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Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? Plants, fungi and animals each branched independently from an ancestral protist… Here we will focus on the animal branch… Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla Shown to the right is the animal branch leading to the nine major phyla - know this tree: the criteria for branching (no tissues vs. true tissues, etc…) and the order in which the various phyla branched off. Fig. 18.23 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animals A. Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes B. Obtain nutrients by ingestion - in contrast to fungi, which digest OUTSIDE body and then absorb it C. Lack cell walls found in plants and fungi - use special extracellular matrices and intercellular junction D. Most are diploid and reproduce sexually E. Most have muscle cells for movement and neurons for signaling F. Most are invertebrates (lack a vertebral column or backbone) Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla A. Porifera (pore-bearer in latin) i. sponges ii. Sessile = Stationary (don’t move) iii. Only 9000 species, most (8900) marine (salt water) iv. Radial symmetry - body parts arranged around a central axis Fig. 18.3B Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla A. Porifera (pore-bearer in latin) v. Body has two layers of cells - inner layer of flagellated cells sweep water up through central cavity vi. Suspension (filter) feeders - collect food particles from water passed thru foodtrapping equipment - bacteria that enter pores are trapped in mucus of flagellated cells and engulfed by phagocytosis Fig. 18.3C Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla A. Porifera (pore-bearer in latin) vii. Simples of ALL animals - no nerves - no muscles - believed to have arose very early from earliest animal kingdom ancestor - really just a glorified colony of protists Fig. 18.3C Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? sea anemone I. Animal Phyla B. Cnidarians (coelenterates) i. Hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones and corals ii. Radial symmetry iii. ~10,000 species, mostly marine iv. Two body forms: polyp and medusa Fig. 18.4 Fig. 18.4 - polyp: settled on solid surface with tentacles and mouth opening upward - medusa: swimming form with mouth tentacles downward - some species take both forms during their life cycle - others take one or the other (hydra and sea anemones always polyps) - polyp form is typically asexual and medusa for is sexual - sea anemones reproduce by fission, hydras by budding Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla B. Cnidarians (coelenterates) v. carnivores: use tentacles to capture prey (small animals and protists) and push into mouth - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3VSvyxrwXA tentacles mouth Daphnia (food) in Gastrovascular cavity Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla B. Cnidarians (coelenterates) vi. Food enters and undigested food exits mouth - NO anus vii. Only two cell layers thick (no mesoderm germ layer) - represents very early phlya of animal kingdom (branched off very early after porifera) viii. Gastrovascular cavity - Gastro: site of digestion and absorption - vascular: site of circulation as well Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla B. Cnidarians (coelenterates) ix. Cnidocytes (stinger cells) - cell after which the phylum is named - found on surface of tentacles Fig. 18.4 - each cell contains a coiled thread with a capsule (nematocyst) - each cell contains a coiled thread with a capsule (nematocyst) - when triggered, coil shoots out and wraps around/stings prey x. Simple nervous system (see Chapter 28) Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? II. Bilateral symmetry (we will return to phlya in a second) A. Most animals have bilateral symmetry - similar left and right side (can be divided equally by a single cut) - anterior: the head - posterior: tail - dorsal: back surface (our back) - ventral: bottom surface (our stomach surface) Fig. 18.5 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla (We’re back) C. Platyhelminthes (Greek platys, flat, and helmis, worm) i. Flatworms (ribbon-like) ii. ~20,000 species iii. Found in marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats (these are free-living) iv. Many are also parasitic Parasitic tapeworm from human intestines Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla C. Platyhelminthes (Greek platys, flat, and helmis, worm) v. Bilateral symmetry - left and right side that look the same vi. Have a gastrovascular cavity similar to cnidarians - this is unlike most bilateral animals vii. Use cilia to move over surfaces (they are slow) Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla C. Platyhelminthes (Greek platys, flat, and helmis, worm) vii. Three major groups of flatworms 1. Planarian: represents the free-living flatworms - head and two eye spots - flap on each side of head detects chemicals in water - has a nervous system (see chapter 28) - mouth on ventral surface Fig. 18.6 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla C. Platyhelminthes (Greek platys, flat, and helmis, worm) vii. Three major groups of flatworms 2. Flukes - parasites, obtain nutrients from host Fig. 18.6 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla C. Platyhelminthes (Greek platys, flat, and helmis, worm) vii. Three major groups of flatworms 3. Tapeworms - parasites, obtain nutrients from host Fig. 18.6 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? III. Body Cavities (Another aside…) A. Most animals have a body cavity - body cavity = fluid-filled space between digestive tract and the body wall - porifera, cnidaria and platyhelminthes LACK a body cavity (all other animals have one) *They are called Acoelomates (“a-”, without, “coelum”, body cavity) Platyhelminthes - notice there is NO fluid-filled space between dig. tract (from endoderm) and body covering (from ectoderm). It is all filled with tissue from mesoderm. Fig. 18.7 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? III. Body Cavities (Another aside…) A. Most animals have a body cavity - pseudocoelum: a body cavity not completely lined by mesoderm derived tissue Ex. Roundworms from phylum Nematoda Fig. 18.7 Nematoda - notice there is a body cavity, but only the outside is lined with mesoderm dervied tissue. The inside is lined with endoderm derived tissue Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? III. Body Cavities (Another aside…) A. Most animals have a body cavity - coelum: a body cavity COMPLETELY lined by mesoderm derived tissue Ex. Roundworms from phylum Nematoda Fig. 18.7 Annelida - notice the true body cavity there are two here) is lined on all sides by mesoderm dervied tissue Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? III. Body Cavities (Another aside…) A. Most animals have a body cavity i. REVIEW 1. Acoelomates 2. Psuedocoelomates 3. Coelomates i. Advantages of having a body cavity 1. Flexibility for movement (not as flexible if your solid) 2. Can serve as a hydroskeleton 3. Organs are housed in Coelom and protected by the fluid. Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla D. Nematoda i. roundworms a. Have an exoskeleton called a cuticle - molts cuticle as it grows b. Complete digestive tract (alimentary canal) Fig. 18.8 c. No circulatory system d. Fluid in pseudocoelom - distributes nutrients (circulation) - serves as a hydroskeleton e. Among most numerous of animals in number and species - 90,000 known species (probably 10X this exist) - found anywhere there is rotting organic matter - some are parasitic Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla E. Mollusca i. Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopus, squid… ii. More than 150,000 known species iii. Most have soft body protected by hard exoskeleton iv. Although diverse, the basic body plan of all mollusks: a. Muscular foot - locomotion b. Mantle - secretes a shell c. Radula - a rasping tongue v. True Coelom vi. Most have open circ. System except cephalopods (squid, octopus) which have closed Fig. 18.9 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla E. Mollusca vii. Classes - gastropods = slugs and snails - bivalves = clams, mussels, oysters, scallops - cephalopods = nautilus, squid, octopus Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? IV. Many animals have segmented bodies A. Segmentation i. Subdivision of body along its length into repeated parts ii. Obvious in Earthworm: Fig. 18.10 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? IV. Many animals have segmented bodies A. Segmentation iii. Insects are segmented: head, thorax, abdomen Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? IV. Many animals have segmented bodies A. Segmentation iv. Humans are segmented: Two examples: vertebrae Abdominal muscles Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla F. Annelida i. Segmented body resembling series of fused rings ii. 15,000 species iii. 1mm to 3m long giant Earthworm of Australia Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla F. Annelida iv. Earthworms, polychaetes, Leeches polychaetes Fig. 18.11 Leech Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla F. Annelida iv. Earthworms, polychaetes, Leeches v. True coelom - hydrostatic skeleton vi. Skin-breathers, nephridia, closed circulatory system, nervous system, complex digestive system (know the details) Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla G. Arthropods i. Most numerous and widespread of all animals - estimated at 1018 individuals on Earth - most successful phyla of animals to have ever existed - more species than ALL other phyla combined (estimated 4 to 6 million species) ii. Crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, spiders (arachnids), ticks, insects, millipedes, centipedes… iii. Have jointed appendages (arthron = joint, pous = foot; Greek) iv. Exoskeleton (protein and chitin) - must molt as it grows Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla G. Arthropods v. Structure of an arthropod (notice segmentation and appendages) Fig. 18.12 vi. Open circulatory system Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla H. Echinodermata i. Sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins ii. 7,000 species, all marine Sea stars iii. Radial symmetry - larval stage is BILATERAL, indicating they are not closely related Fig. 18.14 to other radial organisms like cnidarians iv. No segmentation v. Endoskeleton vi. Spiny skin Sea Urchins Brittle star Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IRF-pKVtuU H. Echinodermata vii. Water vascular system - unique to echinoderms - network of water-filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet - tube feet function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange (they are like little suction cups) Fig. 18.14 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla I Chordates i. This is our phylum ii. Four distinctive features (appear in embryos and sometimes adults) 1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 2. notochord - flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod 3. Pharyngeal slits - gill structures in the pharynx (not necessarily working gills) 4. Post-anal tail - a tail posterior to the anus Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla I Chordates iii. Vertebrates are the most diverse members a. have a segmented backbone iv. Two groups of chordates (and all other animals for that matter) are invertebrates: tunicates and lancelets Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla I Chordates a. Tunicates (sea squirts) - stationary, adhere to rocks, boats coral reefs - ADULTS have no trace of notochord, nerve cord or tail - pharyngeal slits are present in adults and function in feeding - suspension feeders - larva is swimming and has all four chordate trademarks Fig. 18.15 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla I Chordates Fig. 18.15 b. lancelets - resemble tunicate larva - suspension feeders using pharyngeal slits - live in marine sands - show all four chordate characteristics - segmented muscles for slow swimming movements - the closest living invertebrate relative of vertebrates according to molecular evidence Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla Fig. 18.15 I Chordates v. The vertebrates - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals - notochord present during embryogenesis, but replaced with a vertebral column that protects dorsal spinal cord. - have bony or cartilaginous endoskeletons, chambered hearts, increasingly complex nervous systems - organs contained in coelom Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla Fig. 18.15 I Chordates v. The vertebrates a. The agnathans (Greek a- without, and gnathos, jaws) - group of primitive vertebrates that lack paired fins and jaws (all other vertebrates have jaws) - lampreys are members of this group - 35 species worldwide lampreys parasitizing a fish lamprey’s jawless mouth Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla I Chordates v. The vertebrates b. First jawed vertebrates were fishes - replaced most agnathans 400 million years ago - jaws were critical in vertebrate evolution!! Chordates no longer had to be mud-suckers or suspension feeders, they could go catch and eat prey! Origin of vertebrate jaws Fig. 18.17 Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity Chondrichthyes AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla I Chordates Fig. 18.18 - Two major classes of fished 1. Condrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays and skates) - skeleton made of cartilage - 750 living species 2. Osteichthyes - bony fish (the others) - largest group of vertebrates - 30,000 species - have swim bladders (gas-filled sacs) for regulating buoyancy Osteichthyes Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity Chondrichthyes AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla Fig. 18.18 I Chordates v. The vertebrates c. Two major adaptations were important to set stage for vertebrates to colonize the land 1. Air sacs - allowed some fish in shallow water to absorb oxygen from air for short periods 2. Lobed fins - allowed some degree of movement on land - all lobe fin fish are extinct except for one species Osteichthyes Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla Fig. 18.19 I Chordates v. The vertebrates d. Amphibians evolved from fish around 350 million years ago - first terrestrial vertebrates - amphibios, “living a double life” in Greek - most live in close association with water - typically simple lungs or gills supplemented with skin-breathing - lack hard shells and need to be in water - larva live in water and metamorphose into the adult form - frogs, toads and salamanders - 4800 species and rapidly declining Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla Fig. 18.20 I Chordates v. The vertebrates e. Reptiles - became independent of water thanks to evolution of hardshelled eggs that don’t dry out on land - evolved more effective lungs and heart, and thicker dry skins - gave reptiles a greater metabolic activity than amphibians - 6500 species of lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and alligators - ectothermic (cold-blooded) - some small dinosaurs may have been endothermic including the lineage that led to the warm-blooded flying reptiles we call birds… Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla Fig. 18.21 I Chordates v. The vertebrates f. Birds (class Aves) - evolved from reptilian relatives of dinosaurs - developed wings, feathers, and light bones for flying - four-chambered hearts - unique lungs to supply the intense metabolic needs of flight - hard-shelled eggs and great deal of parental care during development and maturation - Archaeopteryx - famous transitional fossil Archaeopteryx Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla Fig. 18.21 I Chordates v. The vertebrates g. mammals - have hair, sweat glands, mammary glands, four-chambered hearts - evolved 200 million years ago - coexisted with dinosaurs until they went extinct 65 MYA at which time they evolved into the dominant terrestrial vertebrates in many ecosystems - regulate body temperature extremely well - most provide lots of parental care Archaeopteryx Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla I Chordates v. The vertebrates g. mammals - monotremes (e.g. duck-billed platypus) i. Lay eggs - Marsupials i. Development internally using a yolk and continue development after birth ii. Once wide-spread across the globe, but pushed out by a more successful crew…the placental mammals (Australia was isolated so they could survive there - a safe haven) - placental mammals (Eutherians) i. Gestate young to more mature state and nutrition/waste removal provided by mom via placenta Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla I Chordates v. The vertebrates g. mammals - primates i. Opposable thumbs, stereoscopic vision for depth perception, adapted for life in the trees ii. We have many of these traits in a slightly modified form (we obviously don’t do well in trees anymore) iii. Many have complex social structures Chapter 18: The Evolution of Animal Diversity AIM: What major types of animals have evolved? I. Animal Phyla J. Phylogenetic tree of animal diversity - know this tree: the criteria for branching (no tissues vs. true tissues, etc…) and the order in which the various phyla branched off. Fig. 18.23