Download Higher Human Biology: Homework Questions Topic 2: Health and

Higher Human Biology: Homework Questions
Topic 2: Health and Physiology
Sub-Topic 2b: The Cardiovascular System
4. The diagram below records the beat
of a human heart.
1. The diagram below shows an ECG trace
taken during exercise.
Atrial
Systole
Ventricular
Systole
Diastole
Atrial
Systole
The person’s heart rate is
A
B
C
D
80 bpm
100 bpm
120 bpm
140 bpm
2. The diagram below shows a section through
the human heart.
What is the correct position of the
pacemaker?
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
What is the heart rate in beats per minute
(bpm) ?
A 50bpm
B 60bpm
C 70bpm
D 120bpm
5. Which of the following statements
refers correctly to the cardiac cycle?
A During systole the atria contract
followed by the ventricles.
3. Which of the following vessels in the
circulatory system contains blood at the
lowest pressure?
B During systole the ventricles
contract followed by the atria.
A Jugular Vein
C During diastole the atria contract
followed by the ventricles.
B Renal Vein
D During diastole the ventricles
contract followed by the atria.
C Vena cava
D
Hepatic portal vein
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6. Which of the events below produces the normal sounds of heart beat heard through a
stethoscope?
A
B
C
D
Contraction of the atria.
Contraction of the ventricles.
Closing of the heart valves.
Opening of the heart valves.
7. The graph below shows changes in arterial blood pressure.
The shape of the graph is due to
8. An EGG trace is shown below.
What is the person’s heart rate?
A
B
C
D
100 beats per minute
120 beats per minute
150 beats per minute
200 beats per minute
3
A
the action of the heart muscle.
B
the action of the diaphragm.
C
the closing of the valves in the veins
D
muscular contraction of the arteries
9. Cardiac output is calculated using the following formula:
Cardiac output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
The table below shows the heart and cardiac output of four individuals.
Individual
Hear Rate (bpm)
Cardiac Output (L/min)
A
60
5.8
B
68
6.1
C
72
7.2
D
78
7.6
Which individual has the greatest stroke volume?
10. The diagram below represents a part of the circulatory system of the skin.
Which line in the table below correctly identifies changes which would take place in the
blood as it flows from arteriole to venule?
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11. High levels of blood glucose can cause clouding of the lens in the human eye.
Concentrations above 5.5mM are believed to put the individual at a high risk of lens
damage.
In an investigation, subjects of different ages each drank a glucose solution. The
concentration of glucose in their blood was monitored over a number of hours. The results
are shown in the graph below.
For how long during the investigation did 20 year olds remain above the high risk blood
glucose concentration?
A
B
C
D
84 mins
90 mins
120 mins
148 mins
12. The durations of ventricular diastole and systole are shown below.
Diastole 0.4 seconds
Systole 0.2 seconds
What is the heart rate for this individual?
A
B
C
D
60 beats per minute
72 beats per minute
100 beats per minute
120 beats per minute
5
13. The ratio of high-density lipoproteins to low-density lipoproteins in the blood (HDL:LDL) is
related to the level of cholesterol in the blood. This in turn can influence the chances of
developing atherosclerosis.
Which line in the table below correctly illustrates these relationships?
HDL:LDL
A
B
C
D
Cholesterol
Level
Low
High
Low
High
High
High
Low
Low
Chance of
atherosclerosis
Reduced
Increased
Increased
Reduced
14. Which of the following pairs of compounds is produces by the pancreas?
A
B
C
D
Glycogen and insulin
Insulin and ADH
Insulin and glucagon
Glycogen and glucagon
15. The flow chart below shows the concentration in the blood is regulated.
Blood glucose
Pancreas
Liver
Blood glucose
Concentration
rises
secrets less of
compound X
and more of
compound Y
converts
glucose to
insoluble
carbohydrate
concentration
falls.
Which line identifies correctly the compound X and Y
A
B
C
D
Compound X
Compound Y
glycogen
insulin
glucagon
insulin
insulin
glycogen
insulin
glucagon
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16. The graph below shows how the UK diet changed between 1988 and 1998.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data?
A
B
C
D
People ate more food in 1998 than in 1988
People ate less food in 1998 than in 1988
People ate a greater variety of food in 1998 than in 1988
people ate a lesser variety of food in 1998 than in 1988
17. The graph show average blood pressure in different types of blood vessels.
(a) Name the types of blood vessel represented by P,Q and R.
P_____________________________________________
Q____________________________________________
R_____________________________________________
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(2 Marks)
(b) Blood pressure values fluctuate in vessel type P.
Explain the reason for this.
______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
(1 Mark)
(c) Explain why there is a large drop in blood pressure in vessel type Q
______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
(1 Mark)
(d) In the vena cava, blood pressure falls below atmospheric air pressure yet blood is still
available to return to the heart.
Explain how the blood is maintained.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________ ________
(2 marks)
18. (a) The diagram shows a section through an artery.
(i)
Name the parts of the artery labelled Y and Z
Y__________________
(ii)
Z________________________
(1 mark)
Layer X contains type of tissue found in layer X.
Name one other type of tissue found in layer X
_______________________________________________
(iii)
(1 mark)
Describe the role of the elastic fibres in the wall of an artery.
________________________________________________
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(1 mark)
(b)
Veins are another type of blood vessel.
Name a structural feature of a vein and describe its function.
Name _________________________________________
Function _______________________________________
(c)
(1 mark)
Name the two blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart.
1_______________________________________________
(1 mark)
2_______________________________________________
(1 mark)
19. The diagram below shows the human heart and some associated blood vessels. The
arrows on the diagram show the direction of blood flow.
B
(a) Name blood vessels A, B and C
A___________________________________________________
B___________________________________________________
C___________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(b) Place arrows on the diagram to show the path of oxygenated blood as it flows
through the heart
(1 mark)
(c) Describe the function of the semi-lunar valve labelled on the diagram.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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(1 mark)
(d) During which stage of the cardiac cycle do the semi-lunar valves open?
__________________________________________________
( 1 mark)
20. The diagram shows a section through the heart and two areas, X and Y, which help to
coordinate the heart beat.
(a) (i) Name structures X and Y
X_______________________________________________________
Y_______________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(ii) Electrical impulses travel from X to Y
What is happening to the heart during this time?
______________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(iii) Draw arrows on the diagram to show the pathway taken by electrical impulses
produced by structure Y.
(1 mark)
(b) (i) Name valve Z
____________________________________________________
( 1 mark)
(ii) During which stage of the cardiac cycle is valve Z closed?
____________________________________________________
10
(1 mark)
21. The diagram below shows the heart and its associated nerves.
(a) (i) On the diagram, mark with an X the chamber where the blood pressure is highest
during the cardiac cycle.
(1 mark)
(ii) Describe the effect of impulses from the parasympathetic nerve on the heart.
_____________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) (i) Name the part of the heart labelled B
_____________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(ii) Describe the role of B in the cardiac cycle
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
(iv)
(1 mark)
An individual has a heart rate of 75bpm. How long does one cardiac cycle last?
(1 mark)
Space for calculation
_________ s
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22. The graph below shows changes in the volume of blood in the left ventricle of a man’s
heart.
(a) How long does ventricular systole last?
__________s (1 mark)
(b) (i) What is the heart rate of this man?
__________ beats per minute
(1 mark)
(ii) Calculate the volume of blood leaving this man’s left ventricle every minute.
___________cm3
(1 mark)
(c) When this man exercises, the volume of blood leaving his heart increases significantly.
Describe how the nervous system and hormones cause this increase.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________(3 marks)
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23. The diagram represents a section through the heart.
(i)
Name blood vessels E and F
Vessel E________________________________
Vessel F________________________________
(ii)
(1 mark)
State two differences between the composition of the blood in chambers B and D.
1 ___________________________________________________
2 ___________________________________________________
(iii)
(iv)
(1 mark)
Place a cross (X) on the diagram to indicate the position of the sinoatrial node (SAN).
(1 mark)
Describe the effect of the autonomic nervous system on the sinoatrial node (SAN).
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________(2 marks)
(c) State the function of the coronary artery
_______________________________________________________________(1 mark)
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24. The diagram below shows sages in the life of history of a red blood cell.
(i)
What substance is needed for the absorption of Vitamin B12 from the gut?
_________________________________________________
(ii)
Which molecule requires iron for its production?
________________________________________________
(b)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
On average, how long do red blood cells remain in circulation?
_______________________________________________
(1 mark)
(c) At any given time there are 5.5 million red blood cells in 1 millilitre of human blood.
Calculate how many red blood cells will be in the circulation of an individual who has total
blood volume of 5 litres.
Space for calculation
_______________ million (1 mark)
(d) Explain how the structure of a red blood cell
(i) Makes it very efficient at absorbing oxygen
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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(1 mark)
(iii)
Allows it to pass through capillaries
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(e) Apart from the liver, name a body site where red blood cells are broken down.
_____________________________________________________________
(f)
(1 mark)
One of the final products of the breakdown of red blood cells is bile
(i)
Where is bile stored in the body?
____________________________________________
(ii)
(1 mark)
Explain the importance of bile salts in the digestion of lipids.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
25. Two men (P and R) were being tested for diabetes mellitus, a condition which results in
failure to control blood glucose concentration.
After fasting overnight, they were given a large glucose drink. Their blood glucose
concentration was measured immediately (0 hours) and then every hour five hours.
The results of the tests are shown in the table below.
(a) It was concluded that P had diabetes and R did not.
(i)
State two ways in which the test results indicate that P had diabetes.
1_______________________________________________________
2_______________________________________________________
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(1 mark)
(ii)
Name the hormone responsible for the change in the blood glucose concentration
of R.
Between 1 and 2 hours__________________________________
Between 3 and 4 hours__________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) Diabetes insipidus can be caused by lack of ADH in the body.
(i)
(ii)
Which organ of the body releases ADH?
________________________________________________
(1 mark)
State an effect that failure to produce ADH would have on the body
_______________________________________________
(1 mark)
26. The graphs below contain information about the regulation of blood sugar.
Graph 1 shows how the concentration of glucose in the blood affects the
concentration of insulin.
Graph 2 shows how the concentration of insulin in the blood affects the rate of glucose
uptake by the liver.
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(a) (i) From Graph 1, state the glucose concentration which triggers an increase in
insulin production.
_______________________________________________
(1 mark)
(ii)Name the organ which produces insulin
_______________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) From Graph 2 calculate the percentage increase in the rate of glucose uptake by
the liver when the concentration of insulin in the blood rises from 10 to 15 units/cm 3
Space for calculation
________________ (1 mark)
(c) From Graphs 1 and 2, state the rate of glucose uptake by the liver when the
concentration of glucose in the blood is 130mg/100cm3
_______ug/g of liver/hour (1 mark)
27. The table below contains information about diagnosed cases in the four countries of the
UK in 2008
Country
Population
(million)
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Total
51.3
5.4
3.2
1.8
61.7
Individuals diagnosed
with diabetes (% of
population)
3.9
3.7
4.4
3.4
(a) Use the date in the table to calculate the number of individuals in the Scottish population
who had diabetes in 2008.
Space for calculation
____________________(1 mark)
(b) A student calculated the percentage of the UK population that had been diagnosed with
diabetes by averaging the percentage values in the table.
Suggest why this average is likely to misrepresent the true percentage of people in the
UK who have been diagnosed with diabetes.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________(1 mark)
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(c) It has been suggested that the number of people in the UK with diabetes will double by
the year 2030.
Suggest two different ways in which the current UK government might use this information
to plan for the future.
1___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________(1 mark)
(d) The graph below contains information about the number of people in Scotland who
consulted their doctor about diabetes in 2008.
(i)
For people aged between 25 and 74 describe one trend shown by the graph which
relates to
Age______________________________________________________
Gender___________________________________________________
(ii)
(1 mark)
In a Scottish city 2500 men between 45 and 54 years of age visited their doctor in 2008.
Use the graph to calculate how many of these men would be consulting their doctors
about diabetes.
Space for calculation
_________________ (1 mark)
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(iii)
Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of men consulting their doctor
between the 65-74 age group and the 75+ age group.
Space for calculation
_________________% (1 mark)
(e) (i) Type 1 diabetics are unable to produce enough insulin.
Where is insulin produced in the body?
________________________________________
(1 mark)
(ii) Describe the role of insulin in the liver
______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)
28. (a) Give ONE difference between a person suffering from Type 1 diabetes and Type 2
diabetes
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) An individual with diabetes and one without diabetes take a glucose drink after a
period of fasting. Their blood glucose concentrations are shown in the table below.
Time (mins)
0
30
60
90
120
(i)
Blood glucose
concentration of
individual without
diabetes (mmol/l)
2
9
5
4
4
Blood glucose
concentration of
individual with diabetes
(mmol/l)
3
12
14
16
13
State the blood glucose concentrations of the two individuals after 90 minutes as a
simple whole number ratio.
Answer_____________________________
(i)
Predict the blood glucose concentrations of the individual with diabetes after 120
minutes.
Answer _____________________________
(ii)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Give a reason for your answer to (i).
Reason___________________________________________________
19
(1 mark)
(iii)
(iv)
What is the function of low density lipoproteins (LDP)
_________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
Name a drug which can be used to reduces blood cholesterol levels and explain its
action.
Name_________________________________________
Action_________________________________________
(1 mark)
29. Elevation of blood glucose levels leads to certain cells taking in more glucose than
normal damaging the blood vessels.
(i)
What is the name of these cells?________________________
(ii)
Receptor cells in the pancreas respond to (a) high and (b) low blood glucose levels
by causing secretion of hormones.
(a)
Name the hormone produced for high blood glucose levels:
__________________________________________________
(b)
(1 mark)
Name the hormone produced for low blood glucose levels:
_________________________________________________
(iii)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Describe exercise and fight or flight response another hormone is produced. Name
this hormone, where it is released from, and explain its mode of action.
Name of hormone____________________________________
Released from:______________________________________
Mode of action______________________________________
(3 marks)
30. Some of the reactions involved in the formation of a blood clot are shown below:
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Blood clot
(a) What is the term used to describe a blood clot?
_________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) Name the enzyme which converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
_________________________________________
(1 mark)
(c) What is an embolis?
_________________________________________
(1 mark)
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(d) Explain why the formation of a clot in an artery in the brain can lead to a stroke.
____________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(e) Explain what DVT is and give a reason why it can be harmful.
Explanation___________________________________________
(1 mark)
Reason______________________________________________
(1 mark)
31. (i) What is meant by the term hypercholesterolemia?
____________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(ii)Cholesterol is found normally in the body.
What is the function of cholesterol _________________________
(1 mark)
(iii)What is the function of high density lipoproteins (HDL)
____________________________________________________
End of Sub-Unit 2 : The cardiovascular System
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(1 mark)
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