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ANCIENT EGYPT
CHAPTER 3
http://prezi.com/cslinzw7senj/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0share
History of Ancient Egypt Video (partial Prezi)
Mrs. Jacobs
2016
SECTION 1: GEOGRAPHY OF THE NILE
OBJECTIVES
• FIND OUT HOW THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE
NILE CHANGES AS THE RIVER RUNS ITS
COURSE.
• LEARN ABOUT THE TYPES OF COMMUN ITES
THAT FIRST APPEARED ALONG THE NILE, AND
HOW THE NILE WAS USED FOR TRADE.
SECTION 1: GEOGRAPHY OF THE NILE
VOCABULARY
• Nubia –ancient region in the Nile River Valley,
on the site of present-day southern Egypt
and northern Sudan.
• Cataract – a large waterfall, any strong food
or rush of water
• Delta – a plain at the mouth of a river formed
when sediment is deposited by flowing water
• Silt – fine soil found on river bottoms
SECTION 1: THE COURSE OF THE NILE RIVER
• The Nile River is the world’s longest river.
• It flows north from its sources in East Africa from the
Mediterranean Sea for more than 4,000 miles (from
New York to Alaska).
• The Nile River has two sources:
• The Blue Nile-rises in the highlands of present day
Ethiopia and races down to the desert in
thundering torrents
• The White Nile-calmer than the Blue Nile, begins
deep in East Africa and flows northward through
swamps
• Both rivers meet in present-day Sudan, then through
desert sands to the Mediterranean Sea
SECTION 1: THE COURSE OF THE NILE RIVER CONT.
• Just north of where the Blue and White Nile
meets, the northern tip of the S bend is at the city
of Aswan.
• This stretch of the Nile was Nubia, an ancient
region in the Nile River Valley.
• The Nubian section of the Nile contained 6
cataracts, or rock filled rapids.
•Between the
1st & 2nd
cataracts was
Lower Nubia
(low numbers)
•Between the
2nd & 6th
cataracts was
Upper Nubia
(upper
numbers)
SECTION 1:
THE COURSE OF THE
NILE RIVER CONT.
• Lower Nubia
– Desert and granite mountains
lined the riverbank
– Very little land for farming
– Rarely rained in this area
– People had to live close to the Nile
for water supply
• Upper Nubia
– Rains
– People planted in the fall and
harvested in the spring
– Farmland was very narrow, 2 miles
wide on both sides of the river
SECTION 1: THE COURSE OF THE NILE RIVER CONT.
• The Nile ran for 700 miles through Egypt from the 1st
cataract to the Mediterranean Sea through Upper Egypt.
– About 6 miles of fertile soil on both sides of river
• To the north, the Nile
spreads out to form a fertile,
marshy area called Lower Egypt.
• Deserts stretched on each
side of the riverbanks
• At the end of the Nile to the
north, the river splits into
different streams that empty
into the Mediterranean Sea.
• These streams form a delta,
a plain at the mouth of a river.
SECTION 1: THE COURSE OF THE NILE RIVER CONT.
• Every spring, waters began to rush downstream
bringing a rich fertile sediment called silt, a fine
soil found on river bottoms.
• By late summer, the Nile spilled over its banks all
the way to the delta, depositing a thick layer of
silt, making the land ideal for farming.
• Egyptians praised Hapi, the god of the Nile.
• Ancient Egyptians called their land Kemet, the
black land, because of the dark soil left by the
floods.
SECTION 1: THE COURSE OF THE NILE RIVER CONT.
• The hot sands shielded Egypt and Nubia from foreign
attacks, protection Mesopotamia didn’t have.
• Over a period of 2,000 years, Egypt and Nubia faced few
invasions.
• Beyond the fertile river banks lay the RED LAND, desert,
not friendly to human life, giving the Egyptians great
protection form invasion.
SECTION 1: THE GROWTH OF COMMUNITIES
AND TRADE ALONG THE NILE
• Settled hunting and fishing communities may have appeared in
Nubia around 6000 B.C.
• Nubians formed settlements before they began to farm, unlike the
Mesopotamians.
• Egypt’s early farming communities settled in the delta and valley
regions of the Nile.
• To the south, in Upper Egypt,
people built scattered farming
villages along the banks of the
Nile.
• Since Nubia had less farmland,
they added to their diets by
fishing and hunting ducks and
birds.
SECTION 1: THE GROWTH OF COMMUNITIES
AND TRADE ALONG THE NILE CONT.
• In Egypt, the Nile was used to transport goods.
• Caravans loaded with gold, silver, copper, and fine pottery
traveled overland trade routes.
• Valuable goods such
as cedar from the coast
of the Mediterranean
sea (remember
Phoenicians) and gold
from Nubia were sold
in the bazaars of
Egypt’s towns.
SECTION 1: THE GROWTH OF COMMUNITIES
AND TRADE ALONG THE NILE CONT.
• Because of the cataracts through Nubia, people
could not travel the river.
• The Nubians developed trade routes by land,
carrying goods from central Africa and Nubian into
Egypt and southwestern Asia and brought other
goods back.
• One Nubian caravan of 300 donkeys carried ebony
wood, ivory from elephant tusks, ostrich feathers
and eggs, panther skins, and throw sticks, (a type
of boomerang for hunting).
Questions to consider:
1. What is the world’s longest river?
2. In which direction does the Nile flow from Central Africa?
And then on to the_____
3. How many miles does the Nile River stretch?
4. From which two United States would it stretch?
5. What are the two sources of the Nile River?
6. In which present-day country do the two sources meet?
7. What is the marshy region of the Nile River near the
Mediterranean sea?
8. What is the significance of the ancient Egyptians calling their
land “kemet-the black land? Why?
9. What is the “red land”?
10. What prevents people from traveling through Nubia?
11. How did the Nubians trade if they couldn’t travel the river?
SECTION 2: THE RULERS OF EGYPT
OBJECTIVES
• LEARN ABOUT THE HISTORY OF KINGSHIP IN
ANCIENT EGYPT.
• FIND OUT ABOUT EGYPT’S
ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING EACH OF THE
THREE KINGDOM PERIODS.
• UNDERSTAND WHAT CHARACTERIZED THE
RULE OF EGYPT DURING THE NEW KINGDOM
PERIOD.
SECTION 2: THE RULERS OF EGYPT
VOCABULARY
• Pharaoh – the title of the kings of ancient Egypt
• Dynasty – a series of rulers from the same family
or ethnic group
• Absolute power – complete control over someone
or something
• Regent – someone who rules for a child until the
child is old enough to rule
SECTION 2: EGYPTIAN KINGSHIP
• The history of ancient Egypt is the history of each of
its dynasties, a series of rulers from the same family
or ethnic group.
• Egypt had 31 dynasties, until it was conquered in 332
B.C.
• Historians group Egypt’s dynasties into three major
time periods, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New
Kingdom.
• Remember, kingdoms are not places, they are time
periods.
– The gaps between time periods were times of troubles,
such as wars, invasions, or weak rulers, but were rare, most
of Egypt’s rule was stable.
SECTION 2: EGYPTIAN KINGSHIP
CONT.
• According to legend, Egypt’s first dynasty began when a king
named Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt.
– Built a city named Memphis near present-day Cairo
– He ruled both lands
• Pharaohs had absolute power,
complete control over their
people.
• Pharaohs could turn to
advisors for help or appeal
to Ma’at, the goddess of truth,
either way, whatever the pharaoh
decided became law.
• Ancient Egyptians believed that
their pharaohs were the earthly form
of Horus, the falcon god, or god-kings.
SECTION 2: EGYPTIAN KINGSHIP CONT.
The Old Kingdom:
• Also known as the pyramid kingdom, builders begin Great
Pyramid
• Pharaohs kept peace and traded with Nubia, with
occasional conflicts.
• Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, governors in the
provinces began to challenge the power of the pharaohs
government.
• Egypt’s unity crumbled and
the dynasties grew weak.
• Great Sphinx statue is
completed
SECTION 2: EGYPTIAN KINGSHIP CONT.
The Middle Kingdom:
• The early rulers restored order and reunited the country.
• Pharaohs spent the nation’s
wealth on public works, like
constructing buildings and
irrigation projects, instead of
wars.
• Egypt grew richer.
• Weaker and less able rulers
followed.
• Lost control of the country to foreign rulers.
• Egypt expands to Lower Nubia.
• Literature and art flourish.
SECTION 2: EGYPTIAN KINGSHIP CONT.
• The New Kingdom:
– Egyptian princes became strong enough to drive out foreign
invaders.
– The first pharaohs of
the New Kingdom wanted
to build an empire.
– They created foot
soldiers, mounted warriors,
and charioteers.
– Bronze swords and body
armor made the Egyptians
nearly unbeatable.
SECTION 2: EGYPTIAN KINGSHIP CONT.
– King Tutankhamen ruled during this period
while he was still a child, until his death at 18.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM
• In 1504 Thutmose III, a child, began his reign.
• Because he was a child, his stepmother was appointed regent,
someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to
rule.
• His stepmother was Hatshepsut,
who was not happy being regent,
so she proclaimed herself pharaoh,
who ruled for 15 years.
• Hatshepsut was a good
ruler for Egypt.
• She was a bold leader who is most
known for creating a time of great
peace and economic success.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM CONT.
• She encouraged trade with faraway places, sending a
famous expedition to the land of Punt, east coast of
Africa.
• Egyptian traders brought shiploads of ivory, leopard
skins, and special trees used to make incense.
• When Thutmose III grew up, Hatshepsut refused to
give up her throne to him.
• After her death, Thutmose III destroyed all her
statues.
• It is still unknown if Thutmose III had anything to do
with her death.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM CONT.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM CONT.
• Thutmose III became one of the greatest pharaohs of
the New Kingdom.
• He led his army in wars against Syria and Phoenicia.
• His troops advanced as far east as the Euphrates River
and south into Nubia.
• Thutmose III was educated and loved to study plants.
• He treated those he defeated with mercy, unlike most
rulers of his time.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM CONT.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM CONT.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM CONT.
• Toward the end of the New Kingdom, Egypt declined.
• Civil war left Egypt weak and poorly defended.
• In 332 B.C., long after the
New Kingdom ended,
Egypt fell to the famous
conqueror, Alexander the
Great of Macedonia.
• The Macedonians ruled
for 300 years.
• In 51 B.C., Queen Cleopatra VII became the last
Macedonian ruler of Egypt, sharing her throne with other
members of her family until Egypt was conquered by the
Romans.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM CONT.
• Egypt became part of the
Roman Empire in 31 B.C.
• Cleopatra suspected that
the Romans were going to
parade her through Egypt
to celebrate their victory.
• To avoid this embarrassment,
Cleopatra committed suicide
by snake bite.
• Egypt did not govern itself
for another 2,000 years.
SECTION 2: RULE DURING
THE NEW KINGDOM CONT.
SECTION 3: EGYPTIAN RELIGION
OBJECTIVES
• LEARN ABOUT EGYPTIAN GODS AND
GODDESSES.
• FIND OUT ABOUT THE EGYPTIANS’ BELIEF IN
THE AFTERLIFE.
• DISCOVER HOW AND WHY THE PHARAOHS’
TOMBS WERE BUILT.
SECTION 3: EGYPTIAN RELIGION
VOCABULARY
• Afterlife – a life after death
• Mummy – a dead body preserved in lifelike
condition
• Pyramid – a huge building with four sloping
triangle-shaped sides, built as royal tombs in
Egypt
• Giza – an ancient Egyptian city; the site of the
Great Pyramid
SECTION 3: EGYPTIAN GODS
AND GODDESSES
• Like Sumerian city-states, each Egyptian town
had their own gods and goddesses with their
own temples.
• These included gods who were often shown
with human bodies with animal heads.
• All Egyptians also worshipped certain
principal gods, such as the sun god, Amon-Re,
and Horus, the falcon god.
SECTION 3: EGYPTIAN GODS
AND GODDESSES CONT.
• Amon-Re
– Chief god
– Protected the rich and the poor
– Was born in the morning in the
east with the sunrise
– Died in evening with the
setting sun, the reason the desert
area to the west was believed to
be the home of the dead
SECTION 3: EGYPTIAN GODS
AND GODDESSES CONT.
• Osiris
– God of the living and dead
– Married to the goddess, Isis
• Isis
– Worshipped as the great mother who protected her
children
• Horus
– Sky god
– Child of Osiris and Isis
ISIS
OSIRIS
HORUS
SECTION 3: BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE
• Ancient Egyptians believed the spirits of the dead
made their way to the afterlife in heavenly boats.
• If they pleased the gods, they would join Osiris and
live a life of ease and pleasure, eating and drinking
and visiting with friends who have died.
• During the Old Kingdom, the afterlife was thought
to be only for kings and their associates, but in the
Middle Kingdom, people of all classes looked
forward to an afterlife.
• Before pyramids, most Egyptians were buried in
shallow pits.
Khufu’s ship, found in his temple, the
Great Pyramid at Giza.
SECTION 3: BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE CONT.
• Egypt’s climate dried out a person’s remains
creating a mummy, the preserved body of a dead
person.
• According to beliefs, the soul would leave the
mummy, but return to it to receive food offerings.
• The preserved appearance of the body allowed it
to be recognized by the person’s spirit.
• By the Fourth Dynasty, Egyptians had begun to
practice mummification, artificially preserving the
bodies before burial.
SECTION 3: BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE CONT.
• Mummification was expensive and took 2-3 months.
1. Workers removed the organs
2. The body was filled with a natural salt
3. It was stored for about 40 days, completely drying it
out
4. The body was cleaned and bathed in spices
5. It was wrapped with long linen bandages.
• Artisans were busy carving the coffin.
• Pharaohs actually had 3 or 4 coffins nesting inside one
inside another like boxes.
• The inner coffin was shaped like the human body with
a face painted on the cover.
SECTION 3: BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE CONT.
• Mummification focused on
Egyptian belief of the
importance of preserving
the body
• Afterlife would be spent
enjoying best of life
experiences
• Body covered with natron
and dried for up to 70 days
• Body wrapped in linen
coated with resins and oils
• Middle Kingdom became
customary to place a mask
over the face
• https://youtu.be/L9k5NuJL
UkQ
• Removal of organs (lungs,
stomach, intestines, liver) in
Canopic Jars were closed with
stoppers fashioned in the shape
of four heads -- human, baboon,
falcon, and jackal - representing
the four protective spirits called
the Four Sons of Horus.
• brain was sucked out of the
cranial cavity and thrown away
because the Egyptian's thought
it was useless.
SECTION 3: PHARAOH’S TOMB
• Planning for a pharaoh’s tomb began soon after he
was crowned.
• Pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty build the largest and
most famous tombs.
• Pyramids, huge building with four sloping triangleshaped sides.
• Most pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom.
• The largest is the Great Pyramid, for Khufu.
• The Great Pyramid was built in the ancient city of
Giza.
• The Great Pyramid is made up of more than 2 million
stones, each stone weighs about 5,000 pounds.
SECTION 3: PHARAOH’S TOMB CONT.
HISTORY OF OUR WORLD TEXT, PAGE 83
SECTION 3: PHARAOH’S TOMB CONT.
• Building the pyramids required a great deal of
organization.
• Could take more than 20 years to build.
• Built on the west bank of the Nile (land of the dead).
• Engineers set the Pyramid square so that the sides
faced the main points of the compass: N, S, E, & W.
• Workers then cut the stones from nearby quarries.
• Finer stone for the outside came from far away, some
came from Nubia.
• They were loaded onto barges and carried to the
building site either along the Nile or along canals near
the Nile.
SECTION 3: PHARAOH’S TOMB CONT.
• To get the stones into place, workers used sleds,
wooded rollers, and levers.
• They dragged and pushed the huge blocks up
ramps of packed rubble to the level they were
working on.
• Dangerous work
• Each year, lives were lost, crushed by falling blocks.
• But the workers believed in the importance of
their work.
• Building a pyramid was an act of faith.
• It ensured the pharaoh’s place in the afterlife.
SECTION 3: PHARAOH’S TOMB CONT.
https://youtu.be/uUPY71S9avo?list=UUQnbHbBc8d_a_nFrGhVPe7w (3 MINS.)
https://youtu.be/lotbZQ55SgU (6.3O MINS.)
https://youtu.be/K7HJNBiGcP0
DIGGING FOR THE TRUTH-PYRAMIDS (44 MINS.)
SECTION 4: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CULTURE
OBJECTIVES
• FIND OUT ABOUT THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.
• LEARN ABOUT WRITING IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
• DISCOVER ADVANCES MADE BY THE
EGYPTIANS IN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE.
SECTION 4: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
CULTURE VOCABULARY
• Hieroglyphics – pictures and other written
symbols that stand for ideas, things, or sounds.
• Papyrus –an early form of paper made from a
reed plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile
delta, the plant used to make this paper.
• Astronomer –a scientist who studies the stars
and other objects in the sky.
SECTION 4: THE LIVES OF THE EGYPTIANS
• Most of what we know about Egyptian life is based
on paintings that cover the walls of tombs and
temples and written records.
• Historians use art to learn about Egypt’s social
class.
• People could rise in Egypt’s social classes through
service to the Pharaoh.
– Pharaoh
– Priests, members of pharaoh’s court, nobles (small
upper class)
– Merchants, skilled workers (middle class)
– Peasants (lowest class, also the largest)
SECTION 4: THE LIVES OF THE EGYPTIANS CONT.
• Prisoners captured in wars were made slaves.
• Slaves formed a separate class that wasn’t very
large.
• Egyptian slaves had rights.
– They could own personal items
– They could inherit land from their masters
– They could be set free
• Peasants could own land, but usually worked the
land of wealthier people.
• However, during the flood season, they worked on
roads, temples, and other building projects.
SECTION 4: THE LIVES OF THE EGYPTIANS CONT.
• As soon as the flood was over, they had to plant the
fields, working quickly while the soil was still moist.
• One farmer plowed
the black earth with a
team of oxen, while
another followed behind,
scattering seeds.
• Harvest was the busiest
season for Egypt’s peasants.
• All men, women, and
Children gathered the crops of wheat or
barley, working from sunrise to sunset.
• Once the crop was gather, the villagers feasted,
offering food and drink to the gods in thanks.
SECTION 4: THE LIVES OF THE EGYPTIANS CONT.
• Egyptian women
– Looked upon as living models of Isis, the wife of Osiris
– They had most of the rights men had
– They could own property, run businesses, and enter legal
contracts
– Traveled about freely
– Supervised farm work or hunting
– Formed roles of priestess to dancer
• Noble Women (higher class)
– In charge of temples or religious rites
– Used their position to influence the pharaoh
– Acted as regents (until the pharaoh was old enough to rule
on his own)
SECTION 4: WRITING IN ANCIENT EGYPT
• In ancient Egypt, as in Mesopotamia, ideas were
written down in picture like symbols called
hieroglyphs.
– Some pictures stand for ideas or things, other pictures
stand for sound
• Egyptians began to use hieroglyphs to keep track of
the kingdom’s growing wealth.
• At first, the Egyptians wrote on clay and stone, as the
Sumerians did.
• For convenience, they moved to papyrus, an early
form of paper made from a reed found in the marshy
areas of the Nile delta.
https://youtu.be/mBnEMUvlNvI how to make
papyrus
SECTION 4: WRITING IN ANCIENT EGYPT CONT.
• The meaning of Egypt’s hieroglyphics writing was lost
in the 400s A.D.
• Scholars couldn’t read the pictures.
• In 1799, a soldier digging a fort near the Nile found a
large black stone with three different types of writing
on it.
– 1. the upper part showed hieroglyphs
– 2. the middle part showed a later Egyptian script called
demotic
– 3. the lower part showed Greek letters
• This stone is called the Rosetta stone because it was
found near Rosetta, a city in the Nile delta.
• The 3 texts on the stone had all the same meaning.
SECTION 4: WRITING IN ANCIENT EGYPT CONT.
• Although it was difficult to use the Greek letters to
read the hieroglyphs, in 1820s, a young French
scholar, Jean Francois Champollion, finally figured
it out.
• This opened a new window into the world of
ancient Egypt.
SECTION 4: WRITING IN ANCIENT EGYPT CONT.
• Math– Egyptians could add, subtract, multiply, and divide
– They also used simple fractions
– Used math to measure stone for pyramids
– Used geometry to measure area to figure taxes of a
plot of land
SECTION 4: WRITING IN ANCIENT EGYPT CONT.
• Medicine– Religion and medicine were closely related
– Doctors were specially trained priests who used religious
practices and their knowledge of illnesses to try to heal the
sick.
– Probably because of their work on mummies, the ancient
Egyptians knew a great deal about the body, making them
able to perform surgery , set broken bones, and treat minor
injuries.
– Understood herbalism, the practice of creating medicines
from plates, to help ease everyday illnesses such as
stomachaches and headaches.
– Mothers prepared their own home remedies, or cures, to
reduce children’s fevers.
– Egyptians wrote medical knowledge on papyrus, later used
by the ancient Greeks and Romans.