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Kufa University Medical College Practical physiology 2nd yr Dr.BAN DOSh WBC count also known as leukocyte count test:The WBC count denotes the number of white blood cell per unit volume of whole blood. Methods :1. Manual method. 2. Electronic cell counting. Manual white blood cell count Materials & instruments Anticoagulated whole blood. Turk’s diluting fluid composed of Glacial acetic acid to haemolyse RBCs. Aqueous gention violet to color the nuclei of WBC. Distilled water. Wbc pipette, which is composedof a stem, mixing chamber, white bead inside the mixing chamber, aspiration tube (ruber sucking tube). Haemocytometer (Neubauer’s counting chamber) with cover slip. Microscope. Lancet. Cotton. There are five major types of white blood cells: Basophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) Monocytes Neutrophils A low number of WBCs is called leukopenia. It may be due to: Bone marrow failure (for example, due to infection, tumor, or abnormal scarring) Collagen-vascular diseases (such as lupus erythematosus) Disease of the liver or spleen Radiation A high number of WBCs is called leukocytosis. It may be due to: Anemia Infectious diseases Inflammatory disease (such as rheumatoid arthritis or allergy) Leukemia Severe emotional or physical stress Tissue damage (for example, burn) Normal count ranges from 4500-11000 WBC’s/c.mm Leukemia:-is a group of malignant disordersof the haemopoietic tissue associated with increase in the no.of primitive WBCs(blast cells)in the bone marrow and there will be a failure of cell maturation and the accumulation of useless cells which take up the bone marrow space and eventually this proliferation spills into the blood. Counts that continue to rise or fall to abnormal levels indicate that the condition is getting worse. Counts that return to normal indicate improvement. Physiological factors that affected the number of WBC :1-Pregnancy in the final month and labor may be associated with increased WBC levels. 2-spleenectomy may have a persistent mild to moderate increased WBC count. 3-Diurnal variation the WBC count tends to be lower in the morning and higher in the late afternoon . 4-Age affected the number of WBC count, on average, normal newborns and infants have higher WBC count than adults. 5-Smoking may also cause an increased WBC count. Indications to use this test:1-Conditions or medications that weaken the immune system such as HIV infection, chemotherapy radiotherapy, cause a decrease in WBC count. 2-It used to determine the presence of an infection or leukemia. 3-It used also to help monitor the body‘s response to various treatments. 4-Also to monitor bone marrow function. The volume of one corner square=1/10c.mm Calculation:WBC count (per cubic mm)= N/volume x dilution factor N =number of WBCs counted in 4 large squares. Total volume over 4 large squares =1x1x1/10x4=4/10 cubic mm Dilution factor=20 So wbc=N/4/10 X20= NX50