Download 23.2 Feminism Relg Envi

And now for the rest of the
story…
Liberation: A world theme
Western Europe
• 1960s Protest mvmts around the world
• Example: against bureaucracy, consumerism in
France, student led, but supported by middle
class when police brutality horrifies public
• France withdrawal from NATO
Eastern Europe
• Czechoslovakia: censorship ends, priv ballots
allowed, polt clubs emerge
• Soviet Union feels threatened by “Prague
Spring”; Uses tanks to crush protests
• Simultaneously China experiencing Cult Rev
Third World
• Developed notions that claim new forms of
econ dev; grassroots democracy mvmts
• Che Guevera advocates passionate antiimperialism = seen as hero
• Martyred when Bolivian milt, trained and
backed by US CIA assassinate
• Even popular in W among radicals disgusted
w/own cult materialistic focus
Western Feminism
• Achieved suffrage =
died out
• Revived in 60s
w/demand to
control own body
• Feminine Mystique
in US id’ed crisis of
educated women
unfulfilled by
marriage/
motherhood
• Emphasis now on
empl and educ
opportunity
Feminism in US
• Women live intimately w/oppressors, so
couldn’t even see suffering as polt condition
• SO…women needed to become aware of own
oppression; preferred direct action
• Challenged Miss America pageant
• Supported open discussions about sexuality
Black Feminism in US
• Women of color don’t see concerns of white,
middle-class feminists as relevant to their lives
• Have always worked outside the home
• Feel more solidarity with black men than
separation from them (under civil rts mvmt)
• Focus on racism and poverty of minorities
Feminism in South
• Asia, Africa, LA welcomed by nationalist and
communist leaders = need their support
• Once rev/indep achieved, abandoned women
• Resent W Fem interest in cult matters like
genital cutting/polygamy = cult imperialism!
Samples of Southern Feminism
• E Africa: 27k assoc of women = took on local projects
= water cisterns, schools, create revolving loan
programs
• Morocco: Target Family Law Code (defined women =
minor); successful in overturning in 2004 = can
initiate divorce, claim child custody
• Chile: invisible in public sphere; able to orgz; mvmt
crosses party/class lines, orgz soup kitchens; demand
restoration of democracy
International Feminism
• Gain intl recognition of woman question as
global issue like slavery and empire before
• UN under pressure from women declare
decade of women
• 2006 = 183 nations (but NOT US) ratify UN
convention to eliminate all forms of
discrimination of women
International Feminism
• Sharp divisions w/I global initiatives
• Who has right to speak? Male rep of state?
Radical unofficial participants?
• N/S division becomes issue at intl conferences
• Global backlash = feminism undermines family
life, Islamic world offended = fuels rel revivals
Speaking of Religion…
• With spread of scientific ideologies,
intellectuals believe rel on brink of extinction
• More prominent trend is spread of rel
• Buddhist meditation/yoga adopted in W
• Christianity not European anymore
• Islam migrates with Muslims intl
Fundamentalism
• Militant piety; defensive, assertive stance
against modernity’s corrupting influences
• Modern world threatens customary class,
family, gender, relationships
• Look to the past for ideals
• Extensive educ/propaganda efforts, polt
mobilization, and sometimes violence…
Fundamentalism in US
• Actually started in US as backlash against
Darwinian Evol by liberal interp of Christianity
• Literal interp of scriptures, belief in miracles
• Separation into own churches
• Eventually evolve into “religious right” and
participate in polt arena w/agenda
Fundamentalism in India
• Hindutva (Hindu nationalism) poltz of rel
• Support from urban middle class and uppercaste people who resent state’s toleration of
muslim, sikh, and lower caste interests
Fundamentalism in Islam
• Effort to renew/reform practices of Islam
• Huge disappointments of 70s indep promises
not kept when tech and econ gap grows =
overcrowded cities, unempl, corruption
• Frustrated w/state’s mvmt to privatize rel life
Fundamentalism in Islam
• Islamic alternative to W models of modernity
• Quran/Sharia provide a guide for all life = plan
for Islamic modernity
• Islamic world in decline & subordinate to W
• Effort to return to Islamic principles = Jihad
• “Struggle”/“Striving” to please God
Evolution of Islamic Fundamentalism
• Earliest mvmt 1928 = Egypt Muslim
Brthrhood
• 1970s young, urban, well-educ
adopt modest Islamic dress, more rel
observant
• Govt of Sudan 1980s adopted
Quranic punishments = (amputate
hand of theif)
• Islamic mvmt provide soc serv not
done well by state = growing respect
• Embrace tech in line w/Islamic cult
Islamic Fundamentals get a bad name
• Hamas in Palestine, Hezbollah in Lebanon
both supported by Iran target Israel w/suicide
bombings and rocket attacks
• Response to the Israeli occupations of Arab
lands after Six Day War
Al-Qaeda
• Osama bin Laden = wealthy Saudi Arab creates
Al-Qaeda to fund Afghan resistance (US on
same side against Soviets!!)
• Osama = disillusioned/radicalized when govt
allows infidel US troops in Islamic holy land
• Finds safe haven in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan
• Issue fatwa (rel edict) declaring war on US
Haters gonna hate…
• Many resist being grouped w/fundamentals
• Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Palestine,
Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon all advocate for
interfaith and cross cult dialogue
• Has presence in 100 countries = all reject
Fundamentalist label
• Call for Islamic unity and condemn terrorism
Environmentalism is born
• Begun in the 1960s
• 3 factors that magnify human impact:
• 1)explosion of human population
– 1.6 bill in 1900 to over 7 bill in 2012
– Aided by Green Revolution, GMOs, and
medical advancements
• 2)advanced tapping of fossil fuels
– Hydroelectricity, natural gas, nuclear
power
• 3)increased production of indus rev
– Grew, even if unevenly, by 40x’s!!
Worried much?
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2x’s cropland cultivated
Deforestation
Erosion of soil
Extinction of species
Air pollution
Chlorofluorocarbons
Depletion of ozone layer
Increases of Carbon Dioxide
Global Warming
Going Green
• Begun in 19th cent w/poets Blake/Wordsworth
• Poetry = green and pleasant land lost to
satanic mills of indus rev
• Followed by wilderness idea = preserve
untouched areas (US Nat’l. parks)
When it really took off!
• 1962 Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring exposed
chemical contamination of environment
• 14 mill Amer since joined envi orgz (1 in 7)
• 1972 Limits to Growth warned of resource
exhaustion and collapse of indus soc
• 1980s envi takes hold in PING countries
N vs. S once again
• In PINGs more concerned w/food security,
health, and basic survival
• Connected to mvmt for soc justice
• W defended forests where few live
• PINGs trying to protect livelihood of farmers
herders as their forests/living areas depleted
Western response
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Changed values
Turned away from materialism
Criticism of social hierarchy interwoven
Mobilized mvmts against companies rather
than negotiate with them
Impact?
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Motivated legis aimed at pollution control
Fostered research of renewable energy source
Stimulated UN conferences
Felt N initiatives to curtail indus dev of BRICS
and PINGS unfair
• W argued China/India must agree to limits
• Late 2011, 194 countries create climate
change treaty binding all to agreement
• “One world” thinking = challenge modernity