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TIMELINES ON FILETM THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL WORLD 7.21 RELIGION AND IDEAS Islam 570–1100 Spread of Islam to 1250 © Diagram Visual Information Ltd. Changes to the updated edition © 2006 Infobase Publishing. 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 c. 570 Birth of Muhammad ● 622 The Hegira: Muhammad’s flight to Medina begins Islamic era ● 624 Muslims defeat the Meccans at Battle of Badr ● 630 Mecca conquered by Muhammad ● 632 Death of Muhammad; Abu Bakr succeeds as first caliph ● 633–637 Arabs conquer Syria and Iraq ● 634 Death of Abu Bakr; Umar succeeds ● 636 Battle of Yarmuk gains Palestine and Syria ● 637 Battle of Qadisiya gains Iraq ● 639–642 Arabs conquer Egypt ● 640–643 Arabs conquer Persia ● 644 Murder of Umar; Uthman succeeds ● 650 Official version of Koran established under Uthman ● 656 Murder of Uthman, ‘Ali succeeds; first civil war in Islam ● 656 “Battle of the Camel”: ‘Ali wins ● 657 Battle of Siffin ends in draw ● 659 Arbitration between ‘Ali and Muawiyah ● 659 Kharijites (seceders) subdued by ‘Ali ● 661 Murder of ‘Ali; succession of Muawiyah begins Umayyad dynasty with Damascus as capital ● 670 Great Mosque of Qayrawan (Kairouan) built in Tunisia ● 685–687 Shi’ite revolt in Iraq; beginning of Shi’ite extremism ● 691 Dome of the Rock built in Jerusalem by Caliph Abd-al-Malik ● 696 Arabic becomes the empire’s official administrative language ● 710–711 Muslims invade Spain and Indus Valley ● 717–718 Muslims fail to capture Constantinople ● 732 Muslim forces halted near Poitiers by Charles Martel ● 750 Abbasid Caliphate founded ● 756–1031 Umayyads rule Muslim Spain from Córdoba ● 762–763 Mansur founds Baghdad as Abbasid capital ● 767 Death of Abu Hanifa, Hanafite School of Law founder ● 785 Great Mosque of Córdoba built by Emir Abd-er-Rahman I ● 786 Accession of Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid courtly life at its best ● 788–922 Morocco independent under Idrisid dynasty ● 795 Death of Anas ibn Malik, Malikite School of Law founder ● 801–909 Aghlabid dynasty independent in Tunisia and Sicily ● 813–833 Reign of Mamun the Great; espousal of Mu’tazilism as the official theology ● 820 Death of Shafi’i, Shafi’ite School of Law founder ● 850 Death of Kindi, first Arabic philosopher ● 855 Death of Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Hanabalite School of Law founder ● 870 Death of Bukhari, famed for compendium of Tradition ● 871 Rise of the Saffarids in Persia ● 875 Death of Muslim, famed for compendium of Tradition ● 876 Building of Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo ● 9th century Sharia legal system achieves its maximum development ● 909 Establishment of Shi’ite Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa ● 922 Eexecution of Sufi mystic Hallaj for heresy ● 929 Emir Abd-er-Rahman III of Córdoba adopts title of caliph ● 969–973 Fatimids build Cairo ● 970 Seljuk Turks enter Persia ● 970 Mosque-University of al-Azhar built in Cairo by Fatimids ● c. 1050–1147 Berber Almoravid dynasty rule Northwest Africa and Spain ● 1055 Seljuk Turks seize Baghdad ● 1067 Ash’arism established as orthodox theology ● 1070–1080 Seljuks capture Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine ● 1085 Christians seize Toledo and begin Reconquest of Spain ● 1096–1099 First Christian Crusade regains Jerusalem 550 ● Published by Infobase Publishing. All electronic storage, reproduction, or transmittal is copyright protected by the publisher.