Download Medical Terminology

Cardiovascular System
Chapter 5
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Anatomy and Physiology
pump and delivery system
 supply trillions of cells with oxygen and
other nutrients vital for survival
 transport cellular waste to appropriate
organs for removal
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Structures
heart - pump
 vessels - container
 blood - liquid
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The Heart
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hollow muscular organ
(cardiac muscle)
pump to circulate blood
blood to oxygenate cells
and remove waste
products
Cardi/o - heart
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Location and Protection
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located between the
lungs and above the
diaphragm
Pericardium
Pericardial Fluid
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
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Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries
angi/o and vas/o
 arteries - carry blood away from heart,
oxygenated blood
 veins - carry blood to the heart,
deoxygenated blood
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Arteries
arteri/o
 blood propelled by heart
 arteries are thick with three layers
 pulse-surge of blood
 oxygenated blood - bright red
 arteries to arterioles to capillaries
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Capillaries
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system of microscopic
vessels
one epithelial cell thick
connect arterial/venous
systems
blood flow much slower
through capillaries to
allow for exchange
blood cells travel in
single file
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Veins
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low-pressure collecting
system
ven/o and phleb/o
venules - small veins
veins have valves
deoxygenated blood
venae cavae - venous
blood to Right Atrium
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Heart
myocardium - muscle layer
 pericardium - sac containing the heart
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Heart
Chambers
Left
Atrium
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Left
Ventricle
Apex
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Internal Heart Chambers
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Heart Valves
Pulmonary Veins
Mitral
Left
Tricuspid
Right
Apex
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Blood Supply to Heart
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Coronary Artery System
– right coronary
– left coronary
» left anterior descending
» circumflex
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Systemic Circulation
– All parts of body except lungs
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Pulmonary Circulation
– pulmonary arterial system
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Conduction System
1-SA Node (Pacemaker)
2-AV Node
3-Bundle of His
4-Perkinje fibers
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Normal Sinus Rhythm
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Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias
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Palpitation: irregular, rapid pulsation of the heart
Fibrillation: heart muscle fibers contract at random with
no coordination
atrial fibrillation (Afib): heart rhythm is fast and
irregular
ventricular fibrillation: severely abnormal heart rhythm
that can be life-threatening
Bradycardia: <60 bpm
Tachycardia: >100 bpm
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Pulse

pulse-rhythmic
expansion and
contraction of an
artery produced by
pressure of blood
moving through the
artery
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Blood Pressure
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Measurement of
amount of pressure
exerted against the
walls of the vessels.
Systolic - highest
pressure result of
ventricular contraction
Diastolic - lowest
pressure when
ventricles relaxed
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Pathology of the Cardiovascular
system
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Atherosclerosis
scleroses
 hypercholesterolemia
 ischemia
 thrombosis, embolus
 occlusion
 aneurysm
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Aneurysm
A localized balloonlike enlargement of
an artery.
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Diseases of coronary circulation
 atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and
sudden death
 myocardial ischemia
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– angina, dyspnea
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myocardial infarction
– diaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea
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Procedures
Opening Blocked Arteries
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Percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PTCA)
Carotid endarterectomy
Coronary artery bypass surgery
– revascularization
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Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHD
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cardiac disability due to
insufficient supply of
oxygenated blood to heart
caused by constriction or
obstruction of coronary artery
Ischemia - deficiency of
blood supply
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Congestive Heart Failure
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Impaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial
infarction, ischemic heart disease, or
cardiomyopathy.
Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently
causes pulmonary congestion; elevated right heart
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Varicose Veins
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Incompetent valves
– esophageal varices
– anal hemorrhoids
– legs
Edema (localized, generalized)
 phlebitis, thrombophlebitis
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Blood Composition
55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)
 45% blood cells
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Blood Types
4 blood types: A, B, AB, O
 Blood type is determined by surface
antigens
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Pharmacology
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Antianginals
antihypertensives
beta blockers
calcium channel blockers
diuretics
heparin
inotropics, cardiotonics
tissue plasminogen activators (TPA)
Statins
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