Download Chapter 19 An Age of Exploration and Isolation Directions: Define

Chapter 19 An Age of Exploration and Isolation
Directions: Define the following Terms and Names
Prince Henry of Portugal
Portuguese supporter of exploration who started a
school for navigation
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama
Explorer who gave Portugal a direct sea route to India
Line of Demarcation
An imaginary line which was drawn by the Pope to
divide the world into two areas
Christopher Columbus
Sailed for Spain and landed in Central America
Treaty of Tordesillas
A Treaty signed by Spain and Portugal where the Pope
drew the Line of Demarcation which was an imaginary
line which split the world into two areas. Portugal won
the right to control any new lands to the east of the line
and Spain won the right to control any new lands to the
west of the line.
Questions:
 Identify and explain the three main reasons for European exploration.
(3G’s)
 The Three main reasons are God, Glory and Gold.
 The Europeans sailed for God because they felt it was their job to convert all
the non- Christians to Christianity
 The Europeans sailed for Gold in that they were looking for spices from Asia
and a direct route from Europe to India
 The Europeans sailed for Glory in that they were looking to claim new lands
 Explain the Treaty of Tordesillas (Line of Demarcation)
A Treaty signed by Spain and Portugal where the Pope drew the Line of
Demarcation which was an imaginary line which split the world into two areas.
Portugal won the right to control any new lands to the east of the line and Spain won
the right to control any new lands to the west of the line.
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Compare and Contrast Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco Da Gama and their
roles in the Age of Exploration
Dias and Da Gama were both sailors who sailed for Portugal.
Dias’ role in the Age of Exploration was that he ventured down the coast of
Africa until he reached the tip. A storm then drove his ship around the tip to
the other side. Due to a lack of supplies and his men being exhausted he
returned home.
DaGama began exploring the east African coast. He reached the port of
Calicut on the south west coast of India. He was the 1st European to find a sea
route to India. This enabled Portugal to gain control of a sea route for spices
so they didn’t have to pay Italy’s high prices.
Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs
Directions: Define the following Terms and Names
Edict of Nantes
Order that gave the Huguenots the right to live in peace in
Catholic France
Peter the Great
Important leader of Russia who started westernization
Inflation
A rise in the price related to an increase in the volume of money
and resulting in the loss of value of the money.
Ex: Spain had so much silver that its worth less.
Louis XIV
French ruler who was an absolute ruler
Divine right
Idea that a ruler receives the right to rule from God
Versailles
A huge palace that Louis XIV had built which was to show his
power and put France more in debt
Westernization
Use of western Europe as a model of change used to make
Russia stronger
Questions:
 Describe two positive and two negative legacies of Louis XIV
Some positive legacies of Louis XIV are:
 He made France a great power
 He made France rank above all European countries in art, literature, and
statesmanship
 He was considered a military leader of Europe
 He developed a strong empire of colonies
Some negative legacies of Louis XIV are:
 France was involved in constant warfare and the cost of Versailles left France
with a huge debt
 Resentment over tax burden on the poor and Louis’s abuse of power
eventually led to the revolution
Describe Versailles. Include in your answer: Who built it and why? What is
was like? What did it show about the ruler?
 It was a magnificent palace that was built for Louis XIV
Describe three reasons Russia was different from Western Europe, what ruler
comes to power and what steps does he take to change Russia.
 It was cut off from the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration
 Geographic barriers – had no warm-water port so ports choked with ice most
of the year
 Religious differences – Russians were Eastern Orthodox, western Europeans
were Catholics or Protestants who Russians viewed as heretics
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Peter the Great comes to power
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Peter’s Reform:
Peter knew Russia needed change but that people would resist so he
increased his power as an absolute ruler to force change
He brought the Russian Orthodox Church under his control
He reduced the power of the great landowners by giving positions of
authority and grants of land to lower-ranking men
Modernized the army by hiring European soldiers to train Russian soldiers
with European tactics and weapons. He built a large army and raised heavy
taxes to pay for the army
He westernized Russia by
Introducing potatoes which became a staple
Started the 1st newspaper
Raised women’s status by letting them attend social gatherings
Made nobles dress in western fashions
Opened schools of navigation and arts and sciences as he believed that
education was the key to Russia’s progress
He encouraged people to travel to other countries to study
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Chapter 22: Enlightenment and Revolution
Directions: Define the following Terms and Names
Galileo Galilie
Scientist who was forced by the Catholic Church to take
back or recant scientific ideas that disagreed with the
church’s view
Scientific Revolution
New way of thinking about the natural world based on
careful observation and a willingness to question
Johannes Kepler
Scientist who proved that planets revolved around the sun
in elliptical orbits instead of circles as was previously
thought.
Enlightenment
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and
thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.
This is also known as the Age of Reason
Scientific Method
Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Isaac Newton
Scientist who discovered laws of motion and gravity
John Locke
He believed that all people are born free and equal with
natural rights – life, liberty and property and the purpose
of the government is to protect these rights.
Chapter 23: The French Revolution & Napoleon
Directions: Define the following Terms and Names
Scorched-Earth Policy
This was used in Russia. It involved burning grains fields
and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing for the
enemy to eat.
Louis XVI
King of France, referred to himself as the Sun King, built
Versailles and fought costly wars
Robespierre
Dictator who ruled during the Reign of Terror
Napoleon
Military leader who seized power in France
Estates-General
An assembly of representatives from all three estates
3rd Estate
The largest estate or social class in France. It was made
up of the bourgeoisie, urban workers and the peasants
Coup d’etat
A sudden seizure of power, it literally means “blow to the
state”
Continental System
The set-up of a blockade to prevent all trade and
communication between Great Britain and other
European nations
Tennis Court Oath
Pledge of the 3td Estate to draw up a new constitution
and to not leave the tennis court until it was done
Reign of Terror
Period of time in France when many French citizens were
executed, many were killed by the guillotine
Napoleonic Code
A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established
for France by Napoleon
Bastille
The Paris prison stormed by an angry mob
Questions:
Describe the Reign of Terror
 It was a period of Robespierre’s rule
 He headed the Committee of Public Safety which tried and put to death
“enemies of the Revolution”
 Thousands were killed by the guillotine
 His rule started in 1793 and ended in July 1794 when Robespierre himself
was put to death
Chapter 25: The Industrial Revolution
Directions: Define the following Terms and Names
Industrial Revolution
Time period in Europe that greatly increased output of
machine-made goods that began in England in the textile
industry during the 18th century
Enclosure
Fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British
landowners on land that was formerly worked by village
farmers
Positive Effects
Good things that resulted from the Industrial Revolution
Crop Rotation
Planting a different crop in a different field each year
Urbanization
The movement of people to the cities or city building
Factory
Large buildings with machines usually built by streams or
rivers
Negative Effects
Bad things that resulted from the Industrial Revolution
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Questions:
Explain two positive and two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
Positive Effects:
Created jobs
Helped nations become wealthy
Fostered technological progress and inventions
Increased production of goods and raised standard of living
Provided hope for improvement in people’s lives (you could become wealthy
through skill and work)
Healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper clothing
Expanded educational opportunities (need for engineers, clerical and professional
workers)
Middle class prospered immediately; for laborers it took longer (higher pay, shorter
hours, better working conditions)
Negative Effects:
Child Labor
Air and Water Pollution
Crowded dangerous, dirty cities
Bad working conditions,
Low wages
Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in England
Agricultural Revolution
Abundant natural
resources
Political stability
Factors of Production
Enclosure system – wealthy landowners bought up
lots of smaller farms and enclosed their lands with
fences or hedges. This allowed them to cultivate
larger fields and experiment with better methods for
better yields
Crop Rotation – improved the three-crop rotations
which changed crops on lands to restore nutrients to
the land
Improved livestock breeding – created bigger
animals.
All these changes led to population explosions,
increased in demand, small farmers moved to cities
to work in factories set up to meet demands
Water power and coal to power machines
Iron ore to construct machines
Rivers for transportation
Harbors for merchant ships
No wars had occurred on British soil
Positive attitude from military successes
Parliament passed laws to encourage business
Resources needed to produce goods and services
They had land, labor, and wealth