Download 1 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This chapter defines

CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter defines the theories used to analyze the movie. The theoretical
framework includes the theory of (1) the psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud
that consist of unconscious and conscious mind, structure of personality (id, ego, and
superego), defense mechanism, sadomasochism theory, sadism and masochism
theory, dream analysis, (2) dissociative identity disorder that consist of definition and
the symptoms.
2.1 Psychoanalysis Theory
“Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism, which uses some of
the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature” (Barry, 2009, p.
92).
The techniques of the psychoanalysis are being used to interpretate the
literature work. The psychoanalysis theory will be able to help and reveal the implicit
things in a literature work.
“Psychoanalysis has three common meanings: a theory of personality, an
approach to research, and procedures for changing personality” (M.Liebert &
D.Spiegler, 1987, p. 47).
When it comes to psychoanalysis, personality becomes important.
Psychoanalysis is related to the personality. Psychoanalysis emphasizes on the theory
of personality, and explain the procedures for the changing of personality. Beside
personality, the approach to the research also included as part of psychoanalysis.
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“Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy to cure mental disorders by
investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in mind” (Barry,
2009, p. 92).
The interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in mind are the
research field in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is used to cure mental disorders by
investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in mind.
Gerrig and Zimbardo (2005, p. 445) have stated that there is always a
motivation that triggers and motivates every behavior. The motivations are both
awared and unawared. The motivations happen in both conscious and unconscious
level. The result of the motivations will be seen in the behavior. (J.Gerrig &
G.Zimbardo, p. 445).
Every behavior is determined by motives. Some motivation is awared, while
some is unawared. There is no chance or accidental things that cause behavior. There
is always a motive behind every action.
“Psychoanalytic theory makes two important assumptions: psychic
determinism (the idea that everything we do, think, or feel is determined) and
unconscious motivation” (Phares, 1984, p. 65).
There are two parts of motivations that trigger behavior: the psychic
determinism and the unconscious motivation. Every behavior is determined, but
there is always unconscious motivation that human often puts less awareness to it.
2.1.1 Unconscious and Conscious Mind
“To Freud, mental life is divided into two levels, the unconscious and the
conscious” (G.Feist & J.Feist, 2009, p. 23).
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Freud has divided two different parts of mind, the unconscious and the
conscious mind. The mental life of a person is divided into the unconscious and the
conscious.
2.1.1.1 Unconscious Mind
“The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are
beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings,
and actions” (G.Feist & J.Feist, 2009, p. 24).
The unconscious is about unaware things, something beyond human’s
awareness. The drives, urges, and instincts of a person will motivate all of one’s
actions. There are some reasons that people cannot fully explain and understand why
they are interested in something, why they feel something is pleasant or unpleasant,
and other unexplainable reasons. For example, a woman cannot explain why she
likes rock music. She does not realize that it is related to her repressed feeling of
always being told what to do all the time, and she wants to express her feeling by
letting it out on rock song, she feels the freedom and strangely relief when she listens
to rock songs.
“There are mental processes behind every behavior that people can not
realize. The unconscious could only be proved indirectly. To Freud, the unconscious
is the explanation for the meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue, and certain
kinds of forgetting, called repression” (G.Feist & J.Feist, 2009, p. 24).
Even though people are completely unaware of the drives, and they repress
the things they do not like, they will always look for a chance to express their drives
that will impact their behavior. The dreams, slips of the tongue, and the repression
happen because of the drives are searching for a chance to be expressed.
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2.1.1.2 Conscious Mind
“Consciousness, can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at
any given point in time. It is the only level of mental life directly available to us”
(G.Feist & J.Feist, 2009, p. 25).
Consciousness is awared and directly available to human. People can always
recognize and sense the conscious, since it is the only level of the mind that is
awared and directly available to them.
“The conscious area represents everything of which an individual is aware
at any given moment (sensations, perceptions, experiences, memories, etc)” (Phares,
1984, p. 66).
Human is aware of everything that happens in conscious mind. The ideas
are seen in clarity in conscious area. Human can feel the sensations, experience the
feeling, and remember the memories in clarity when it comes to conscious area.
2.1.2 Structure of the mind: Id, Ego, Superego
According to Phares (1984, p. 68), Sigmund Freud has divided the structure
of the mind into three components: id, ego, and superego (Phares, p.68)
Sigmund Freud has divided the structure of the mind into three parts. The
three parts of the structure of the mind are the id, ego, and superego.
G.Feist and J.Feist (2009, p. 27), have written that Freud believes that the
most primitive part of the mind is the id; a second division is ego; and the final
division is superego (G.Feist & J.Feist, p. 27).
The structure of the mind is divided into three level, the first level is the
most primitive one; id, the second level is ego, and the last level is superego.
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2.1.2.1 Id
Gerrig and Zimbardo (2005, p. 447) have stated that id is storehouse of the
fundamental drives and irrational. Id search for gratification without thinking of the
environments, situations, consequences, and society. It operates based on pleasure
principle Id has no contact with the reality (J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, p. 447).
Id has no contact with reality; one thing that matters for id is to seek
pleasures and satisfactions. The infants are the perfect example of id. The infants will
do everything to satisfy the urge without thinking of anything rational and logically.
“Although the infant receives life-sustaining food only by sucking a
nurturing nipple, it continues to suck because its id is not in contact with reality”.
(G.Feist & J.Feist, 2009, pp. 27-28).
The infant does not care about the situation and reality, it is only care about
the drives that need to be gratified. As soon as the drives are satisfied, then the
tension will be reduced. Id will always demand for a gratification without thinking of
anything. One thing that matters for id is a gratification of the id.
2.1.2.2 Ego
G.Feist and J.Feist (2005, p. 447) have written that ego is based on reality.
The ego represents an individual’s beliefs and the consequences of the actions. Ego
will compromise with the reality to search the possible and acceptable way to fullfil
the demand based on reality (G.Feist & J.Feist, p. 447)
Ego will gratify id impulses in realistic and socially appropriate ways. When
someone needs money, the id will make her steal money from the cash register, but
the ego will prevent her to steal because stealing will cause her to get into trouble.
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She decides not to steal the money from the cash register because she does not want
to get into trouble.
2.1.2.3 Superego
“The superego is the storehouse of an individual’s values, including moral
attitudes learned from society. The superego corresponds roughly to the common
notion of conscience” (J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, 2005, p. 447).
Moral values and judgment between right and wrong are the basic for
superego. The superego is about doing what is right according to one’s values. The
superego is learned from the society and based on society.
“The punishments become incorporated into the part of superego known as
the conscience, while the rewards become represented in the superego part as the ego
ideal” (Phares, 1984, p. 70).
Even though a person knows that no one will notice she steals the money
from the cash register because there is no one there, that person decides not to steal
the money just because she knows that stealing is wrong, despite the action is going
to cause her trouble or not. That person is not going to be punished because she
chooses her superego to do the right thing, while the reward is she lives in harmony
with the society. The superego’s action is made based on whether it is right or wrong
and related to the punishments and rewards
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2.1.3 Defense Mechanism
“Defense mechanisms are mental strategies the ego uses to defend itself in
the daily conflict between id impulses that seek expression and the superego’s
demand to deny them” (J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, 2005, p. 448).
There is always a conflict between id and superego. The ego uses defense
mechanisms to defend itself from the conflict between id and superego. For example,
if someone has a great feeling of anger, he sublimated his feelings through boxing
class instead of fighting on a street, because boxing is a more socially acceptable
way.
“The major ego defense mechanisms are: denial of reality, displacement,
fantasy, identification, isolation, projection, rationalization, reaction formation,
regression, repression, sublimation” (J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, 2005, p. 448).
There are eleven major defense mechanisms that human use to protect their
ego. They are: denial of reality, displacement, fantasy, identification, isolation,
projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation.
The theories of defense mechanism which consist of sublimation,
repression, denial and reaction formation will be explained in relation to the analysis.
2.1.3.1 Sublimation
“Sublimation is a symbolic repression of the forbidden act by using socially
acceptable behavior” (Forgus & Shulman, 1997, p. 32).
Every forbidden act that is repressed will be symbolize in socially
acceptable behavior. Every action that people feel against the society’s values is
being sublimated into a more socially acceptable behavior.
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G.Feist and J.Feist (2009, p. 38) have stated that sublimation is substituting
the repression into a cultural or social aim. Every repressed feeling will be
sublimated mostly in cultural department (art, music, and literature), and social aim
such as human relationships and social pursuits (G.Feist & J.Feist, p. 38).
In sublimation, a person will express their impulses in a socially acceptable
way, mostly in cultural department and social aim. For example, people who
experience anger will use kick-boxing as an expression of their anger and frustration.
2.1.3.2 Repression
“Repression is pushing dangerous ideas and impulses out of consciousness”
(Forgus & Shulman, 1997, p. 32).
Every dangerous thought and impulse is pushed out of consciousness and
being repressed that people actually do not realize it at all.
“Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects
itself by repressing those impulses; that is forces threatening feelings into the
unconscious” (G.Feist & J.Feist, 2009, p. 35).
All of the threatening feelings, undesirable id impulses are repressed to
protect the ego from being threatened. Whenever human feels threatened by the
impulses, the ego will protect itself by repressing the impulses.
“Repression is pushing painful or dangerous thoughts out of consciousness,
keeping them unconscious. For example, if a child has strong feelings of hatred
toward his father-which, if acted out, would be dangerous-repression may take over”
(J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, 2005, p. 448).
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Instead of expressing the hatred, a child will repress his hatred toward his
father because he knows the dangerous cause of the expression. He is even able to
put his hatred into his unconscious mind.
2.1.3.3 Denial
“Denial is an attempt to deny external reality by refusing to admit to oneself
what is happening” (Forgus & Shulman, 1997, p. 32).
When the reality approaches and people cannot accept it, the reaction of the
people is to refuse to admit that it actually happen.
“Denial is protecting self from unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it”
(J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, 2005, p. 448).
People will refuse to accept the painful reality if they feel that the reality is
painful and it will bring harm to their life. They protect themselves by denying
realities. For example, a person who is alcoholic will deny that he has a drinking
problem, claiming that he functions well in job and relationships.
2.1.3.4 Reaction Formation
“Reaction formation (reversal of affect) is controlling unacceptable
impulses or feelings by turning them into their opposites” (Forgus & Shulman, 1997,
p. 32).
Reaction formation is turning every unacceptable impulses or feelings into
the opposite form in order to be able to control them. People will change the
unacceptable impulses and feelings, and turn them into the opposite form in order to
feel that they in control of that impulses and feelings.
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“Reaction formation is preventing dangerous desires from being expressed
by endorsing opposing attitudes and types of behavior and using them as barriers”
(J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, 2005, p. 448).
By using reaction formation, a person prevents the dangerous desires by
acting the opposite way. The opposite attitudes are used as the barriers in order to
prevent the dangerous desires.
“One of the ways in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is
through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form” (G.Feist &
J.Feist, 2009, p. 35).
The unconscious and repressed impulses are turned into their original form
to bring the impulses become conscious. People will be able to see the impulses
when it become conscious, but they see it in the opposite form of the impulses.
The example of reaction formation is when a person hates her parents,
because she realizes that society usually demands love to the parents, she will
experience anxiety to act against the society. In order to avoid anxiety, she focuses
on the opposite behavior, to love her parents. Her love to her parents is not genuine.
2.1.4 Sadism, Masochism and Sadomasochism Theories
In this part, the theories about sadism and masochism will be explained. The
sadomasochism theory will also be explained, which is a combination of both sadism
and masochism existed in a person.
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2.1.4.1 Sadism
G.Feist and J.Feist (2009, pp. 32-33) have stated that sadism is a sexual
gratification by inflicting pain to another person. A person finds pleasure by
inflicting the pain or humiliation to other people (G.Feist & J.Feist, pp. 32-33)
The journal of the american academy of psychiatry and the law (2006) has
stated that the term sadism was expanded to a nonsexual enjoyment. Over the time,
the term sadism is not only for sexual matters but also sadistic acts
(http://www.jaapl.org/content/34/1/61.full).
The example of sadism is when a person takes pleasure inflicting pain to
another person in fighting, while punching that other person’s face. A person finds
pleasure by inflicting pain to another person.
2.1.4.2 Masochism
“Masochist experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation
inflicted either by themselves or by others. Because masochists can provide selfinflicted pain, they do not depend on another person for the satisfaction of
masochistic needs” (G.Feist & J.Feist, 2009, p. 33).
Masochism is the opposite of sadism. The masochists will find pleasure in
the pain inflicted by other people to them. The masochists are also be able to inflict
the pain by doing self-inflicted pain. They do not have to depend on another person
for the pleasure they need.
The example of masochism is when a person is enjoying the pain given by
someone who punches that person in the face. He finds pleasure in receiving the pain
given by someone who beats him.
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2.1.4.3 Sadomasochism
A definition of sadomasochism according to word reference online
dictionary is: the combination of sadistic and masochistic elements in one person,
characterized by both aggressive and submissive periods in relationships with others
(http://www.wordreference.com/definition/sadomasochism).
A person can be a sadist at one period of time, and switch into a masochist
at another period of time. Not only enjoying inflicting the pain, the person is also
enjoying receiving the pain. A person is able to switch role from a sadist to a
masochist whenever it is needed.
2.1.5 Dream Analysis
G.Feist and J.Feist (2009, p. 49) have stated that nearly all dreams are wish
fulfillments. Some wishes are obvious from the details given by the dreamer, like
when the dreamer sleep in hungry state, he will then dream about eating foods. Some
of wishes are unconscious and needed to be interpretated (G.Feist & J.Feist, p. 49).
Nearly all dreams are wish fulfillments. Some wishes are obvious and
described by the dreamer, while some wishes are unconscious. By interpretating
dreams, the wishes can be revealed.
2.2 Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative identity disorder is categorized as mental illness and related to
the human psychology. Dissociative identity disorder used to be known as multiple
personality disorder. People with dissociative identity disorder will have more than
one personality, they usually have their own motives to finall form the other
personality
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2.2.1 Definition of Dissociative Identity Disorder
“Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality
disorder, is a dissociative mental disorder in which two or more distinct personalities
exist within the same individual” (J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, 2005, p. 495).
There will be two or more distinct personalities found in a person who
develop dissociative identity disorder. The same individual will have two or more
distinct personalities.
“A diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder requires that a person have at
least two separate personalities, or alters-different modes of being, thinking, feeling,
and acting that exist independently of one another and that emerge at different times”
(M.Kring & L.Johnson, 2013, p. 233).
A person is having dissociative identity disorder when he has atleast two
separate personalities that act, think, or feel differently from one personality to
another personality. Each personality emerge at different times with no relation to
each other. Each personality acts independently.
Nolen and Hoeksema (2011, pp. 169-170) believe that the alter personality
can make many forms and perform many functions. There are three common alter
personalities known: the child alter, the persecutor alter, and the protector altter. The
child alter is the most common alter. The child alter does not age as the individual
ages. The persecutor alter usually gives a punishment or the pain to the other
personalities. The protector or the helper alter usually helps the personality, gives
advice and performs what other personality is not able to perform.
Every alter personality has its own forms and functions. Three common
alter personalities known are child alter, the persecutor alter, and the protector alter.
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“In dissociative identity disorder, each personalities contrast in some
significant way with the original self. Each personality has unique identity, name,
and behavior pattern” (J.Gerrig & G.Zimbardo, 2005, p. 495).
When pepople experience dissociative identity disorder, the alter personality
is contrasted to each other. Each personality has different pattern and characteristic.
Every personality has different significant way from the host personality.
If the host personality is weak and shy, the alter personality is going to be a
strong one, and the third personality could be the outgoing one. Each personality
represents different characters and each personality has its own pattern.
The pattern between the host personality and alter personality is always
different. When the host personality has a strong character and pattern, the alter
personality will have a weak character and pattern.
2.2.2 The Symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder
A person who has dissociative identity disorder switches from one
personality to another. Each personality has its own identity. People who suffer from
dissociative identity disorder will experience many symptoms that appear in many
different ways.
“People with dissociative identity disorder typically claim to have
significant periods of amnesia, or blank spells” (Nolen & Hoeksema, 2011, p. 170).
When one personality is taking control, the other is having amnesia. One
personality is aware and the other is amnesic when one personality is taking control
of the body.
“People with dissociative identity disorder may suddenly discover unknown
objects in their home or may lose objects” (Nolen & Hoeksema, 2011, p. 170).
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People will discover some unrecognizable things in their home and they
tend to know nothing about it since they are belong to their other personality. They
will also experience the losing of some of their objects.
“People they do not recognize might approach them on the street, claiming
to know them” (Nolen & Hoeksema, 2011, p. 170).
People with dissociative identity disorder tend to meet strangers who claim
to them. They do not recognize the strangers, but the stranger know them, calling
them by different names.
“People with dissociative identity disorder will also experience the
switching. Switching is the situation when the alter personality takes executive
control of one’s body, this may not involve loss of continuous memory”
(http://www.sascwr.org/files/www/resources_pdfs/mental_illness/Symptoms_of_DI
D.pdf).
Switching is when the host personality takes control of the host personality
or vice versa. Switching visualizes the change from one personality to other
personality.
“People with dissociative identity disorder will have a varying ability to
perform familiar skills”
(http://www.sascwr.org/files/www/resources_pdfs/mental_illness/Symptoms_of_DI
D.pdf).
People will suprisingly perform the skills they have never learned before,
but seem familiar to them. The reason they are able to perform those skills is because
their alter personality learn and perform the skills.