with a lot of gyittja,river facies sediment and glacial drifts of different glacial
periods.The relative height between high peaks and low valleys is 1500m.With the interaction of glaciers and
rivers,magnificent scenes of high mountains,grand rivers and big valleys were created.Many hot springs,waterfalls
and karst caves can also be found here. Yaluzangbu River is the highest large river in the world.A section of about
302 km of the Yaluzangbu River is in this region,with an average elevation of more than 3,000m.The East-West
straight valley is a typical tectonic valley developed on the margin zone of Indian Plate in the south and Eurasian
Plate in the north.The maximum flow of the river is 3,250 cubic meters per second.The widest place in the valley of
the middle reach of the river is 7km.The river develops into a network shape and the wide valley forms the Zedang
plain area.Yalong River,a branch of Yaluzangbu River,originates in the northern part of Cuomeisangwula
Mountain,takes in the melted snow water from Yadongtianxiangbu snow mountain(elevation 6,635.8m;with large area
of modern glacier),and flows into Yaluzangbu River at Zedang Plain.Yangzhuoyongcuo,a plateau lake and one of the
three ?sacred lakes ?of Tibet,is formed by river sediment clogging the original tree-like river course.The lake,with an
elevation of 4,445 m and maximum depth of 60 m,covers an area of 638 square km.The clear lake and the swamps
and meadows by the lake together create extremely beautiful scenery. In this region there is rich bio-diversity and
one finds typical natural vertical belts:temperate grassland belt-alpine grassland belt-alpine tall grass meadow beltalpine frigid sparse vegetation on alpine scree belt(snow peeks).The vegetation in the valley is shrubs dotted by
trees.There are 683 species of common plants,7 species of ferns,7 species of gymnosperm and 669 species of
angiosperm.Animals under state grade one protection are Equuskiang,Grusnigricollis,Teteraogallus
tibetanus,Cervusalbirostris and argali.Yangzhuoyongcuo Lake,the ?fish storage of Tibet?,is abundant in fish,mainly
schizothorax and plateau carp.There are a dozen bird islands on the lake. Yalong region is where the ancestors of
the Tibetans lived and is the cradle of the Tibetan culture.A lot of early Tibetan cultural artifacts and sites demonstrate
the religious,social,cultural and scientific and technological development at that time.Before 633 AD,when
Songzanganbu unified Tibet and moved his cultural center to Lhasa,Yalong had always been the political and cultural
center of Tibet and had been playing an important role. Changguo Ruins,a complete relics site of a primitive village in
Neolithic Age,demonstrate that this was the place where the Tibetans settled 10,000 years ago.According to ancient
Tibetan books,the legend that the Tibetans were the offspring of monkeys and fairy has its origin in this region.The
agriculture and animal husbandry here have always been quite developed. The valleys in the middle reach of
Yaluzangbujiang River and the valleys of Yalog.River are the major agricultural region and are claimed as the
?granary of Tibet?.Yangzuoyongcuo Lake is one of the important ranges in Tibet due to rich grass around the lake.
The first palace in the history of Tibet-Yongbulakang Palace was built in the 2nd century BC on the top of the
Zhaxiciri Mountain.The magnificent palace demonstrated typical Tibetan style.Later Dalai V expanded and rebuilt the
palace into a temple,which is kept intact now. The first Buddhist palace in the history of Tibet-Changzhu Temple,built
in the 7th century,was one of the first Buddhist temples built during the reign of Songzanganbu.After three
expansions and improvement,the complex now covers an area of 4,660 square meters.In the temple there is a
priceless treasure ? a ?picture of Avalokitesvara? made of pearls.In 767,the first Tibetan temple with Buddha?s
sculpture,Buddhist sutra and monks ?Shangye Temple ?was built.It was the grandest building during the Tubo
Dynasty and was the political center of that time.The complex covers an area of 120,000 square meters and has a
floor area of 25,000 square meters.The layout of the temple was an imitation of the ?Datura? pattern of the Indian
school of Buddhism.The main hall is a combination of the building styles of Tibet,Chinese Han and India,which
reflects the integration of the three cultures.The ?picture of Tibetan history ?,claimed as the Tibetan?Records of the
Historian?,is a 92 m long mural.The 8th century classic Tibetan medical book Complete Works of Medicine was
discovered nearby the temple in 1012.Qingpu,15 km away from Sangye Temple,is another place of Buddhist
activities,where one can find many carya caves (carya caves are natural caves used by famous Indian monks
Lianhuasheng and Jihu when they were invited to Tibet to spread Buddhism.Now about 40 such caves are well
preserved),sky burial platform,springs and a lot of basreliefs on precipices and pagodas.Buried underground are
?fuzang?-buried sutras ?to be discovered. The Minzhulin Temple was acclaimed as the ?No.1 Seat of Learning ?of
Tibet.It was built at the end of the 10th century and later was expanded into an institution of higher learning in the
17th century.In the temple,not only sutras,but also Sanskrit language,medicine,calendar and astronomy were
studied.It also provided biannual Tibetan calendar,which is still used today.The existing buildings in the temple cover
a floor ,space of 100,000 square meters. The earliest and biggest royal mausoleums,the Tibetan Mausoleums,were
built in the 8th century when Tibet was unified.There were originally 21 mausoleums and now only 16 remain.The
graveyard covers an area of 3,050,000 square meters.The owners of 9 mausoleums have been identified.Further
textual research and excavation will be needed. Many of the well-kept remains in the region are evidence of the
important?zong xi ?administration system in the social development of Tibet.Dansati Temple was built in 1158 and is
the first temple of Gaju School.In 1354 Qiangqujianzan established Pazhu Dynasty and practiced ?zong xi ?system to
turn Tibetan society from a slavery system into a feudal serf system.Now there are many complete?zong ?and ?xi ka
?remains.The ?zong?(county)includes Qiongjie Zong(on the top of Qiangwadazi mountain;elevation 3,800m;area
1,600square meters;the current remains were built during the time of Dalai I),Qiaga Zong,Woka Zong,Baima
Zong.The ?xi ka ?(manor)includes Langsailin Manor(built in the late Tubo Dynasty and expanded to current scale in
Pazhu Dynasty;the main building has 7 floors and is 22 meters high;the main building and main walls are kept
intact;the buildings were built by using special construction methods using stone and earth),the 12th century Dalai
Manor and Ludingpozhong. The influence of Yalong valley on the Tibetans remains today.Two out of the four sacred
Buddhist mountains in Tibet ?Habu Mountain and Gongburi Mountain ?and sacred lake ?lamunamucuo?(meaning
?the lake of Mother Buddha ?)are in this region.Every reincarnated boy of the previous Dalai is found with the
revelation of the sacred lake.This region is also the place where the earliest Tibetan characters and operas were
created. Justification of ?oustanding universal value? The middle reach of Yaluzangbu River is the biggest valley
region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The discontinuous ultra basic rocks and exotic rocks demonstrate the action of
crust and Earth mantle. The snow mountains,gorges and lakes create unique ecological types and demonstrate rich
plateau landscapes.Because Yaluzangbu River cuts through the Himalayas and opens a passageway for the warm
and wet atmosphere from the Bangladesh Bay to flow into the valley of Yalong region, favorable water and heat
conditions have been provided for the early development of the Tibetans. More than ten thousand years ago,the
ancestors of the Tibetans chose here as their place for settlement and formed their unique way of living.In the 3rd
century BC,Yalong tribes were formed and in 217 BC the first Tibetan king created a slavery system kingdom. As the
origin of the Tibetan culture,Yalong region have seen early agriculture and animal husbandry development and the
development of unique Tibetan culture.Here one can find well-kept early gathering places,palaces,temples,burial
grounds and manors.The early Tibetan characters, poems, operas, medicine, astronomy and calendars were also
created here. As the origin of Tibetan Buddhism, the role of the ancient temples in the region is irreplaceable.It was
from here that the Tibetan Buddhism gradually influenced Tibet and the vast area of west and northern China.