Download Gigantic Overview of Some Stuff That Mattered

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World History PBL
Gigantic Overview of Some Stuff That Mattered
Pre-PBL Notes and Information
Name:
Period:
1. French Wars (Calvinists
vs. Catholics)
Huguenots (French Protestants influenced by John Calvin) 7% of French
population. Fought the Catholics. When Henry of Navarre came to throne in 1589
(a Huguenot) in Navarre, he converted to Catholicism to be accepted. Became king
of France in 1594. Edict of Nantes settled it – Catholicism official religion of France,
but Huguenots had right to worship and enjoy all privileges.
2. Philip II and Militant
Catholicism
Philip II, a champion of Catholicism, resents English tolerance of Protestants.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 means that England will remain Protestant
3. Elizabeth’s England
Tudor monarchs bring stability and prosperity to England. The Act of Supremacy is
passed. Foreign policy is moderate. Spain is defeated in 1588.
4. Witchcraft Trials
During the 16th and 17th centuries an intense hysteria lead to more than a hundred
thousand people being charged with witchcraft, a belief in magic. More than 75%
of those accused were women. (Single or widowed or over 50). Intense torture
led to many false confessions.
5. Thirty Years’ War
Involved: Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire, Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain.
France emerged stronger at end. Protestants made gains. Germany didn’t fare
well. Calvinism not recognized; nobles rebelled against Hapsburgs, France Spain,
and Holy Roman Empire wanted European leadership. Effects: all German states
could determine own religion, major contenders gained land, Holy Roman Empire
ended.
6. Revolutions in England
Stuarts came to throne – James I (Elizabeth’s cousin) He believed in the divine right
of kings – that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.
Parliament disagreed. (Thought it should be done together). Puritans (inspired by
Calvin) didn’t like James I strong defense of Church of England and wanted it more
Protestant. Got worse under James I son, Charles I. Cavaliers (supporting king)
and Roundheads (parliament) fought in civil war of 1642. Oliver Cromwell helped
the parliament win. He ruled till his death, then Charles II (Catholic) took over.
When he died his brother, James II took over. Later – Glorious Revolution (William
and Mary, James II’s daughter) took over and finally restored some peace by
guaranteeing rights -
7. France under Louis XIV
Absolutism, where a ruler holds total power, described the monarchy of King Louis
XIV. He was imitated throughout Europe in his style of leadership, culture, and
manner of diplomacy, war, and rule. He controlled the machinery of government
at Versailles by living and watching over every move. He kept nobles and royal
princes so busy that they rarely opposed his policies. As a result, King Louis XIV
had complete authority over foreign policy, the Church, and taxes. Those he had
difficulty controlling (local authorities) he bribed to see that his policies were
carried out.
8. Absolutism in Central
and Eastern Europe
Prussia’s Frederick William the Great Elector and son, Frederick I – built large army
to defend weak borders after 30 yr war. (40,000) Levied huge taxes and lead
government.
Austria’s Hapsburgs – kept the many territories “together” due to Hapsburg loyalty
Russia’s Peter the Great – brought western customs to Russia
9. European Culture –
Baroque
Baroque style was known for its use of dramatic effects to arouse the emotions.
Baroque churches and palaces were magnificent and richly detailed. Gian Lorenzo
Bernini was a great Italian baroque artist, who completed St. Peter’s Basilica in
Rome. The purpose of the baroque style of art was most likely to impress the
viewer with the power of the church.
10. European Culture –
England’s Shakespeare
The era of drama, the Elizabethan period in England was a time when even the
poor could attend plays – and Shakespeare’s plays pleased nobles, lawyers,
merchants, and vagabonds. Shakespeare: playwright, actor, shareholder in theatre
company (Lord Chamberlain’s Men). Famous theatres: the Globe, the Black friars.
11. European Culture –
Political Thought
Hobbes – In 1651 wrote Leviathan (Before society organized: life was poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. Humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by a
ruthless struggle for self-preservation). To Hobbes, rebellion must be suppressed.
Absolute power was needed to preserve order in society.
Locke – In 1690 wrote Two Treatises of Government (Argued against absolute rule
of one person. Before society organized: humans lived equally and free. Humans
had natural rights – born with… life, liberty, and property. To protect natural
rights people agreed to establish a government and a contract existed btw people
and govt. If govt failed to live up to the obligation, people might form a new govt.
He wasn’t an advocate of democracy – mostly thought of landholders, etc. But
proved to be important to Americans and French.
12. Scientific Revolution –
Astronomy
Ptolemy (lived in 2nd century) used ideas of Aristotle and Christianity and created a
Ptolemaic system – places the Earth at the center of the universe. (geocentric)
Universe is a system of concentric spheres. Earth is fixed and motionless at center.
Copernicus and Kepler – May 1543, Copernicus (mathematician) published On the
Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres – placed the sun at the center, planets
revolved around the Sun and moon around Earth; daily rotation of Earth on axis
and journey of Earth around Sun each year. Kepler (German): laws of planetary
motion. Confirm Sun at center, orbits of planets around Sun not circular but
elliptical – Kepler’s First Law.
Galileo – mathematician: observed heavens w/ telescope – mountains on moon,
material substance as Earth. The Starry Messenger in 1610.
Newton (greatest genius of Scientific Revolution) – England, mathematician.
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy known as Principia – three laws of
motion. Argument based on his universal law of gravitation. Gravity is a force
which attracts every object to another.
13. Scientific Revolution –
Medicine and
Chemistry
Galen (mistakes using animals, not humans) Vesalius 1543 book On the Fabric of
the Human Body dissect humans and reported on individual organs and structure
of body. William Harvey – heart was beginning point of circulatory system, blood
makes complete circuit through body. Robert Boyle conducted controlled
experiments. Boyle’s Law (volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.)
and Lavoisier named chemical elements still use today.
14. Scientific Revolution –
Reason and Scientific
Method
French philosopher, Rene Descartes – Discourse on Method (1637) mind and
matter are completely separate; father of rationalism – reason is the chief source
of knowledge. Scientific Method – systematic procedure for collecting and
analyzing evidence. Francis Bacon (English philosopher) believed to use inductive
reasoning to learn about nature. (From particular to general) test hypotheses.
Mater: not dead or inert but detached from themselves that could be investigated
independently by reason.
15. Enlightenment –
Philosophers and Ideas
Montesquieu – The Spirit of the Laws (1748) 3 basic kinds of govts 1) republics,
good for small states 2) despotism, large states 3) monarchies, moderate-size He
believed England had 3 branches executive (monarch), legislative (parliament), and
judicial (courts) – function through separation of powers
Voltaire – criticism of Christianity, 1763, Treatise of Toleration “all men are
brothers under God” championed deism – reason and natural law, mechanic (God)
created universe, allowed to run without interference
Diderot – Encyclopedia (1751-72) attacked religious superstition and called for
social, legal, and political improvements that lead society to be more tolerant and
humane. Spread to doctors, clergymen, teachers, and lawyers.
Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations (1776) laissez-faire – let (people) do (what they
want) state should not interfere in economic matters. Roles: protect society,
defend citizens from injustice, and keep up public works.
Rousseau – The Social Contract (1762) society agrees to be governed by its general
will, which will represent what’s best for entire community. Also in Emile (novel)
said that education should foster and not restrict children’s natural instincts.
Mary Wollstonecraft – English writer – A Vindication of the Rights of Women
argued that those that said women must obey men also said govt based on
arbitrary power of monarchs over subjects was wrong.
Salon- elegant drawing rooms of wealthy upper class – brought together people
John Wesley – Methodism, Anglican minister – conversion experience; gave lower
classes sense of purpose and community. Methodism became Protestant group.
16. Enlightenment – Impact
Rococo – emphasized grace, charm and gentle action.
on the Arts
Bach – renowned organist and German composer; Handel – German composed
religious music (Handel’s Messiah); Haydn – The Creation and The Seasons; Mozart
– child prodigy wrote music passionately. Henry Fielding, Englishman, wrote
novels about people w/out morals who survive by their wits.
17. Enlightenment – Impact
on Absolutism
Enlightened absolutism – rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while
maintaining royal powers.
Frederick II, Frederick the Great – Prussia, one of best educated and most cultured
monarchs in 18th century. (Invited Voltaire to live for a few yrs.) Enlarged army and
strict watch over bureaucracy. He abolished use of torture (exc. Treason/murder)
Maria Theresa – Austria, worked to alleviate conditions of the serfs.
Catherine the Great – Russia, German wife of Peter III, intelligent woman favored
enlightened reforms. Invited Diderot and listened but knew she couldn’t get
Russian nobility to support. She favored the landed nobility and that led to
rebellion. But she expanded the Russian territory. Seven Years War – War of
Austrian Succession fought in Prussia, Far East, and North America. (1740-1748)
18. Colonial Empires
Portugal – Brazil; Spain – parts of NAmer, CAmer, and most of SAmer. Mestizos –
offspring of Europeans and Native Americans; Mulattoes – offspring of Africans
and Europeans.
By 1763 Britain had become the world’s greatest colonial power.
19. American Revolution
British leaders needed new revenue after the Seven Years’ War and to maintain
their army to defend the colonies. 1765 imposed the Stamp Act. Opposition was
great. First Continental Congress in 1774 wanted to fight, but waited. 1776,
Second Continental Congress, formed army with Washington as commander and
issued Declaration of Independence. French supplied arms and money to rebels.
Spain and Dutch Republic entered war against England. Yorktown ended it in
1781. Rebels won.
20. New Nation – Articles,
Constitution, Bill of
Rights
Established govt under Articles of Confederation. (lacked power of a strong central
govt and deal w/ problems) So, Constitutional Convention. Wrote the
Constitution. Needed the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) to “sell” it to states.