Download Vermiculture as an intensive biotechnology of utilization organic waste

Asanovo agrarian technical school
Research work
“Vermiculture as an intensive biotechnology of utilization organic
waste”
made by Bochkarev Vadim
a third-year student
head: teacher Dmitrieva E.V.
Asanovo, 2014.
1
Content
Introduction…………………………………………………………….. …….3
The program of project………………………………………………………..4
Part 1. Research of ways of manure utilization on an educational farm in Asanovo
agrarian technical school……………………………………………………...6
Part 2. Biology and ecology of earthworms…………………………………..7
Part 3. Substrates for vermicultivation……………………………………....12
Part 4. Technology of earthworms cultivation………………………………13.
Part 5. : Vermicompost: structure, properties, application…………………...14
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………16
Bibliography
Appendix
2
Introduction
In the modern world the great interest increases to biodynamic organic systems of
agriculture, important both for the general greening of agriculture, and for creation of a
network of outposts of ecologically safe agriculture continues to grow. One of aspects
of these systems is Vermiculture.
Vermiculture is the process of using worms to decompose organic food waste, turning
the waste into a nutrient-rich material capable of supplying necessary nutrients to help
sustain plant growth. This method is simple, effective, convenient, and noiseless. It
saves water, energy, landfills, and helps rebuild the soil. The worms ability to convert
organic waste into nutrient-rich material reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers.
At present vermicultivation problem received much attention in the United States,
Italy, Germany, France and other countries. In recent years, the solution to this
problem became relevant in our country.
Material base for practical training in Asanovo agrarian-technical school, among
other production facilities is a cattle farm. The territory of which accumulates a large
amount of organic waste that pollute the environment. Monitoring the activities of
farm animal during practice forced to ponder the question: "What are the methods of
animal waste utilization are most effective?"
Meanwhile, the correct formulation of this question , these wastes can be used to
great advantage. This can be done using a method based on the use of vermiculture . In
our view, recycling organic waste worms very effective way . First, it is
environmentally ecological , which is important when growing vegetables. Secondly,
it is a shortcut method of processing waste compared to composting without worms.
So that, we decided to research the effective using of earthworms in organic waste
utilization.
And we met with agronomist Enikeev Vladimir Kasimovich and he shared with us
his experience in cultivation of worms.
3
The program of project
Problem:
One of the most important problems of the modern life is connected with aspects
of society and the nature interaction. It is environmental problems. Accumulation of a
large number of organic waste round livestock farms, excessive saturation of the soil
by chemicals lead to negative consequences. In this case, the most important factor is
the advanced techniques of biotechnology utilization of organic waste.
Contradiction:
People try to increase a livestock of cattle leads to strengthening of
anthropogenous impact on the soil and universal accumulation of waste of animal
husbandry. Meanwhile, the correct statement of a question, this waste can be used with
big benefit for itself. It is possible to make it by means of the method based on use of
vermiculture.
Theme: Vermiculture as an intensive biotechnology of utilization organic waste.
Novelty of the work:
Vermicultivation method is a new method of animal waste utilization in our
republic. Only some people use vermiculture in crop production. So that, we decided
to implement this method in the work of our scientific-experimental plot in Asanovo
agrarian-technical school and distribute this experience among farms.
Subject:
-Animal waste on training farm in Asanovo agrarian technical school
- Biology and ecology of worms
- Technologies of cultivation of worms
- Vermicompost: composition, properties and application
Hypothesis:
Vermicompost solves the problems connected with environmental protection, soil
resuscitation, getting environmentally agricultural products. Vermicompost should be
viewed as a potential way of improving soil fertility.
The aim of research work:
To research of useful using of earthworms in organic waste utilization.
Tasks:
1. Studing and analysis ways of animal waste utilization on the training farm.
2. Studying of literature and Internet resources on the theme "Vermiculture".
3. Cultivation of earthworms as experiment on our scientific-experimental plot in
Asanovo agrarian-technical school.
4
4. Preparation of vermicompost.
5. Educational work among students and farmers about vermicultivation.
Methods of research work:
- Searching and collection of information
- Research of a subject of studying
- Analysis of the material
- Systematization and generalization of results of experiment
Content:
Part 1. Research of ways of utilization of manure on an educational farm of Asanovo
agrarian technical school.
Part 2. Biology and ecology of worms.
Part 3. Vermicultivation substrates.
Part 4. Technology of cultivation of earthworms.
Part 5. : Vermicompost: structure, properties, application.
Part 6. Analysis of research and practical activities.
The expected result:
- Significant limitation or exclusion danger of environmental pollution by various
pollutants.
- Using of skills on Vermicultivation in my future career.
- Vermiculture as intensive biotechnology recycling organic waste an intensive
biotechnology of utilization organic waste.
5
Part 1. Research of ways of manure utilization on an educational farm in
Asanovo agrarian technical school.
Animal husbandry is developed in our farm. The number of cattle makes 560
heads, horses of 18 heads. The livestock farm is located in 200 m from the village,
which meets the requirements of the Law on Environmental Protection, according to
which for livestock farms should be provided sanitary protection zone.
Every day cattle farm produces about 20 tons of manure, in a year it turns out
about 7000 tons.
Manure output on the farm
Группа
животных
Среднегодовое
поголовье
Корова
Нетели
Молодняк
Телята, при групповом
содержании
Итого:
Лошади:
взрослые
молодняк
Итого:
250
75
187
70
Выход навоза
на 1 гол, кг
на все
поголовье,
тонн
55
13,750
30
2,250
19
1,653
12
0,840
12
6
30
18
Выход навоза
на все
поголовье за
год, тонн
5018,750
821,250
603,345
306,600
18,493
6,749 945
0,300
0,126
0,426
109,500
45,990
155,490
Manure is a complex polydisperse multiphase medium comprising a solid, liquid
and gaseous substances. The main part of the manure is wet.
At storage and use violation of the rules manure can become very dangerous
source of an environment pollution. As well as excrement of the person and wild
animals, manure of agricultural animals contains a large number of causative agents of
the infectious, invasive and protozoan diseases dangerous to the person and animals.
According to the World Health Organization, the manure can be a factor in the
transmission of more than 100 diseases. Among these diseases such as salmonella,
tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, swine fever, foot and mouth
disease, leptospirosis, helminthiasis and protozoan diseases.
We decided to carry out an ecological assessment of technology of removal and
manure utilization on our practice farm of Asanovo agrarian technical school.
Rooms for the maintenance of animals are located in parallel and connected by
gallery. From rooms manure is removed scraper conveyors and bulldozers crosslinkage in the channel and out into the underground storage tank. Cross channels
through also pass through all three buildings.
Farm storage is provided for storage of semi-liquid manure, slopes and bottoms
paved. Volume is 3500 tons. According to the norms determined by the maximum
amount of manure storage period during which it is impossible to make in veterinary
and sanitary liquid manure into the soil, but not more than 6-month volume of manure
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coming from the plant. According to estimates of the annual output of manure as a
whole is about 7,000 tons.
Semi-liquid manure is immersed in a tank and transported to biothermal field
decontamination. As additives to manure use peat, cutting the straw that stirs the
bulldozers in a special area for composting and stacked in piles. Humidity should be a
mixture of 70-75%. At its bigger value reliable biothermal disinfecting is impossible.
Compost is a means for improving soil structure, and to some extent fertilizer.
When you add compost to the soil it breaks down, releasing nutrients for plants,
sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements. Adding compost in
almost any quantities harmless, unless it is not present in large amounts of heavy
metals. Organic matter, soil, destroyed a few years hence, compost can be added every
3-4 years.
Nutrients are extracted from the compost slower than soluble fertilizers, thus, the
action of compost can last for several years. Found that the amount of essential
nutrients that become available in the year of application compote of nitrogen - 25%
Phosphorus - 100%, the content of potassium - 80%.
Covering manure from a stable and delivery room in stacks disinfect due to biothermal
self-warming to 60-70 C. Dense manure or horse manure goes in the spring in the
greenhouses and part on realization to the village population.
The federal classification catalog of waste are fresh manure of cattle belongs to the 4th
class of the danger, rerotting – to the 5th class of danger (harmless waste).
The main direction of utilization of manure in our farm is using as organic
fertilizer.
Researches of ways of utilization of manure showed that in our farm is used
traditional, but not reliable ways of utilization.
So that, it is necessary to search more ecologically ways of utilization.
Part 2. Biology and ecology of earthworms.
Form and function
Depending on the species, an adult earthworm can be from 10 mm (0.39 in) long
and 1 mm (0.039 in) wide to 3 m (9.8 ft)
long and over 25 mm (0.98 in) wide, but
the typicaLumbricus terrestris grows to
about 360 mm (14 in) long.
From front to back, the basic shape of
the earthworm is a cylindrical tube,
divided into a series of segments that
compartmentalize the body. Grooves
called "furrows" are generally externally
visible on the body demarking the segments; dorsal pores and nephropores exude a
fluid that moistens and protects the worm's surface. Except for the mouth and anal
segments, each segment carries bristle-like hairs called lateral setae used to anchor
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parts of the body during movement; species may have four pairs of setae on each
segment or more than eight sometimes forming a complete circle of setae per
segment.Special ventral setae are used to anchor mating earthworms by their
penetration into the bodies of their mates.
Generally, within a species, the number of segments found is consistent across
specimens, and individuals are born with the number of segments they will have
throughout their lives. The first body segment (segment number 1) features both the
earthworm's mouth and, overhanging the mouth, a fleshy lobe called the prostomium,
which seals the entrance when the worm is at rest, but is also used to feel and
chemically sense the worm's surroundings. Some species of earthworm can even use
the prehensile prostomium to grab and drag items such as grasses and leaves into their
burrow.
An adult earthworm develops a belt-like glandular swelling, called the clitellum, which
covers several segments toward the front part of the animal. This is part of the
reproductive system, that creates egg capsules. The posterior is most commonly
cylindrical like the rest of the body, but depending on the species, may also be
quadrangular, octagonal, trapezoidal, or flattened; the last segment is called
the periproct. The earthworm's anus, a short vertical slit, is found on this segment.
The cross section of the body of an earthworm (Oligochaeta) showing the disposition
of the more important organs: the body wall (w) consists of dermis, circular and
longitudinal muscles; the body cavity is divided by membranes (c) into a series of
chambers, in each of which opens the mouth of a coiled nephridium (n); the axis of the
cavity is occupied by the intestine (i); above and below it is a longer blood vessel (v),
and below it is also the central nerve cord (nc)
The exterior of an individual segment is a thin cuticle over skin, commonly pigmented
red to brown, which has specialized cells that secrete mucus over the cuticle to keep
the body moist and ease movement through soil. Under the skin is a layer of nerve
tissue, and two layers of muscles—a thin outer layer of circular muscle, and a much
thicker inner layer of longitudinal muscle. [8] Interior to the muscle layer is a fluidfilled chamber called a coelom[9] that by its pressurization provides structure to the
worm's boneless body. A structure called anephridium removes metabolic waste and
expels it through pores on the sides; two or more nephridia are found in most
segments. [10] At the center of a worm is the digestive tract, which runs straight through
from mouth to anus without coiling, and is flanked above and below by blood vessels
and the ventral nerve cord. The segments are separated from each other by dividing
walls called septa [11] that are perforated, which allow the coelomic fluid to pass
between segments. [12]
Many earthworms can eject coelomic fluid through pores in the back in response to
stress; Australian Didymogaster sylvaticus (known as the "blue squirter earthworm")
can squirt fluid as high as 30 cm (12 in). [12]
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Digestive system
The gut of the earthworm is a straight tube which extends from the worm's mouth to
its anus. It is differentiated into a buccal cavity (generally running through the first one
or two segments of the earthworm), pharynx (running generally about four segments in
length), esophagus, crop, gizzard (usually) and intestine.
Food enters the mouth. The pharynx acts as a suction pump; its muscular walls draw in
food. In the pharynx, the pharyngeal glands secrete mucus. Food moves into the
esophagus, where calcium (from the blood and ingested from previous meals) is
pumped in to maintain proper blood calcium levels in the blood and food pH. From
there the food passes into the crop and gizzard. In the gizzard, strong muscular
contractions grind the food with the help of mineral particles ingested along with the
food. Once through the gizzard, food continues through the intestine for digestion. The
intestine secretes pepsin to digest proteins, amylase to digest polysaccharides, cellulase
to digest cellulose, and lipase to digest fats. Instead of being coiled like a mammalian
intestine, an earthworm's intestine increases surface area to increase nutrient
absorption by having many folds running along its length. The intestine has its own
pair of muscle layers like the body, but in reverse order—an inner circular layer inside
an outer longitudinal layer.
Circulatory system
The earthworm has a
dual circulatory system in
which both the coelomaic
fluid and a closed circulatory system carry the food, waste, and respiratory gasses. The
closed circulatory system has five main blood vessels: the dorsal (top) vessel, which
runs above the digestive tract; the ventral (bottom) vessel, which runs below the
digestive tract; the subneural vessel, which runs below the ventral nerve cord; and two
lateroneural vessels on either side of the nerve cord.[15] The dorsal vessel moves the
blood forward, while the other four longitudinal vessels carry the blood to the rear. In
segments six through 11, a pair of aortic arches rings the coelom and acts as hearts,
pumping the blood to the ventral vessel that acts as the aorta. The blood consists of
ameboid cells and hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma. The second circulatory system
derives from the cells of the digestive system that line the coelom. As the digestive
cells become full, they release non-living cells of fat into the fluid-filled coelom,
where they float freely but can pass through the walls separating each segment,
moving food to other parts and assisting in wound healing.
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Excretory system
The excretory system contains a pair
of nephridia in every segment, except
for
[17]
the first three and the last ones. The
three
types
of
nephridia
are:
integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal.
The integumentary nephridia lie
attached to the inner side of the body
wall in all segments except the first two.
The septal nephridia are attached to both
sides of the septa behind the 15th
segment. The pharyngeal nephridia are attached to fourth, fifth and sixth
segments.[17] The waste in the coelom fluid from a forward segment is drawn in by the
beating of cilia of the nephrostome. From there it is carried through the septum (wall)
where it forms a series of loops entwined by blood capillaries that also transfer waste
into the tubule of the nephrostome. The excretory wastes are then finally discharged
through a pore on the worm's side.
Respiration
Earthworms have no special respiratory organs. Gases are exchanged through the
moist skin and capillaries, where the oxygen is picked up by the hemoglobin dissolved
in the blood plasma and carbon dioxide is released. Water, as well as salts, can also be
moved through the skin by active transport.
Reproduction
Mating occurs on the surface, most often at
night. Earthworms are hermaphrodites, that
is, they have both male and female sexual
organs. The sexual organs are located in
segments 9 to 15. Earthworms have one or
two pairs of testes contained within sacs. The
two or four pairs of seminal vesicles produce,
store and release the sperm via the male
pores. Ovaries and oviducts in segment 13
release eggs via female pores on segment 14,
while sperm is expelled from segment 15.
One or more pairs of spermathecae are present in segments 9 and 10 (depending on the
species) which are internal sacs that receive and store sperm from the other worm
during copulation. As a result, segment 15 of one worm exudes sperm into segments 9
and 10 with its storage vesicles of its mate. Some species use
externalspermatophores for sperm transfer.
10
Copulation and reproduction are separate processes in earthworms. The mating
pair overlap front ends ventrally and each exchanges sperm with the other.
The clitellum becomes very reddish to pinkish in color. Some time after copulation,
long after the worms have separated, the clitellum (behind the spermathecae) secretes
material which forms a ring around the worm. The worm then backs out of the ring,
and as it does so, it injects its own eggs and the other worm's sperm into it. As the
worm slips out of the ring, the ends of the cocoon seal to form a vaguely lemon-shaped
incubator (cocoon) in which the embryonic worms develop. They emerge as small, but
fully formed earthworms, but lack their sex structures, which develop in about 60 to 90
days. They attain full size in about one year. Scientists predict that the average lifespan
under field conditions is four to eight years, still most garden varieties live only one to
two years. Several common earthworm species are mostly parthenogenetic.
The Red Wiggler
The Red Wiggler is also known as Eisenia foetida, the manure worm or brandling
worm. This voracious eater is definitely the beginner's choice because of it's
adaptability to a wide range of living conditions as well as the ability to process large
amounts of organic material. Although this hardy worm will survive temperatures
close to 40°F, they prefer bedding temperatures between 68°F and 80°F. They are
hardly enough that, if acclimated, they can live in bedding as hot as 100°F. If your
needs are strictly composting, this is your worm of choice.
“Staratel”
“Staratel” was removed by Russian professor Anatoly Igonin . He created a worm
which corresponding our climatic features. The enormous volume of work on removal
of the best, than of a worm was actually done.
Earthworms work in the much bigger range of temperatures from +8 to +29 °C.
Earthworms "Staratel" differ assiduity in a substratum.
One worm " Staratel " in a year brings forth off spring in 1500 of individuals and 100
kg of vermicompost. From 1 ton of compost receive on the average 600 kg of a
biohumus and 10 – 15 kg of worms.
But the most important difference – earthworms rather easily switch over from one
type of a forage to another; they are adapted for the most different food substratum –
manure (cow, horse, etc.), to kitchen waste, a precipitation of sewage, last year's
foliage, paper, etc.
Earthworms keep high viability and productivity at the high density of settling per
substratum unit of volume.
11
Part 3. Substrates for vermicultivation.
Substrate for worms is both food and habitat. The most common substrate is
vermiculture manure, both in pure form and in the various mixtures. While manure
must be pre-exposure.
Currently in preparation for vermicultivation substrate formed two opposing views:
are followers of hot and cold composting.
Hot composting involves self-heating of the substrate in stacks of up to 60 C. The
self-heating in summer 7 -10, 10-15 days in winter. Exposure thermal treatment of the
substrate at a steady temperature of 60 C should be 5-10 days. This temperature is
detrimental effect on pathogens and helminth eggs weed seeds.
Supporters cold composting believe that this is not necessary, due to the fact that
the worms have enzymes chitinase and cellulose and digest the contents of helminth
eggs and weed seeds, and significantly reduce the amount of pathogenic
microorganisms in the substrate.
As a compromise, we propose the following option. Should be composted in two
modes: first, in the thermophilic and then mezozofilnom: pile scatter and cool. But this
method of composting will increase labor costs. To eliminate self-heating in the
summer at high temperatures air windrows periodically sprinkled with water, slurry or
manure runoff to maintain a humidity of about 70%. Ripening period of the substrate
in the summer for 2-3 months, 3-5 in the winter. Storage can take up to 8-10 months.
The most important thing when choosing a main or main food ingredient to give
conscious of the fact that the worms are mostly Monogamous in the meal, ie used to
have one kind of food.
Therefore it is necessary to choose what will be the basis of feed substrate. This
kind of food for the worms should be abundantly covering all the needs of the
population worm food. Cattle manure, pig manure, litter - goat, rabbit, birds, food
scraps, grass and other types of food can be used to produce feed substrate.
How to prepare the feed substrate, which features in its preparation?
For best results, whatever the main ingredient it should definitely interfere with
any material provides good air penetration to the aft substrate, it can be with hay and
straw.
For our experiment, there was no need to prepare the substrate specifically, as on
the farm, you can choose finished compost.
For breeding worms we took horse manure and added ¼ cow manure. In dung
substrate was added 10% sand. To normalize the acidity added chalk.
Part 4. Technology of earthworms cultivation.
The main work on vermicultivating helds in summer. But we conducted our
experimental work at the laboratory.
Earthworms are modest, but to achieve high efficiency of the process of organic
waste and high-level reproduction we should keep up certain technological
requirements.
12
Earthworms need only a few requirements in which to successfully live and breed.
These requirements are moisture, darkness, and food. These conditions can be found
in any outdoor compost pile, which is definitely the easiest type of worm system to
maintain. But, because these requirments are so easily produced, many people choose
to build a bin they can keep indoors, which also has its advantages.
Where we can raise composting worms?
Earthworms need only a few requirements in which to successfully live and breed.
These requirements are moisture, darkness, and food. These conditions can be found
in any outdoor compost manure, which is definitely the easiest type of worm system to
maintain. But, because these requirments are so easily produced, many people choose
to build a bin they can keep indoors, which also has its advantages.
Of all the diverse ways worm breeding, there are several ways that do not require
substantial financial costs:
Lodge - is a bed of 1-2 meters wide, of any length, equipped with side walls and a
bottom (can be made of boards, bricks and other materials), the height of the bed up to
60 - 80 cm
Boxes - boxes of arbitrary length, width, height.
In laboratory conditions, the most rational Drawer vermiculture. Vermiculture founder
TJ Barrett suggested for this purpose boxes of thin boards 36h40h12sm size. We have
chosen for culturing worms 60h30h22sm box size. At the bottom of the box drilled 24
holes with a diameter of 3mm. This size is optimal, the worms crawl out, and at the
same time provides better ventilation of the substrate. In addition, such design makes it
easy to drain excess water.
What humidity is ideally suited for growing earthworms?
Optimum humidity is 75%. It is defined as follows. Substrate is compressed in a fist.
When the 1-2 drops - humidity normal, in their absence, the bedding is dry, and if
spilled liquid trickle - substrate overly too wet.
The good temperature for the earthworm "Staratel" - 23 C, for breeding - 19 C.
Laying earthworms in the substrate - one of the most important stage in
Vermicultivation. Before settling need to know that the base substrate is prepared
correctly, the fermentation step is completed - substrate temperature decreased to
ambient temperature.
The most reliable way is to test "50 worms." To do this, prepare a small container,
lay in her part of the substrate to impose 50 worms over the substrate and leave at
room temperature overnight. Then worms need to select from the substrate and to
determine their condition. If worms are alive and mobile, you can lay another .
To determine the suitability of the substrate for settlement, spread over its surface a
few dozen worms. Worms quickly plunged into the substrate, which indicates the
suitability of the substrate.
Worms have a substrate with compost in which they were evenly distributed over the
surface. When worms deeper into the substrate, its surface lightly moistened. Water for
wetting should not contain harmful impurities. The surface of the substrate was
covered with cover material. Continuously monitor the state of earthworm populations
and their adaptability to the new environment.
13
2-3 weeks after the settlement substrate worms started the first feeding. Superimposed
over the old new substrate layer - 5-7 cm, unfilled should remain about a third of
capacity. If worms are actively moving into new feeds, and later they will fill the rest.
Part 5. : Vermicompost: structure, properties, application.
Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms,
usually red
wigglers, white
worms,
and
other earthworms to
create
a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials,
and vermicast. Vermicast, also called worm castings, worm humus or worm manure, is
the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by an earthworm. These castings
have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of
nutrients than do organic materials before vermicomposting.
Containing water-soluble nutrients, vermicompost is an excellent, nutrientrich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. This process of producing vermicompost is
called vermicomposting.
Benefits
Soil





Improves soil aeration
Enriches
soil
with
micro-organisms
(adding enzymes such
as phosphatase and cellulase)
Microbial activity in worm castings is 10 to 20 times higher than in the soil and
organic matter that the worm ingests
Attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil
Improves water holding capacity
Plant growth



Enhances germination, plant growth, and crop yield
Improves root growth and structure
Enriches
soil
with
micro-organisms
(adding plant
[citation needed]
as auxins and gibberellic acid)
hormones such
Economic



Biowastes conversion reduces waste flow to landfills
Elimination of biowastes from the waste stream reduces contamination of other
recyclables collected in a single bin (a common problem in communities
practicing single-stream recycling)
Creates low-skill jobs at local level
14

Low capital investment and relatively simple technologies make vermicomposting
practical for less-developed agricultural regions
Environmental



Helps to close the "metabolic gap" through recycling waste on-site
Large systems often use temperature control and mechanized harvesting, however
other equipment is relatively simple and does not wear out quickly[citation needed]
Production reduces greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and nitric
oxide (produced in landfills or incinerators when not composted or
through methane harvest)
As fertilizer
Vermicompost can be mixed directly into the soil, or steeped in water and made into
a worm tea by mixing some vermicompost in water, bubbling in oxygen with a small
air pump, and steeping for a number of hours or days.
The microbial activity of the compost is greater if it is aerated during this period. The
resulting liquid is used as a fertilizer or sprayed on the plants.
The dark brown waste liquid, or leachate, that drains into the bottom of some
vermicomposting systems as water-rich foods break down, is best applied back to the
bin when added moisture is needed due to the possibility of phytotoxin content and
organic acids that may be toxic to plants.[9]
The pH, nutrient, and microbial content of these fertilizers varies upon the inputs fed
to worms. Pulverized limestone, or calcium carbonate can be added to the system to
raise the pH.
15
Conclusion
One of the most important problems of the modern life is connected with
aspects of society and nature interaction. It is environmental problems. Accumulation
of a large number of organic waste round livestock farms, over saturation of the soil by
chemicals lead to negative consequences. In this case, the most important factor is the
advanced techniques of biotechnology utilization of organic waste.
Vermicultivation is a new method of animal waste utilization in our republic.
Only some people use vermiculture in agriculture. So that, we decided to implement
this method in the work of our scientific-experimental plot in Asanovo agrariantechnical school and distribute this experience among farms.
Making this experiment I decided, that my specialty is right for me. And as a
specialist in agriculture I can use my knowledge and practice on vermiculture in my
future career. I want to be a farmer.
This method is simple, effective, convenient, and noiseless. It saves water,
energy, landfills, and helps rebuild the soil. The worms ability to convert organic
waste into nutrient-rich material reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers.
16
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http://www.worms4earth.com
http://www.herper.com/earthworms/earthworms-culture.html
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Appendix 1
Anatomy of earthworms.
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Appendix 2
In the vermicomposting farm
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Appendix 3
Our experiment
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