Download AGES OF HISTORY (part 2)

AGES OF HISTORY (part 2)
Middle Ages
Ages of History
• Last classes it’s been studied that History is
divided in Prehistory and Human History.
• Prehistory is……….
• Human History is………
• What has marked up the beginning and end of
each age, has been studied too.
• Antiquity was studied too, and we found out that
it begins with the origins of the writing process,
and to specify a date in 776 BC with the First
Greek Olympiads; and it ends with the Fall of the
Roman Empire (western side) in 476 AD.
MIDDLE AGES
• The Middle Ages or Medieval Ages, is a period
from the 5th century through the 15th century. It
starts with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
in 476, ends with the Fall of Constantinople in
1453. It is the middle period among Classical
History (Antiquity) and Modern Era. The term was
coined in the 15th century and reflects the view
that this period was a deviation from the path of
classical learning, a path supposedly reconnected
by Renaissance scholarship.
MIDDLE AGES
• This period of History was marked up my
several events and has been divided in two
stages: Early and High.
• Early Middle Ages goes until around the 11th
century.
• High Middle Ages goes from that point to the
Fall of Constantinople.
Early Middle Ages
476 - 1050
EARLY MIDDLE AGES
• Some important events of this period are:
– The collapse of Rome
– Kingdoms rise and migration period
– The Rise of the European Empires
– Feudalism
– Christianity is spread and consolides its power
– The Rise of Islam
– Viking Age
– Resurgence of Latin West
EARLY MIDDLE AGES
• At the beginning of the Medieval times, the
Western Roman Empire had fallen, Bavarian and
other Germanic tribes had siezed Rome and what
before use to be an organized territory in
continuing growth, had broken down. For this
certain historians call this period as Dark Ages.
• Thus this age is basically an age of Europe History,
of the several battles and depressions in a
collapsing society.
Germanic Peoples
What occur was that the Roman empire was overran
by Germanic groups with repeated invasions and
constant warfare, having consequences:
• Breakdown of trade: money became scarce.
• Cities abandoned – no longer center of economy
or administration
• Population became rural.
• Decline of literacy – priests and other church
officials were the few that were literate.
• Breakup of unified empire – language began to
change. No longer Latin.
• End of Democracy
European Empire Evolves
After the decline of the Roman Empire small kingdoms
sprang up all over Europe. Germanic tribes start to invade
territory migrating from the north, occupying the cities, while
the former Romans move to rural areas.
The largest and the strongest was controlled by the Franks
• Lead by Clovis – first Christian king
• Area that is now France
• Greatest king was Charlemagne
• most powerful king in Western
Europe
• encouraged learning
•Defended the Pope
From Rome to Constantinople
CONSTANTINOPLE
• (former city of Byzantium) became new capital and control
centre for Roman Empire
• Was largest city by population in the world west of China
• Strategic location on trade routes
• One of largest natural harbours in the world linked the east
and west
• Byzantine gold coin (bezant) was the main currency of
international trade
• Ruled provinces by Roman model (governors, bureaucracy and
imperial army, heavy taxation and favouring of royal family and
priests in trade and taxes
Power of the Church
While the Roman Empire declined the Church
remained
• Missionaries succeeded in spreading Christianity
• Adapted to rural conditions by building
monasteries – religious communities
o Rules established by Benedict
o Became best educated communities
• Shared belief bonded the people together
• The church served as a stable force as well as social
center
Power of the Church
• Provided a unifying set of spiritual
beliefs and rituals
• Created a system of justice to guide
peoples conduct – Cannon Law – the
law of the church
 excommulgation – banishment
 interdict – the denial of
sacraments - important religious
ceremonies (baptism, last rights)
The Clergy
Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure
Expanding Influence of the Church
• Christian Church has become an important political,
economic, spiritual and cultural force in Europe
• Leading officials of Church were the Pope and
Patriarch
• Banning of heresy (holding beliefs that contradict the
official religion)
• conversion by force
• Eventually in 11th Century, Church split into two
independent branches Eastern Orthodox (Greek)
based in Constantinople and Roman Catholic in
Rome
You scratch my back…
I’ll scratch yours….
• Church was granted favours by
Roman Emperors / Kings (land, exemption from
taxes, immunity in courts, positions in courts)
and in return the Church would endorse kings to
help secure their rule
• Kings looked to Church to supply educated
administrators to help run kingdoms and in
return kings would enforce laws that prohibited
other religions
Monasticism and
Saints
• Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions
and devote themselves to
a religious life
• Established between 400 -700 communities called
monasteries which became centres of education,
literacy and learning
• Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St.
Benedict
• Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted
as evidence of a special relationship with God
• St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which discussed
ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will
which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of
Church
Justinian the Great
(ruled 527-565 CE)
• Byzantine Emperor
• goal to reunite the Roman world as a
Christian Empire and suppressed all
paganism
• Ordered the codification of Roman laws
in the Justinian Code or “Body of Civil
Law” that defined civil law in the Middle
Ages and the modern world
• Crushed the Nika Riot with the help of
his wife Theodora
• During his reign Latin was the official
language of the Byzantine Empire, but
was later changed to Greek (another
difference between two regions)
Byzantine Empire in 6th Century
Carolingians
• Rise of aristocratic Charles Martel who dominated Frankish
kingdom in 8th century
• He confiscated land given to Church and began Church
reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical life
• His son Pepin the Short continued
Church reforms and eventually
with the support of reformed
Church, removed last
Merovingian king from throne
• Established the Carolingian
dynasty, named to protect the
papacy and establish the pope
and bishops are the makers of kings
• Greatest legacy was Charles
the Great, or Charlemagne
The Holy Roman Empire &
Charlemagne
• Charlemagne (Charles the Great) who was a military
general and restored Pope Leo III who had been exiled
• In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and
named him the “Emperor of the Romans” which
secured the relationship between Frankish kings and
the papacy
• Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Holy Roman
Empire, a dynasty that would last for more than 700
years
• Charlemagne- imposed order on empire through the
Church and state
• Ordered the standardization of Latin, textbooks,
manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and people,
new form of handwriting
• All these promoted education and scholars and
produced a precise written language (Latin)
Feudalism
Think of a chess set
Feudalism
Fiefs – land grants
Provide knights in
times of war
Military protection
Fiefs – land grants
service
protection
Based on mutual obligation
Feudalism
Manors
The lords estate –
 The lord provided
the serfs with housing,
farmland and
protection
 Serfs tended the
lands, cared for the
animals, maintained
the estate
Feudalism
Manors
Peasants rarely
traveled more than 25
miles from the manor
Was home to 15 – 30
families
Self-Sufficient
community
 Peasants heavily
taxed, including a tithe
– a church tax of 1/10
their income
The feudalism was a kind of
government. It was also a way of life.
P.Trejo
The nobles promised to help fight the
king’s enemies.
P.Trejo
The kings gave land to the nobles under
him.
P.Trejo
The nobles were called vassals of the king. The
vassals who fought for their king or for other nobles
were called knights.
P.Trejo
A serf was someone who farmed the land. Serfs had to
pay rent and taxes to the nobles.
P.Trejo
Most people
in the early
Middle ages
lived on a
manor.
P.Trejo
A small
church was
an
important
part of each
manor.
P.Trejo
The church saved education from
completely disappearing after the fall of
Rome.
P.Trejo
Christian priests learned to read an
write. All books were handwritten.
P.Trejo
The church helped keep the knowledge
of Greece and Rome from being
forgotten.
P.Trejo
Religious men were called monks and
nuns.
P.Trejo
The (Turks) followers of Islam were
known as Mores, now know as Muslims.
P.Trejo
Around A.D. 1000, Muslims in Jerusalem no longer welcomed
Christians visitors. The Christians went on several journeys to
try to capture Jerusalem. These journeys were called the
Crusades.
P.Trejo
Christians made a long, difficult journey
to visit Jerusalem.
P.Trejo
Crusaders who returned brought
treasures home with them.
P.Trejo
Vikings Attack
Charlemagne's empire was broken up by his grandsons
and was soon destroyed by invaders who would attack by
sea, raid and plunder, then be quickly out to sea again.
• Vikings – Germanic people called Norsemen
• From Scandinavia
• Worshipped warlike gods
• Warriors, traders, farmers, and explorers
Birth of Modern Languages
• Development of Middle Ages
• New languages born through migration,
resettlement, conflict and changes
• Old English (Anglo Saxon) began to
incorporate words borrowed from Latin and
Old French, Old German and Old Norse
• Roots of contemporary Spanish, Italian and
other Romance languages