Download East and Southeast Asia

East and Southeast Asia
Chp. 27, 28, 29, 30
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China
China is the most populous country in the world.
40% of China is covered with mountain ranges.
The Plateau of Tibet lies between the Himalayas and the Kunlun Shan.
The plains and river valleys are the most populous areas of the country.
The Gobi desert extends from north central China into Mongolia. (Gobi means
“waterless place”
The Asian monsoon season influences climate in the area.
China has diverse animal life (wild horses, bears, camels, wolves, pandas,
antelope, and the Chinese alligator.
China has huge amounts of energy and mineral resources.
The Chinese have the longest known continual history of any culture
(6000B.C.)
The Qin (Ch’in) were the 1st imperial dynasty (this is where China gets its
name)
During the Han dynasty art, military strength and culture grew like never
before.
After the Han dynasty several warlords split the country.
Unity was restored under the Sung and T’ang dynasties
but was destroyed again when Genghis Khan and the Mongols invaded and
controlled the area until 1279.
For centuries the main contact China had with the outside world was the Silk
Road.
Rebels overthrew the last Chinese dynasty in 1912 and formed the Republic of
China.
After World War II the Nationalist (socialist) and the Communist fought for
control of China.
The Communist won under the leadership of Mao Zedong (Tse-Tung) and the
People’s Republic of China was set up.
The Nationalist retreated to the island of Taiwan and set up the Republic of
China there.
To this day China does not recognize Taiwan independence.
Communist China
Under Mao Zedong all private land was seized and farmers were organized
into collectives.
During the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) Mao’s followers tried to rid China of
people they considered enemies or critics.
– 100 Day Flower Campaign
Mao’s programs were a disaster because of poor planning and other
problems.
Chinese Culture
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There are many Chinese dialects spoken.
Chinese writing consist of pictograms.
Buddhism and Taoism are the main religions.
Confucianism is based on the teaching of Confucius a Chinese philosopher.
It centers around family ,loyalty ,duty, and education.
China Today
China has 1.3 billion people living there. (one and five people on Earth live in
China)
Due to the huge population the government enforces one-child family policy.
Southern China is the most productive economically.
Large population of China lives in the South.
North Eastern China includes the three provinces that used to be known as
Manchuria. (oil and mineral resources are plentiful here)
Northern China is where the Chinese culture first developed.
Beijing, China’s capital, is located in Northern China
Hong Kong is a major seaport and international trading center.
Western China is made up of mostly irrigation farmers and herders.
Xizang is the official Chinese name for the region of Tibet
China has occupied Tibet.
The citizens of Tibet, mostly Buddhist monks under the leadership of the Dalai
Lama, worry that China will influence their nation away from its traditions.
China has oppressed the citizens their in an attempt to acclimate them into
communism.
Mongolia
Mongolia is the least densely populated country in the world.
Mongolia has natural resources in coal, copper and iron but water is short
supply.
Before 1990 Mongolia was under the influence of the Soviet Union.
Its landlocked nation limits its opportunity.
The Great Wall of China is along the southern edge of Mongolia (protected
China from Mongols)
Taiwan
Taiwan is one of Asia’s richest and most industrialized countries. (export
computers and scientific instrumentation)
Their per capita GDP is five times that of China.
2 million Chinese Nationalist, who escaped mainland China after the
Communist took over, settled in Taiwan in 1949.
The Chinese National controlled Taiwan under martial law for 38 years.
China claims Taiwan is still a province China.
Taiwan claims to be the true government of China.
The create tensions in the area, but the two countries do have economic links.
Japan and the Koreas
• Four main islands and thousands of smaller ones make up Japan.
• Four main Japanese Islands:
– Hokkaido
- Shikoku
– Honshu
- Kyushu
• 70% of Japan is made up of mountains and volcanoes.
• This area is a hotbed of tectonic and volcanic activity
• Japan has nearly 200 volcanoes (Ring of Fire).
• Earthquakes also create tsunamis (waves that travel 100s of miles an hour)
• Korea lies on a 600 mile long peninsula west of Japan.
• North Korea and South Korea occupy the peninsula.
• The monsoon season greatly influences all three countries climates.
Japan
• Japan’s early inhabitants were the Ainu (I-NOO)
• Korea’s early people came from northern ands central Asia.
• In 108 BC China invaded Korea and this created a strong Chinese influence
on their culture.
• Both China and Korea have greatly influenced Japan’s culture.
• In the late 1100’a shoguns became the dominant powers in Japan.
• They ruled over wealthy landowners called daimyo, who were protected by
private warriors known as samurai.
• The political system was similar to European feudalism
Japan
• In 1868, a group of samurai demanded reforms and overthrew the last shogun.
• The restored an emperor to power and this became known as the Meji
(enlightened rule) Restoration
• By 1890 Japan had a constitution and parliament due to the emperor’s
reforms.
• In 1910 Japan annexed Korea.
• By 1940 Japan had invaded China and signed an alliance with Nazi Germany.
• They fought for the Axis powers in WWII.
• After WWII Japan set up a democratic government with a lawmaking body
called a Diet.
• Japan began to rebuild with large amounts of aid from the US
The Koreas
• Japan lost control of Korea at the end of WWII.
• The US and the USSR divided up Korea along the 38th parallel.
– North Korea became communist
– South Korea became the Republic of Korea.
• In 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking the Korean war.
• The UN sent in troops (most from the US) to drive the North Koreans back.
• China sent in troops to help North Korea.
• Eventually the US drives the North Koreans back and a truce is signed in
1953.
• Today a strip of land called a demilitarized zone separates the two countries.
Japan and the Koreas
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A combination of Buddhism and Shintoism dominates Japan today.
Shinto centers around kami (sprits of natural places, sacred animals and
ancestors)
Christianity is the major religion of South Korea.
Communist North Korea forbids religious worship
Japan and the Koreas Culture
Japan has 127 million people and is about the size of California (869 people
per square mile)
Honshu is the largest and most densely populated island.
The Koreas are also densely populated.
– 81% of South Koreans live in the city
– 60% of North Koreans live in the city
Korea and Japan’s main food is rice.
Japan and South Korea have highly developed education systems.
Family is of central importance the Koreas.
Japan and the Koreas today
Despite modern influences traditional culture is important to these regions.
Japan began a rapid economic growth after 1950 and continues to be
successful.
Japan had an export economy (goods are made mainly for export.)
– Tokyo is the capital of Japan
– Seoul is the capital of South Korea
– Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea
Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world and life expectancy is high.
The two Koreas
Though the two Koreas share a common culture their political and economic
development is quite different.
South Korea has 16 times the GDP of North Korea.
North Korea is isolated under strict communist dictatorship (Kim Jung II is
president of North Korea.)
Outside of the capital of North Korea most its citizens live in poverty.
South Korea is a democratic country with most of citizens in the middle class.
South Korea is one of the “Asian Tigers” (a term used to describe Asian
countries that have experienced rapid economic growth.)
South Korea is the world’s leading shipbuilder.
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia has 3 main landform regions
– Mountain Ranges (Himalayas)
– Plains and low plateaus (Thailand and Cambodia)
– River Valleys and deltas
Four major rivers flow southward from Asia’s mountainous interior.
– Irrawaddy (empties into the Bay of Bengal)
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The Choa Phraya (flows into Gulf of Thailand)
The Mekong (Longest River, flows into South China Sea,)
The Hong (known as Red River flows into Gulf of Tonkin)
The valleys of these rivers have fertile alluvial soils, which support dense
populations of farmlands.
All of mainland Southeast Asia has a tropical or sub-tropical climate.
This area receives most of its rainfall during the monsoon season.
Many floods occur during this time.
There is a wide variety of wildlife in this region; new species are still being
discovered.
There are many arboreal, or tree dwelling animals, such as monkeys in this
area.
Southeast Asia History
People from southern china began to migrate to Southeast Asia at least 2,500
years ago.
Southeast Asia was an important center for plant domestication (rice, citrus
fruits, and bananas)
The largest highly developed culture group of the area was the Khmer (kuhMER).
They dominated what is now Cambodia around 800AD.
Hinduism, introduced from India, was the main religion in the area until the
1200’s when Buddhism replaced it.
The Portuguese came to the area in the early 1500’s.
Eventually most of the area was colonized.
– Burma (now Myanmar) became a British colony.
– The French controlled Indochine, or French Indochina. (Cambodia, Laos,
and Vietnam.)
The Japanese invaded the area during WWII, only parts of Burma were free of
their control.
Eventually the region will gain independence, however the switch was not
easy.
Southeast Asia History
Vietnam gains independence from France in 1954 after years of fighting.
A peace settlement divided Vietnam into two parts.
– >North Vietnam had a communist government, with its capital in Hanoi.
– >South Vietnam had a pro western government with its capital in Saigon.
Communist groups in North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam in an attempt to
control it.
The United States joined South Vietnam in trying to defend its country in 1964.
Southeast Asia History
In 1975 the US completely withdrew and the North Vietnamese took Saigon.
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More than 1 million South Vietnamese tried to escape the Communist take
over.
• Many eventually settled in the countries of the United States, Australia and
France.
• What followed was a long bloody war with 58,000 American lives lost and 2
million Vietnamese lives lost.
Today the only two communist countries in South East Asia are Vietnam and
Laos.
Southeast Asian Culture
• Mainland Southeast China has three main language groups.
– Sino-Tibetan (Myanmar)
– Thai family (Thailand and Laos)
– Austro-Asiatic (Vietnamese and Khmer)
• Christianity and Islam are present in the region but most people practice
Buddhism.
• Most Vietnamese practice a mix of Confucianism.
• Rice is the most important food through out the area, however American fast
food can be found in major cities
• Buddhism plays a large role in everyday life.
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>Men often spend time working in monasteries.
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>Many holidays and festivals originate from the religion.
Southeast Asia Today
• The countries of Southeast Asia have different levels of development:
• Laos and Cambodia are very poor and underdeveloped
• Myanmar is rich in resources but its militaristic government ahs kept the
countries people and economy isolated.
• Both Laos and Vietnam have communist governments and have been trying to
integrate capitalist features.
• Thailand is the area’s leading economic power.
• Thailand has a constitutional monarchy
Southeast Asia Today
• All of these countries are members of the Asian Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN).
• Its purpose is to promote economic development and cooperation between the
Southeast Asian countries.
• Most of the people in this region live in rural areas.
• With more than 7 million people Bangkok (Thailand’s capital) is the largest city
in mainland Southeast Asia.
• Bangkok has more than 400 wats (or Buddhist temples)
Southeast Asia Today
• Ho Chi Minh City (formally Saigon) is Vietnam’s biggest city.
• Myanmar’s largest city is its capital Yangon (also called Rangoon).
• Agriculture plays a central role in the economy of all the countries.
• Paddy farming (flooded fields) is particularly successful in areas with good
water resources.
• Thailand and Vietnam are the world’s two leading exporters of rice.
• In Myanmar, Laos and Thailand some people grow opium in the rugged
mountains.
• This illegal crop is used to make heroin and exported to various developed
countries.
Southeast Asia issues
• Corruption and dictatorial governments have caused serious problems for
most of the region.
– From 1975 to 1979 the communist government (Khmer Rouge) in
Cambodia tries to make a peasant society by wiping out intellectuals and
skilled workers. 1 million Cambodians were killed.
– Since 1962 Myanmar has been under a military government that tolerates
no diversity from their own view.
– The communist governments of Vietnam and Laos have been slow to move
in market economies.
– Thailand, though prosperous, has had a large problem with an illegal slave
trade.
– Drug traffic is an unresolved issue.
Islands of South East Asia
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Islands of South East Asia are:
– Malaysia (Singapore)
– Philippines (Manila)
– Indonesia (Jakarta)
Mostly a humid sub-tropical area
There are over 20,000 islands in South East Asia.
The largest island of Southeast Asia is New Guinea.