Download Diatoms from the coast of Khawr Abdallah, Persian Gulf

GEOLOGINEN TUTKIMUSLAITOS
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND
TUTKIMUSRAPORTTI nro 60
REPORT OF INVESTIGATION No. 60
Risto Tynni
Diatoms from the coast of
Khawr Abdallah, Persian Gulf
Espoo 1983
GEOLOGINEN TUTKIMUSLAITOS
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND
Tutkimusraportti nro 60
Report of Investigation No. 60
Risto Tynni
DIATOMS FROM THE COAST OF KHAWR ABDALLAH, PERSIAN GULF
Espoo 1983
~T~y~n~n~i~,~R~.~1~9~8~3~.
Diatoms from the coast of Khawr
Abdallah, Persian Gulf. Geological Survey of
Finland ~
Report of Investigation
No .
60 .
31
pages, 1 figure in text, 106 figures in 11
plates.
The report deals with the diatoms that occur
in two Holocene silt samples from the Khawr
Abdallah area and those that accumulated in a
gastropod shell. The diatoms represent the
species of the warm Persian Gulf, which is
connected to the Indian Ocean through the
Arabian Sea. Some of the diatoms require rather
high salinitYi the others are euryhaline and
favour brackish water. Special emphasis is given
to the distribution of the cosmopolite species
with reference to the Baltic Sea. Attention
is also paid to the geological age of old and
readily recognisable diatoms. The survival of
the species is assessed on the basis of its
ecology. The majority of the long-living forms
appear to be eurytopic.
Key words: diatoms, cosmopolite, eurytopic,
Tertiary, Holocene, Persian Gulf.
Author ' s address :
Risto Tynni
Geological Su r vey of Finland
02150
ESPOO 15
Finland
ISBN 951-690-175-1
ISSN 0430-5124
CONTENTS
Preface ..........•..••••••...••.•.•.•.••.•.•.•••.•.....•..
5
A list of marine diatoms from the coast of Khawr Abdallah ..
6
Observations on the distribution
of certain diatom species .......................•......•..•
9
The predominant diatoms in the silt samples
KAB 8 and KAB 20 and in the gastr opod shell .••.•••........ 22
References
•••..•.....•••••••.••..••..•.•..••.•.•.••••...••
Plates I - XI
1128300715R-12
2S
-
5 -
PREFACE
The diatoms from the Khawr Abdallah area to be
described here were prepared from the very limited
material put at my disposal by Dr. Darmoian during his
visit to Finland. The material consisted of two Quaternary
silt samples (KAB 8 and KAB 20) from the coast and a
diatom-rich sediment attached to a gastropod shell that
at one time had protected a hermit crab. In spite of the
small number of samples the diatom flora established is
a very interesting example of the species of a warm marine
zone. The present-day salinity in the area varies between
19 and 32 parts per mil.
The diatoms probably include species that have not
been described previously.
At least the literature I
had at my disposal did not contain descriptions of all
the species I discovered. Many of the marine species at
Khawr Abdallah are the same as those describea by Hendey
(1970)
from the coast of Kuwait. Some of the plankton
forms of the Persian Gulf are the same as the aiatoms
in the Indian Ocean, because the Indian Ocean is joined
to the Persian Gulf through the Arabian Sea. Numerous
researchers have described the diatoms of the Inaian Ocean
since the last century.
The marine diatoms also include a number of cosmopolite
species, which, in terms of their requirement for salinity
or temperature, or both, have been so adjustable that
they have spread throughout all the seas. Hence the
material to be presented includes a number of diatoms
that are the same as those encountered elsewhere, e.g.
in Eem and Holocene sediments in the Baltic Sea.
The Khawr Abdallah samples have a very limited number
of fresh water diatom species. Fresh-water diatoms have
been reported from the adjacent areas by Kolbe ana Krieger
(1942) and Hirano
(~973).
Hustedt (1949) has aescribed
diatoms from the Sinai Peninsula and from Lebanon, and
Ehrlich (1973) has reported Quaternary diatoms trom the
2 128300715R-12
-
6 -
Hula basin in northern Israel. The Quaternary fresh water
sediments in the Khawr Abdallah area probably contain
much the same species as those reported in the above
studies.
A LIST OF MARINE DIATOMS FROM THE eOAST OF KHAWR ABDALLAH
Achnanthes Bory
x)
brevipes Ag.
Actinocyclus Ehr.
x)
ehrenbergii Ralfs
x)
var. crassa (W. Smith) Hust.
x)
kUtzingii (A. Schmidt) Simonsen
Amphipr ora Ehr.
pelagica Brun
sp.
Amphora Ehr.
graeffi (Grun.) eleve
x)
robusta Greg.
Bacteriastrum Shadbolt
elongatum Cleve
varians Laud.
Biddulphia Gray
sinensis Grev.
Caloneis Cleve
sp. (cf. liber W. Sm.)
Campylodiscus Ehr.
daemelianus Grun.
Chaetoceros Ehr.
lorenzianus Grun.
Coscinodiscus Ehr.
x)
asteromphalus Ehr.
concinnus W. Smith
gigas (var. praetextata)
marginatus Ehr.
nodulifer A.S.
x)
(Janisch) Hust.
occurs also in the Quaternary (Eemian or Holocene)
deposits of the Baltic Sea
- 7 -
x)
x)
oculus iridis Ehr.
perforatus Ehr.
var. pavillardi (Forti) Hust.
radiatus Ehr.
sp. affe rothii (Ehr.) Grun.
Cyclotella (Kütz.) de Brebisson
x)
caspia Grun.
castracan e i Eul.
ara ssa
n. sp.
x)
striat a (Kütz.) Gr.un.
s ubstyL orum Archibald
va r. me s o l e i a (Grun.)
DenticuLa Kütz.
antilLarum Cl. & Grun.
Diploneis Ehr.
bombus Ehr.
ni tes cens (Greg.) Cleve
weissfLogi (A. Schmidt) Cleve
Endictya Ehr.
affe japonica Kanaya
sp.
Gephyria Arnott
media Arnott
Gomphotheca Hendey & Sims
aff· sinensis (Skvortzow) Hendey & Sims
Hemidiscus Wallich
weissflogi (Grun.) Hust.
Heterotheca Ehr.
sp. (cf. inermis Mann)
MastogLoia Twaites
x)
braunii Grun.
Melosira Agardt
x)
sulcata (Ehr., Kütz.)
Navicula Bory
x)
canceLlata Donkin
fo. minuta Grun.
var. scaldensis V. H.
bifurcata Hust.
lyra Ehr.
x)
mutica Kütz.
rhombicula Hust.
-
8 -
Nitzschia Hassal
cocconeiformis Grun.
constricta (Greg.) Grun.
granulata Grun.
x)
lorenziana Grun.
niobarica Grun.
x)
sigma (Kütz.) W. Smith
valida Gi. & Grun.
Pleurosigma W. Smith
diversestriatum Meister
falx Mann
naviculaceum Breb. fo minuta eleve
x)
strigosum W. Sm.
Podosira Ehr.
stelliger (Baii.) Mann
Rhaphoneis Ehr.
sp.
Rhizosolenia Brightwell
bergonii H. Peragallo
x)
calcar avis M. Schultze
Stephanopyxis Ehrenberg
palmeriana (Grev.) Grunow
Surirella Turpin
recedens. A. S.
Thalassionema Grun.
nitzschioides Grun.
var. parva Heiden
x)
Thalassiosira eleve
eccentrica (Ehr.) eleve
x)
?
sect. lineata
lundiana Fryxell
nodulolineata (Hendy) Marks Fryxell
sect. sublineata
Thalassiotrix eleve & Grunow
frauenfeldii Grun.
Trachyneis Cleve
antillarum Cleve
x)
aspera Ehr.
debyi var. osculifera Cl.
Triceratium Ehr.
boeckii Leudiger-Fortrnorel
- 9 -
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN DIATOM SPEeIES
The Indian Ocean is paleontologically an important
milieu in which physical geographic conditions have
remained more or less constant. Consequently, the aiatom
forms have been able to maintain their species for what
is geologically a fairly long time. This phenomenon was
pointed out by Jouse
(1959)
in the Soviet Far East,
where Tertiary diatoms are encountered as recent species.
As demonstrated by Wornardt (1967, 1972)
in his diatom
stratigraphich studies and by comparisons with recent
species in the Persian Gulf, some of the diatoms of the
Persian Gulf also derive from the Tertiary.
Paleontologic studies on the diatoms are based on the
distribution of recent marine diatoms and our information
on species ecology. Kanaya and Koizumi
(1966)
have
reported five recurrent groups of diatoms in the Pacific
Ocean that are correlated with the distribution of the
sea currents and the surficial waters. The studies by
Hasle (1976) deal with the global distribution of some
species on the basis of which the diatoms are classified
into various large-scale milieu groups. These incIude
the cosmopolite warm water forms and the cosmopolite cold
water forms, both of which have special features in each
hemisphere. Hasle also distinguishes the cosmopolite minor
forms with the
most extensive distribution. The
distribution of the predominant marine diatoms in the
southeast Atlantic has been dealt with by a number of
researchers,
including Defelice and Wise (i98l). The
cosmopolite distribution is furthered by sea currents
and by the ecologic adaptability of the diatoms to
salinity and especially to temperature. The preference
for eurytopic and stenotopic forms in the survival of
the species can be estimated by comparing the
stratigraphich occurrence of the species and the ecologic
constraints of the corresponding recent species. This
phenomenon has been discussed with reference to some oider
3128300715R-12
- 10 -
species. The key factors are the long-lasting survival
of the stenotopic forms in a constant milieu or,
alternatively, the survival of the eurytopic forms in
either an original or a changed milieu. We may of course
presume that the ecologic constraints of the species have
changed in the course of time.
with reference to the stratigraphich occurrence of
the numerous diatoms of the group Centricae and their
ecologic interpretations discussed later in this paper,
it appears that the longevity of the species is related
to eurytopia, or, more precisely, to eurythermia.
MeZosira suZcata (Ehr.)
Kütz
Plate 1, Fig. 4.
A cosmoplite species that also occurs at high latitudes
in Europe (Hustedt 1927 - 30). A pleioeuryhaline
polyhalobious species in the Baltic Sea (Simonsen 1962).
One of the diatoms of the Eem interglacial (Cleve-Euler
1940, Brander 1937, Sheshukova-Poretskaya 1955). Occurs
in the Indian Ocean on the coast of Africa in Zanzibar
(Amosse 1924); in the Persian Gulf in Kuwait (Hendey 1970)
and Khawr Abdallah. Reported from the southwest Indian
Ocean (Tayler 1966); from the Malay Archipelago from Java
(Cleve 1901); and from the Virgin Islands (Cleve 1878).
It is geologically an old form from which there are
observations from the Eocene (even from the Cretaceous)
to the present day (Lohman 1973).
The species adjusts
rather easily to temperature and salinity. In the present
case its survival may have been encouraged by its ability
to adapt to environmental changes within a certain range.
MeZosira itaZica (Ehr.)
Kütz. var.
semiZaevis Grun.
Plate I, Fig. 2.
M. itaZica var.
1964;
semiZaevis Grun.
in Sheshukova et aZ .
MeZosira turgida in Ehrlich 1973, p. 9, Plate 1,
Figs. 3 - 6, PI. 5, Figs. 6 - 11.
g~~~E~~:
The species resembles MeZ . itaZica fo. Zaevis ,
which also has a zip-like tooth construction (Cf. Miller
1971, p. 144). The spots in the valve mantle occur in
- 11 -
longitudinal rows, 20 - 28 in
10~
but less densely in
undulate transversal rows.
Podosira stelliger (Bail.) Mann
Plate I, Fig. 5
A cosmopolite species that has been encountered in
the littoral zones of every sea (Hustedt 1927 - 30). It
did not occur in the Baltic Sea during the postglacial
stage but flourished during the Eem interglacial in the
south Baltic Portlandia sea (Cleve-Euler 1940), in
Poventsa and Medvezhegorski (Sheshukova-Poretskaya i955),
and in the boreal deposit at Petsy (Loseva 1965).
The
species is probably more demanding in terms of salinity
than is
Melosira sulcata . It is common in the Indian
Ocean on the coast of Africa in Aden and Zanzibar (Amosse
1924), in the Persian Gulf at Khawr Abdallah, and in the
southwest Indian Ocean (Tayler 1956), and abundant in
the West Indies in the Virgin Islands (Cleve 1878), in
the Seychelles Islands (Giffen 1980).
Podosira stelliger is geologically a fairly young
species that has not been reported from older Tertiary
deposits. According to Andrews (1980), it occurs in
Virginia U.S.A in the neogenie early
Pliocen~
clay at
Petersburg.
Endictya aff.
japonica Kanaya
Plate I, Fig. 6.
Endictya japonica in Kanaya 1959, p. 65, Pl.
~,
Figs.
8 - 10.
Stephanopyxis palmeriana (Grev.) Grunow
Plate I, Figs. 8 and 9.
Stephanopyxis palmeriana in Hustedt 1927 - 30, p. j08.
Q~~~ff~D~~:
Hustedt: Very common in the Indian Ocean and
the Pacific Ocean.
Thalassiosira
lundiana Fryxell
Plate 11, Fig. 11.
Thalassiosira
lundiana in Fryxell 1975, pp. 64 -
69, Figs.
12 - 24.
B~ill~f~§:
Areoles small, 24 - 30/10
~.
One central
- 12 -
strutted process and many scattered over valve. One
marginal row of strutted processes. One labiate process
and 3 - 5 occluded processes near margin. Diameters
13 - 43
~ .
B
A
c
Fig . l .
Cyclotella erassa.
A schematic picture showing
the structure of the discus.
According to Fryxell, it is probably cosmopolite in
distribution in inshore and oceanic environments, at least
in temperate and subtropical waters.
? Thalassiosira nodulolineata (Hendey) Hasle and Fryxel1
Plate 11, Fig. 12.
Coscinodiscus nodulolineata Hendey 1957, Thalassiosira
nodulolineata Hasle and Fryxell 1977, p. 35, Figs.
86 - 93.
~i~~!!~~~!~~:
Species has been found in type locality
Freetown, West Africa, and in Atlantida, Uruguay.
Cyclotella castracanei Eulenstein
Plate 111, Figs. 19, 20.
Cyclotella castracanei in Schmidt Atlas pI. 225, Figs.
1 - 7jFricke 1901.
- 13 -
9~~~EE~~~~:
Karaki1izza, Iran (Reiche1t, Orig. Ex),
Khawr Abda11ah, si1t sediment, KAB 8, rare.
Cyclotella c r a ss a
n. sp.
Plate 11, Fig. 18 a-m, Fig. l.
~~~~~~2~~~~:
Valves oval - disciform, length l2 - 35
Valve surface strongly undulate. Valve surface divided
into marginal area with short radial
~,
10
striate,~ ~8
~.
in
and into middle area with punctate sectors. Small
forms have centre, from where sectors radiate. Valve
margin with spines (Fig. 18 m).
Frustules mostly
separate, but sometimes united by two or three
individuals.
Q~~~~~~~~~:
Common species in shell of gastropod from
Khawr Abdallah.
~YE~_b~~~b~~Y: Khawr Abdallah, Persian Gulf (29
48
0
0
40'N,
25 'E) •
HOlotype: Specimen in GSF prep. no. D 1b7, Plate 11,
--------
F ig. 18 f.
Cyclotella substylorum Archibald
Plate 111, Fig. 21.
Cyclotella substylorum in Archibald 1966, p. 484, Fig.
15, C. stylorum in Hendey 1970, p. 122, PI. 6. Fig. btl
~~~~~~~:
It differs from C. s tylorum Brighwell in its
smaller measurements and finer structure. Diameter
according to Archibald about 23
~,
according to Hendey
C. stylo r um 24.32 ~. Associated species suggest that the
species is halophile, possibly euryhaline.
Cyclotella sybstylorum var.
mesoleia (Grun.)
n. combo
Plate 111, Fig. 22.
~~~~~~~:
Cyclotella st r iata var.
mesoleia Grunow in
Cleve-Euler 1951.
Remarks: Characteristic feature is the row of nodules
in the semicircle of the central area. Otherwise the form
is identical to Cyclotella subs t ylo r um .
Coscinodiscus ma r ginatus Ehreberg
Plate 111, Figs. 29, 30.
Coscinodiscus ma p ginatus in Hustedt 1927 -
4 128300715R-12
30, Fig. 223
- 14 -
Q~§~f~9~~~2~:
According to Hustedt, distributed here
and there throughout all the seas. According to Hendey
(1964), an oceanic species frequent in north Atlantic
waters and the North Sea. No definite observations from
the Baltic Sea, not even from the Eemian stage.
Observed in waters of the Persian Gulf 20 km south
of Kuwait (Hendey 1970) and in the Indian Ocean
(Thorrington-Smith 1970). According to Kanaya and Koizumi
(1966), Coscinodiscus marginatus
belongs to the second
recurrent group of north Pacific diatoms.
It corresponds
to the planktonic diatoms of the Boreal zone (cold water).
It is very likely, however, that the species is fairly
eurythermic.
~9~:
The species, which is geologically rather old,
has been reported from Eocene (even from Cretacious)
deposits onwards.
Coscinodiscus perforatus var. pavi llardi
(Forti) Hustedt
Plate IV, Fig. 32.
Coscinodiscus perforatus var. pavillardi
in Hustedt
1927 - 30, p. 447, Fig. 247.
Distribution: According to Hustedt, found only in the
Mediterranean, where it seems to be fairly common
(Pavillard, Forti).
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg
Plate IV, Fig. 33.
Coscinodiscus radiatus
in Hustedt 1927 - 30, p. 420, 21,
Fig. 225.
P!~~E!~~~!~~:
According to Hustedt, the species is
common throughout all the seas. From the west Indian Ocean
(Thorrington-Smith 1970). Indian Ocean cores (Kolbe 1957).
Cosmopolite.
~f2129Y:
POlyhalobate. According to Lohman (1941) and
Barron (1975), a warm water species. Kanaya and Koizumi
(1966) maintain that Coscinodiscus radiatus
var.
belongs to the second recurrent group of the north
Pacific: Oceanic, south boreal, subtropical. Nothern
interglacial observations (Sheshukova-Poretskaya 1955)
- 15 -
suggest that the species adjusts itse1f rather easi1y
to temperature.
bg~:
Observations form the Eocene onwards (Kanaya
1957) •
ActinocycZus kUtzingH (A. Schmidt) Simonsen 1975.
P1ate V, Fig. 43.
in Hustedt 1927 - 30, p. 398,
Coscinodiscus kUtzingi
Fig. 209.
Pi§~!ipE~iQD:
According to Hustedt, ubiquitous on the
coasts of northern and western Europe. Waters of the
Persian Gu1f near Kuwait (Hendey 1970).
9~~g!~~D~~:
Schrader and Fenner 1976: P1iocene-Recent.
Interg1acia1 and postg1acia1 observations from the Ba1tic
Sea. Reported also from deposits over1ain by ti11 in
northwestern USSR (Sheshukova-Poretskaya 1955). Appears
to be geo1ogica11y very young and eco1ogica11y ab1e to
adjust itse1f fair1y easi1y to changes in temperature.
Hemidiscus weissfZogi
(Grun.) Hustedt
P1ate V, Figs. 38, 39.
Hemidiscus weissfZogi
in Hustedt 1955, p. 11, PI. I,
Figs. 6, 7.
Syn.: Euodia weissfZogii Grun., Coscinodiscus
----asymmetricus
Meister.
Pi§~~ipE~iQ~:
Widely distributed on warmer coasts
(Hustedt op. cit.)
Hemidiscus weissfZogi var .
P1ate V, Figs. 40, 4l.
P~~~E~2~~~~:
Areo1e structure similar to that of main
species, but va1ve is sma11er (c. 14 ~ in diameter) and
roundish in shape.
Occurrence: Khawr Abdallah, Persian Gulf, in shell
of gastropod (Ho1ocene).
RhizosoZenia bergonii Peraga110
P1ate VI, Figs. 45, 46.
RhizosoZenia bergonii in Hustedt 1927 - 30, p. 575, Fig.
327.
Distribution: According to Hustedt, in plankton in
- 16 -
o
warm seas, in the Atlantic Ocean up to about 48 N. Lat.
From the west Indian Ocean (Thorrington-Smith 1970).
Cleve
Bacteriast r um eZongatum
In Hustedt 1927 - 30, p. 617, Fig. 357.
Qi~!E!e~!!~~:
Europe: in the Mediterranean; Asia: in
waters of Japan (Hustedt), in the west Indian Ocean
(Thorrington-Smith 1970).
Bacteriastrum va r ians Lauder
Plate VI, Fig. 48.
Bacteriast r um varians
in Hustedt 1927 - 30, p. 6i6, Fig.
356.
Q~~!E~e~!~~~:
Reported from the west Indian Ocean
(Thorrington-Smith 1970), Kuwait (Hendey 1970). Cornrnon
in tropical waters (Hendey 1937, according to Wornart
1967) .
bg~:
Early Pliocene to Recent (Wornardt 1967).
Chaetoc e ros Zo r enzianus Grunow
Plate VI, Figs. 51, 53.
in Hustedt 1927 - 30, p. 679,
Chaetoceros Zo r enzianus
Fig. 385.
3~~~!~~:
The restring spores resemble those of
Ch . mitra but are lower. It also resembles
DicZadia capreoZus Ehr.
in Kanaya 1959, Pl. 11, Figs. 1,
2.
Qi~~E~9~~i9~:
According to Hustedt, very common in
warm seas and specially frequent in coastal plankton.
Not reported from the Baltic Sea. From west Indian Ocean
(Thorrington-Smith) .
Heterotheca affe inermis Mann
Plate VI, Fig. 54.
Remarks: A kettle-like frustule whose surface has
ridges in a labyrinth-like pattern. A similar form has
been described by Mann (1925)
from the Philippines (p.
82, Pl. 18, Figs. 1, 2).
Gephyria media Arnott
Plate VII, Fig. 57.
Geph yria media in Hustedt 1931, p. 9.
- 17 -
9ff~EE~~f~:
In eoasta1 areas of warm seas. In Europe
on1y in the Mediterranean (Hustedt). Equatoria1 Indian
Oeean eores (Kolbe 1957). Aeeording to Lohman (l973),
geologie range: Mioeene to Ho1oeene.
ThaZassionema nitzschioides Grunow
P1ate VII, Fig. 59.
ThaZassionema nitzschioides in Hustedt 1931, p. 244, Fig.
725.
Q~~~~~~~~~~~:
Very eommon in eoasta1 plankton of
European seas, often in great abundanee in the north
At1antie. Often rather eommon in open eoasta1 areas in
the western Ba1tie (Simonsen 1962), rare on the eoast
of the Gu1f of Fin1and and the Gu1f of Bothnia (Mö1der
& Tynni 1971). Fair1y eommon in the southern hemisphere.
It has been observed in Kuwait
(Hendey 1970) and the
Indian Oeean (Thorrington-Smith 1970). It is eommon in
the southeast At1antie (Dede1iee & Wise, Jr. 1981) and
it has also been eonsidered as a subantaretie speeies
(Abbott 1974). It is probab1y a eurytherma1 and mOderate1y
euryha1ine po1yha1obious speeies.
b9§: Ear1y Mioeene (?) - Reeent (Sehrader & Fenner
1976) .
ThaZassionema nitzschioides var.
parva Heiden
P1ate VII, Fig. 63.
ThaZassionema nitzschioides var.
parva Heiden, Fenner,
1977, Sheshukova-Poretskaya 1967.
BgID§f~§:
The form that oeeurs in Khawr Abda11ah
resemb1es var.
obtusa Grunow but it is e10ser to var.
parva . Aeeording to Fenner: Stratigraphie reeord: Ear1y
Mioeene of tropiea1 Paeifie Oeean (Jouse 1973) to
Reeent.
MastogZoia braunii
Grunow
P1ate VII, Fig. 65.
MastogZoia braunii
Q!~~~!~~~!~~:
in Hustedt 1933, p. 551.
Aeeording to Hendey 1964, a very eommon
braekish-water form,
frequent on all North Sea eoasts.
Observed in the Ba1tie on1y in braekish eoasta1 waters
5 128300715R-12
- 18 -
(Simonsen 1962). Reported from eoast of Finland,
partieularly from the southwest but also from the Gulf
of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia.
Aeeording to Cleve
(1895): braekish water: Spitsbergen, Baltie, Caspian Sea,
Saxony, North Sea, Mediterranean, Adriatie and Blaek Seas,
Red Sea, Japan, Pensaeola, Cape May. Aeeording to Hendey
(1970), in the Persian Gulf near Kuwait.
B~~~!~2:
A braekish-water form that is very adaptable
to temperature. In geologie age the speeies is rather
young, as are the diatoms of the group Pennatea that
follows.
Diploneis bombus (Ehr.) Cleve
Plate VII, Fig. 66.
Diploneis bombus in Hustedt 1937, p. 826, Fig. 1086.
~~~!E~~~!~~~:
Aeeording to Hustedt, on all sea eoasts,
and often eommon. Reeent observations from the southern
Baltie, but not from the eoast of Finland. Aeeording
to Simonsen (1962), polyhalobate, meioeuryhaline to
mesoeuryhaline.
Aeeording to Hendey (1979), in the
Persian Gulf near Kuwait.
Diploneis nite scens (Greg.) Cleve
Plate VII, Fig. 68.
Diploneis nitescens in Hustedt 1937, p.
640, Fig. 1047.
gi~~~i~~~i2~:
Aeeording to Hustedt, on all eoasts trom
the Med i terranean to northern Europe. From equatorial
Indian Oeean eores in Java and in the eastern Indian Oeean
(Kolbe 1957).
Diploneis weissflogii (Sehmidt) Cleve
Plate VII, Figs. 69, 70.
Diploneis weissflogi
in Hustedt 1937, p. 703, Fig. 1085.
Q~~~~~~~~~~~:
Aeeording to Hustedt, very eommon on
eoasts of warmer seas. In Europe, only on southern eoasts.
From Persian Gulf near Kuwait (Hendey 1970).
Navicula cancellata Donkin
Plate VIII, Fig. 71.
Navicula cancellata in Hendey 1964, p. 203, Figs. 18-20.
P!~!E!~~!~~~:
Hendey: Common on west eoast of British
- 19 -
Isles. Occurs throughout western Baltic, occasionally
common (Simonsen 1962).
Navicula cancellata var.
scaldensis
V. Heurck
Plate VIII, Fig. 73.
In Van Heurck
(1896), p. 183, Pl. 3, Fig. 129.
Qi§!fi~~!iQ~:
Brackish water - Andwerp (V.H.)
Navicula rhombicula Hustedt
Plate VIII, Fig. 76.
In Hustedt (1962), p. 327, Fig. 1442.
Distribution: According to Hustedt, only in
Mediterranean area.
Caloneis cf.
liber W. Smith
Plate VIII, Figs. 77, 78.
g~~~f~§:
Longitudinal stripes close to raphe. Lines
in central area. Valve surfaces are convex as in östrupia
(Hustedt 1935).
Trachyneis antillarum Cleve
Plate VIII, Figs. 79, 80.
Trachyneis antillarum in Hendey 1970, p. 149, Pl. 4:44
Q~~~~~e~~~~~:
According to Cleve 1894: Bay of Campeehe,
West Indian archipelago, Florida, Red Sea, Bab al Mandeb,
Madagascar, Singapore, Java, Sumatra, China.
From the
Persian Gulf near Kuwait (Hendey 1970).
Trachyneis aspera Ehrenberg
Plate VIII, Fig. 81.
Trachyneis aspera in Schmidt Atlas Pl.
Qh~~~he~~h~~:
48, Fig. 5.
According to Hendey (1964), a littoral
species, widely distributed around the North Sea and north
Atlantic coasts. Near Kuwait (Hendey 1970).
Trachyneis debyi var.
osculife ra Cleve
Plate VIII, Fig. 82.
Trachyneis debyi
150 - 300
fL,
(Leuduger-Fortmorel) Cl. Length
ax ial area narrow 1 inear, symme tr ical,
central area orbicular. Synonym: Nav . clespsydra A. Schmidt
Atl. Pl. 48, Fig. 39.
Var. osculife ra - Axial area unilateral, centra1 area with
linear marking on both sides of central nodu1es
(Cleve 1894, p. 193).
-
20 -
PZeurosig ma diversestriarum Meister
Plate IX, Figs. 83 - 85.
PZeurosigma diversestriatum in Hendey 1970, p. 152, Pl.
6, Fig. 62.
Pl~!El~~!~~~:
According to Hendey (1970), from Nagasaki
(Meister), Sierra Leone and Kuwait (Hendey).
~~~~~~~:
Length in Kuwait material 80 - 160
length on coast of Khawr Abdallah about 50 ~.
~.
Minimum
PZ e ur o sigma fZ a x Mann
Plate IX, Fig. 86.
In Mann (1925) p. 134, Pl. 30, Fig. 1. Length 1 19
width 19
~,)15
diagonal lines in
~ ,
10~.
B§m~f~§:
Species bears marked resemblance to
diversestriatum but differes mainly in that raphe is
located closer to the centre.
PZeurosigma navicuZaceum Breb i sson fo. minuta Clev e
Plate IX, Fig. 87.
PZeurosigma navicuZaceum in Van Heurck
(1896) p. 252,
Pl. 6, Fig. 266. Fo minuta in Cleve 1894, p. 36.
~i§~!iQ~~i2~:
Sumatra, Bab el Mandeb (Cleve).
PZeurosigma strigosum W. Smith
Plate IX, Fig. 88.
In Van Heurck 1896 p. 251, Pl. VI, Fig. 261.
Qi§~~i~~~~q~:
According to Cleve (1894): North Sea,
Mediterranean, Adriatic, Red Sea, Ceylon, Java, South
Africa, Brazil, Florida.
?
Amphiprora pe Zagica
Grun.
Plate IX, Fig. 89.
In Brun 1891, p. 8, Pl. 22, Figs. 3, 4.
Amphora graeffi (Grun.) Cleve
Plate IX, Fig. 91.
In Hendey (1970) p. 154, Pl. 3 , Fig. 3l.
Amphora robus ta Gregory
Plate IX, Fig. 92.
In Simonsen 1962, p. 93, Pl. 111, Fig. 1.
Pi~~!ie~~i~~:
In western Baltic (Simonsen) , near Kuwait
(Hendey 1970), Equatorial Indian Ocean cores (Kolbe 1957).
- 21 -
Denticu"la antiUaY"'clm Cleve and Grunow
Plate X, Fig. 93.
Denticu"la antiUarum in Cleve 1878, p. 14, Fig. 26,
Nitzschia antiUarum in Meister 1937, Plate 10, Fig. 3.
~i§E!i9~EiQ~:
According to Cleve, not very rare in
st. Bartholomew gathering.
Cleve has also found it in
brackish mud from Santos, Brazil. Rare in Nagasaki
(Meister 1935).
Nitzschia cocconeiformis Grunow
Plate X, Figs. 94-96.
Nitzschia cocconeiformis in Schmidt At. Pl. 331: 17-18
Hustedt 1921, in Mann 1925, p. 126, PI. 28, Fig. 5,
Cocconeis be"lawani (Meist.) Kolbe in Kolbe 1957, nornen
rejiciendum.
Remarks: The form belonging to section Tryblionellae
(w.
Smith, Grunow) Hustedt bears marked resemblance to
Nitzschia navicu"laris but differs in having denser
three-row areoie structure of costa.
Q!~~E!~~~!Q~:
Belongs to marine diatom flora of the
Philippines (Mann 1925).
Occurrences from equatorial
Indian Ocean cores (Kolbe 1957). In brackish waters of
Burma, Bangladesh, Port Elizabeth, South Africa (Cleve
& Grunow 1880).
Nitzschia granu"lata Grunow
Plate X, Fig. 99.
Nitzschia granu"lata in Schmidt Atlas PI. 330, Figs. 4 - 9
(Hustedt 1921), Riznyk 1973, p. 128.
Remarks: Occurs rarely in silt sampie KAB 20 from Khawr
Abdallah area.
Characterised by very coarse transapical
nodules.
Q~~~~~~~~~~~:
A polyhalobious species that is rare
in western Baltic (Sirnonsen 1962). Frequent on sandy
shores in British coastal waters (Hendey 1964).
Observations from various coastal marine areas in eastern
and western hemispheres.
Nitzschia niobarica Grunow
Plate X, Fig. 100.
6 128300715R- 1 2
-
22 -
In Cleve and Grunow 1880, p. 74, A. Schmidt Atlas Pl.
350, Fig. 4, Kolbe 1957, p. 39. Pl. 2, Figs. 17, 18.
Q!~!~!e~!!Q~:
Niobare, Samoan archipelago, Singapore,
Java, Celebes, northeastern Australia, Antilles (Cleve
& Grunow 1880). Equatorial Indian Ocean cores (Kolbe).
Nitzschia valida Cleve
Plate X, Fig. 101.
In Peragallo and Peragallo 1897 - 1908, Pl. 74, Fig. 3.
Q~~~~~~~~~~~:
Very frequent in Mediterranean (Peragallo
& Peragallo). From waters near Kuwait (Hendey 1970). On
coast of Khawr Abdallah, especially from shell of
gastropode
Gomphotheca aff. sinensis (Skvortzow)
Hendey & Sims
Plate X, Fig. 102.
In Hendey and Sims 1982, p. 199.
~~W9~~§:
Equivalence with the large species descibed
from Colombia by Hendey and Sims somewhat dubious. Common
as fragments in sample KAB 20 from Khawr Abdallah.
Surirella r ecendes
A. Schmidt
Plate X, Figs. 103 - 105.
In Schmidt Atlas, Pl. 19. Figs. 2 - 4, Hustedt 1955, p.
48, Pl. 3, Fig. 2.
Q~~~~~~~~~~~:
On warmer coasts, especially those of
Central America (Hustedt 1955). Near Kuwait (Hendey 1970).
THE PREDOMINANT DIATOMS IN THE SILT SAMPLES KAB 8,
KAB 20 AND IN THE GASTROPOD SHELL
The following table lists the most common species of the
three diatom samples and some rarer species that were
noted occasionally among the 100 individuals.
The species
with the best known ecology are marine. The predominant
species, Cyclotella substylorum and Cyclotella crassa
n. sp., however, are probably ecologically eurytopic and
mainly of brackish-water type. According to the above
interpretation, all
three were deposited in the sea.
-
23 -
The fragments of Melosi r a sulca t a in the si1t sampIes
and the
Cocconei s p lacen tu la
in the gastropod she11
may be of secondary origin.
KAB 8
Actinocyc1us ehrenbergii v. crassa
1
A. kützingii
5
KAB 20
Gastropod
4
Biddu1phia sinensis
1
Ca10neis 1iber t.
1
1
Campy10discus daeme1ianus
1
Chaetoceros sp.
1
Cocconeis p1acentu1a v. 1ineata
1
Coscinodiscus asterompha1us
1
C. concinnus
1
C. gigas
1
2
1
C. marginatus
C. nodu1ifer
1
C. ocu1us iridis
1
C. perforatus
2
1
C. perforatus v. pavi11ardi
1
3
C. radiatus
1
3
C. roth i i
6
2
C. sp. fragm.
3
11
Cyc1ote11a crassa
3
17
20
C. sty10rum
5
53
29
19
6
2
C. substy10rum
C. substy10rum var.
intermedia
Diploneis bombus
D. weissf10gi
3
Gomphotheca aff. sinensis
1
1
3
4
4
Hemidiscus weissf10gi
2
H. wiessf10gi var.
Me10sira su1cata
Nitzschia cocconeiformis
1
4
2
2
1
2
4
N. constricta
4
N. niobarica
1
-
24 -
KAB 8
KAB 20
Gastropod
Pleurosigma diversestriatum
4
P. falx
1
P. naviculaceum
5
1
Rhizosolenia bergonii
1
Stephanopyxis sp.
Surirella recedens
1
Synedra ulna fragm.
1
Thalassionema nitzschioides
1
2
10
2
5
T. nitzschioides v. obtusa
2
T. nitzschioides var. parva
1
Thalassiosira eccentrica
1
1
T. linear is
2
1
Trachyneis antillarum
2
2
T. aspera
1
T. debyi v. osculifera
1
2
genus et species indet.
100
100
100
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wish to express his appreciation especially to
Dr. S.A. Darmoian, Marine Science Cent re University, Basrah,
Iraq, for giving the samples of Khawr Abdallah. I also want
to thank Mr. Kalevi Hokkanen for prepairing the diatom and
SEM preparates, and Mrs. Gillian Häkli for translateing the
manuskr i pt from Finnish to English.
-
25 -
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-
27 -
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1964. An introductory account of the smaller
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Gomphotheca gen. nov., an unusual marine group
from tropical waters. Bacillaria 5, 191-212.
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28 -
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William Wesley & Son, London, 558 p., 35 plates.
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PLATE I
2
4
3
20jJ
6
a
a
1
7
8
I
20jJ
MeLosira itaLica var. semiLaevis~ 3. M. aff. arenaria~
(ParaLia) sulcata~ 5. Podosira stelliger~ 6. Endictya
aff. japonica J 7 aJb. Stephanopyxis ap'J 8 aJb J 9. S.
palmeriana.
1~2.
4. M.
PLATE I I
11
14
12
13
15
18
20}J
10 . Thalassiosira sp ., 11 a , b . T . lundiana , 12 . T . ? nodulolineata
14 . T . section lineolata , 15 . T . sp ., 16 , 17 . T . section subli neolata , 18 a - m. Cyclotella crassa , n . sp .
13,
PLATE rrr
23
25
20)J
19) 20. Cyalotella aastraaanei) 21. C. substylorum) 22. C.
substyZorum var. mesoleia (Grun.) n. aomb' J 23. C. aaspia J
24-26. C. substyZorum J 2?) 28. Cosainodisaus aonainnus fr'
29 J 30. C. marginatus.
J
PLATE IV
36
20}J
31. Coscinodiscus gigas~ fl'.~ 32. C. pel'fol'atus val'. pavillal'di
33. C. l'adiatus~ 34~ 35. C. astel'omphalus~ fl'.~ 36. C. oculus
il'idis~
fI'.
PLATE V
3?
Coscinodiscus aff. oculus i!'idis.) 38.) 39. Hemidiscus
weissftogi.) 40.) 41. H. weissftogi va!' . .) 42. Actinocyclus
eh!'enbe!'gii va!'. c!'assa~ 43. A. kützingii~ 44. C. aff.
!'othii.
PLATE VI
49
50
51
53
20~
45~ 46. RhizosoZenia bergonii~ 47. R. caZcar avis~ 48.
Bacteriastrum varians~ 49. Chaetoceros sp.~ 50. B. sp.~
51. Ch. Zorenzianus~ 52. Ch. sp.~ 53. Ch. Zorenzianus~
setae fragm., 54 a, b. Heterotheca sp.
PLATE VII
60
61
20~
55. BidduLphia sinensis~ 56. B. sinensis~ 57. Gephyria media~
58. Synedra sp.~ 59. ThaLassionema nitzschioides~ 60~ 61.
ThaLassiothrix frauenfeZdii~ 62. Triceratium boeckii ' fr.~
63 a~ b. ThaZassionema nitzschioides var. parva J 64. Cocconeis
pZacentuZa va~. Zineata~ 65. MastogZoia braunii~ 66. DipZoneis
bombus J 67. D. bombus J 68. D. nitescens J 69) 70. D. weissfZogii.
PLATE VIII
20~
82
79
71. NaviauZa aanaeZZata~ 72. N. aanaeZZata fo. minuta~ 73. N.
aanaeZtata var. saaZdensis~ 74. N. ~utiaa~ 75. N. bifuraata~
76. N. rhombiauta~ 77~ 7B~ Catoneis sp. (af. tiber)~ 79~ Ba.
Traahyneis antittarum~ 81. T. aspera~ 82 a~ b. T. debyi var.
osoutifera.
PLATE IX
83
83-85. Pteuposigma divepsestriatum~ 86. Pt. fatx~ 87. Pt.
navicutaceum fo. minuta~ 88. Pt. stpigosum~ 89. Amphiprora
petagica~ 90. A. sP'J 91. Amphora gpaeffi J 92. A. robusta.
PLATE X
97
20~
93. DenticuLa antiLLarum~ 94-96. Nitzschia cocconeiformis~
9?~ 98. N. constricta~ 99. N. granuLata~ 100. N. niobarica~
101. N. vaLida~ 102 a~ b. Gomphotheca aff. sinensis J 103-105.
Surirella recedens J 106. Shell of gastropod rich in diatoms.
PLATE XI
A- F CycZoteZZa crassa ,
Hokkanen .
n . sp .
SEM- pictures . Photos K.
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P.O.Box 516
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Phone (90) 539 011
K1rjakaupat Helslnglssä
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Annankatu 44
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(i hörnet av S. Järnv.QJ
Växel (90) 17 341
Annankatu 44
Phone (90) 17 341
Eteläesplanadi 4
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Södra esplanaden 4
Tel. (90) 662 801
128300715R
Eteläesplanadi 4
Phone (90) 662 801
ISBN 951-690-175-1
ISSN 0430-5124