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espe-0500rs 11/1/01 11:38 AM Page 64 Name Date Section 19.1 Air Pressure and Wind KEY IDEAS Air pressure is the force of air molecules exerted on a given area. Before you read: Recall what you learned about temperature and humidity in Chapters 17 and 18. How might this information affect air pressure and wind? List any ideas you have in your science notebook. While you read: Complete the organizer to clarify your understanding of the factors that affect air pressure. In each box, explain how a change in the factor affects air pressure. Air Pressure Changes in temperature and humidity change the air pressure. KEY VOCABULARY • air pressure • isobar • high-pressure area (high) • low-pressure area (low) • pressure gradient 2. Temperature 1. Elevation Increasing elevation leads to _______________ air pressure. Decreasing temperature leads to ___________________ air pressure. 3. Humidity Increasing humidity leads to After you read: Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc. Chapter 19 Reading Study Guide _______________ air pressure. 1 Define air pressure. Then describe the likely weather in both high- and ● low-pressure conditions. 2 Name and describe a way to measure air pressure. ● 64 Section 19.1 Earth Science espe-0500rs 11/1/01 11:38 AM Page 65 Name Date Section 19.2 Factors Affecting Winds KEY IDEAS Before you read: Read the key ideas, recalling your knowledge of pressure gradient and isobars from Section 19.1. Then write down any questions you have about the factors affecting winds. Leave space to note answers. While you read: To summarize some key ideas from the section, list ways that the Coriolis effect and friction affect wind. Coriolis effect Wind direction depends upon the Coriolis effect, the pressure gradient, and friction. Earth’s rotation causes the Coriolis effect. KEY VOCABULARY • Coriolis effect • jet stream Friction a) a) b) b) c) Chapter 19 Reading Study Guide Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc. c) d) After you read: 1 Define the jet stream and explain the effect friction has on it. ● 2 Return to your organizer and make changes or additions. Then try to ● answer the questions in your science notebook with information from the section. Earth Science Section 19.2 65 espe-0500rs 11/1/01 11:38 AM Page 66 Name Date Section 19.3 Global Wind Patterns KEY IDEAS Before you read: With a partner, restate your understanding of the Coriolis effect and review the way air typically moves as it heats and cools. Recall what happens to air pressure as temperature rises and falls. While you read: 1 Explain how warm and cool air circulate through the cells of the three● celled circulation model. Discuss how the Coriolis effect changes the direction of the air as it circulates. 2 In your science notebook, restate the main idea or ideas of each titled ● subsection. Both Earth’s rotation and the uneven heating of Earth by the sun affect wind patterns. The three-celled circulation model helps to explain prevailing winds and pressure regions. KEY VOCABULARY • polar front • middle latitudes (mid-latitudes) • intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) • trade winds • prevailing winds After you read: Global wind patterns create somewhat predictable conditions at different places on Earth. List the likely conditions in each latitude zone. Air temperature Air pressure Surface wind direction & strength 2. 30°–60° Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc. Chapter 19 Reading Study Guide 1. 0º–30º 3. 60°–90° 4. 90° 66 Section 19.3 Earth Science espe-0500rs 11/1/01 11:38 AM Page 67 Name Date Section 19.4 Continental and Local Winds After reading the key idea, review information from Section 19.3. Recalling the prevailing global wind patterns will help you understand the variations discussed in this section. Seasons, land masses, and topography cause winds to vary from the global patterns depicted in the three-celled model. While you read: KEY VOCABULARY Under each label, describe the change of direction and temperature of the air as time passes. • monsoon Before you read: 2. Land-breeze circulation Chapter 19 Reading Study Guide 1. Sea-breeze circulation Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc. KEY IDEA After you read: Describe monsoon winds and explain how the effects of both the seasons and the continents combine to create these winds. Earth Science Section 19.4 67