Download Digestive and Endocrine Systems

Chapter 35
Section 1: The Digestive System
Section 2: Nutrition
Section 3: The Endocrine System
Section 1: The
Digestive
System
Objective Questions
1. What is the function of the digestive
system?
2. What are the major organs involved?
3. What other systems does the digestive
system work with?
Function :
to break down food into a form
usable by cells
Organs of the Digestive System
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Liver
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
Organs
Job
Mouth
Esophagus
Enzyme
mechanical and chemical digestion
move food to stomach
•
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
mechanical and chemical digestion
release enzyme to digest fat
Pepsin, HCl
Bile
release enzymes to digest carbs, fats, proteins
Small intestine
Large intestine
mechanical and chemical digestion,
absorption of nutrients
reabsorption of water
What Systems Work With The
Digestive System?
1. Nervous System….. Hungry? Full?
2. Circulatory System… delivery
Section 3
The Endocrine
System
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
The Endocrine
System…
Is composed of glands that
release hormones directly
into the blood stream.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Hormone:
substance that acts on certain
target cells and tissues to
produce a specific response.
Major Endocrine Glands
In the head: Hypothalamus, Pituitary
In the neck: Thyroid, Parathyroid
In the upper torso: Thymus
In the lower torso: Adrenals, Pancreas,
Ovaries or Testes
The hypothalamus links the nervous
system to the endocrine system.
The Pituitary Gland:
The Master Gland
Regulates other glands and…
growth,
The Thyroid Gland controls
metabolism and blood calcium
The four parathyroid glands sit on
the back side of the thyroid gland.
They secrete a hormone that
regulates blood calcium levels
Adrenal Glands :
Aldosterone –
(Kidney)Sodium Levels
Adrenalin/Norepinephrine –
(Heart, metabolism)
Fight or Flight
Cortisol –
Blood glucose levels (liver),
inflammation control
Pancreas
Controls Blood Glucose
Also many
Levels
Insulin:
Digestive
enzymes…
Store
glucose in
Liver
Glucagon:
Release
glucose
into blood
Hormone Regulation
1) antagonistic hormones
(two hormones that have opposite effects).
2) feedback systems
Most hormone systems use negative feedback
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Negative Feedback
Negative feedback
returns a system
to a set point
(normal) once
moves away from
that set point.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Our bodies function within a range.
Threshold
Set Point
The range is found between the set point
and a threshold.
Figure 45.9 Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in mammals
Figure 45.10 Glucose homeostasis maintained by insulin and glucagon
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
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Visualizing the
Endocrine
System
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From drive
Visualizing
the Endocrine
System
Diabetes: an Endocrine System Disorder
 Insulin lowers the blood sugar level by stimulating body cells to absorb
glucose.
 Glucagon stimulates the release of glucose into the blood stream.
 Insulin deficiency causes diabetes mellitus: a condition of abnormally high
blood glucose concentration. 2 types of diabetes: I and II.
 Type I diabetes is a severe childhood disorder in which insulin-producing
cells die. Usually treated by daily injections of insulin into the blood.
 Type II diabetes occurs usually after age 40, more common and less severe
than type I. Although it’s hereditary, onset usually co-relates with obesity. Can
be controlled with diet and exercise.
 Results of insulin loss: dehydration, kidney damage, neuropathy, nausea,
diabetic coma, sometimes death.
There are two basic types
of hormones…
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Steroid Hormones:
All steroid hormones cause target cells to
begin protein synthesis. Bind to receptors
inside target cells
Examples of steroid hormones include
– Estrogen
– Testosterone
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Amino Acid Hormones
Nonsteroid hormones are
composed of amino
acids.
They bind to receptors
found on the plasma
membrane of a target
cell because they
cannot diffuse through
the plasma membrane
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
What Do I Need to Remember
About the Endocrine System?
*Several glands in body… secrete hormones
*Hypothalamus= links nervous and endocrine
systems
*Pituitary: Master Gland
*Regulate body to maintain homeostasis
*Most run on negative feedback, but some
have antagonistic pairs. (see next slide)
Important Hormones
Calcium : Thyroid/Parathyroid – Calcitonin
Regulation
and Parathyroid Hormone
Blood Sugar: Pancreas –Insulin/Glucagon
Regulation
Metabolism: Thyroid –Thyroxine
Regulation
Growth:
Regulation
Pituitary – HGH
The End
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Negative Feedback
Internal feedback mechanisms
maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Endocrine Glands
and
their hormones
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
 Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland
 Situated at the base
of the brain
 Secretes hormones
that regulate many
body functions
 Regulates other
endocrine glands
• Examples of pituitary hormones:
– Human Growth Hormone
– TSH : thyroid to release thyroxine
– FSH
• Females :release of estrogen
• Males: growth of sperm
– LH
• Females release of egg and progesterone in ovary
• Males release of testosterone in the testes
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
 Thyroid:
 Thyroxine causes cells of the body to
have a higher rate of metabolism.
 Calcitonin is a hormone that is partly
responsible for the regulation of calcium by
lowering blood calcium (bones, kidneys)
 Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium
levels. Tells bones to release calcium or kidneys
and intestines to reabsorb more calcium
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Pancreas
 Crucial role in the
production of enzymes
that digest carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats
 Secretes the hormones
insulin and glucagon
which work together to
maintain homeostasis
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Link to the Nervous System
 The hypothalamus
produces two hormones,
oxytocin and antidiuretic
hormone.
 The antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
functions in homeostasis
by regulating water
balance.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is an enzyme responsible for breaking
down starches into sugars?
A. amylase
B. appendix
C. peristalsis
D. pepsin
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Cellulose is an example of what type of food?
A. fat
B. protein
C. carbohydrate
D. vegetable
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which glands play a role in the “fight or flight”
response?
A. adrenal
B. pituitary
C. parathyroid
D. thyroid
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative
Questions
What type of digestion is carried out by the
action of smooth muscles in the stomach
and small intestine?
A. chemical digestion
B. mechanical digestion
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative
Questions
Where does the chemical digestion of
starches begin?
A. mouth
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. large intestine
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative
Questions
In what type of solution is the enzyme pepsin
most active?
A. acidic solution
B. buffered solution
C. gaseous solution
D. concentrated sugar solution
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative
Questions
What is the primary function of the large
intestine?
A. absorption of water from chyme
B. chemical breakdown of feces
C. excretion of acids and hormones
D. mechanical digestion of lipids
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative
Questions
What is glycogen?
A. a complex carbohydrate found in fruits
B. a form of glucose stored in the liver
C. a lipoprotein found in meat and fish
D. a simple sugar carried by the blood
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative
Questions
True or False
Fats are an important part of a healthy diet.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative
Questions
What nutrients are released by the digestion
of proteins, absorbed into the bloodstream,
and reassembled into proteins in body cells?
A. amino acids
B. folic acids
C. glycerols
D. vitamins
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative
Questions
Which nutrients contain the most energy,
gram for gram?
A. carbohydrates
B. fats
C. proteins
D. vitamins
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative
Questions
Which substances are necessary for proper
nerve conduction and muscle contraction?
A. Vitamins A and E
B. Vitamins B2, B6, and B12
C. the minerals Ca, Na, and K
D. the minerals Fe, Cu, and Zn
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative
Questions
Which type of
hormone sends
a message from
outside the cell to
an enzyme inside
the cell?
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative
Questions
A. amino acid hormone
B. diuretic hormone
C. steroid hormone
D. transmembrane hormone
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative
Questions
Which gland responds to a stressful situation
by producing a hormone that increases heart
rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and
blood sugar levels?
A. adrenal gland
B. hypothalamus
C. parathyroid gland
D. pituitary gland
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative
Questions
What other two hormones are secreted by
the adrenal glands?
A. aldosterone and cortisol
B. calcitonin and PTH
C. estrogen and hGH
D. oxytocin and ADH
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative
Questions
How does this
system maintain
homeostasis
through negative
feedback?
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative
Questions
A. It combines the affects of two different
endocrine glands.
B. It inhibits the affect of hormones other than
ADH.
C. It involves both the endocrine and nervous
systems.
D. It maintains a particular range of water
volume in the blood.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Describe what
causes heartburn.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Answer: If the sphincter in the upper part
of the stomach leaks, some of the
acid moves into the esophagus
causing heartburn.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Describe the function of the antidiuretic
hormone.
A. absorb sodium
B. raise blood glucose levels
C. regulate water balance
D. lower blood calcium
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the primary function of the liver?
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment
Questions
A. produce enzymes
B. produce hormones
C. produce bile
D. produce protein
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test
Practice
Which organ stores
bile and releases it
when needed?
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test
Practice
How does this structure aid in the digestive
process?
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test
Practice
A. It increases surface area.
B. It mechanically digests food.
C. It secretes digestive enzymes.
D. It traps foreign particles.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test
Practice
True or False
People should minimize their intake of
foods that contain cellulose because
humans cannot digest cellulose.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test
Practice
Which types of fats are found in corn oil and
olive oil?
A. saturated fats
B. unsaturated fats
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test
Practice
Why does the body need vitamins?
A. They provide energy.
B. They are used to build cells.
C. They help enzymes to function.
D. They recycle nutrient molecules.
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test
Practice
Which hormone is
more likely to be
secreted by the
pancreas during
intense exercise?
A. glucagon
B. insulin
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Image Bank
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 1
mechanical digestion
liver
chemical digestion
villus
amylase
large intestine
esophagus
peristalsis
pepsin
small intestine
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 2
nutrition
Calorie
vitamin
mineral
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 3
endocrine gland
glucagon
hormone
aldosterone
pituitary gland
cortisol
thyroxine
antidiuretic hormone
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
insulin
Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Animation
 Smooth Muscle Contraction
 Steroid Hormone Stimulation
 Amino Acid Hormone Stimulation
 Visualizing the Endocrine System