Download Ch 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Questions

Where: Eurasia and Africa
When: Early Modern Era, 1500-1800
Ch 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Questions
Vocabulary:
Crusades, sternpost rudder, lateen sails, astrolabe, cross staff, trade winds, volta do mar, trading post, joint-stock company
Objective 1: Students can analyze the beginnings of European exploration, including why it happened, how it happened, and its effects.
1. Pg 608-610—Analyze the reasons for the increased European exploration from 1500-1800.
Much like everything else in history, the reasons for doing something can be summed up by: God, glory, and gold. Mostly, for the early
European explorers, it was gold. They searched for new resources, new lands for new crops, and new trade routes. Portugal was the first to set out:
they started with several islands in the Atlantic where they wanted to plant sugar. But even better would be new trade routes to Asia. The land
routes were not as good once the Mongol Empires collapsed because they weren’t safe and disease spread along them. The ocean routes went across
the Indian Ocean and cut through the Red Sea. The Muslims controlled most of this trading, which meant that prices were higher, since the
Muslims took part of the profit. Europe’s wealthy classes wanted Indian pepper and Chinese ginger, as well as other spices, so there was much profit
to be gained. The Europeans also looked to Africa for more slaves and gold, which was what they bought the goods in Asia with.
The Europeans, who were mostly Christian, also wanted to expand their religion. The Bible specifically tells Christians to share their
faith. They sent out missionaries, but also attempted to spread Christianity through military force. In the 11th century, European Christians sent
armies to re-conquer parts of the Middle East and modern-day Spain: these are called the Crusades. In fact, Spain fell to Christian forces in 1492,
the same year Christopher Columbus sailed on behalf of Spain to the “New World.”
Religious and economic motivations combined to create a powerful drive for Europeans to explore. In fact, Christianity was sometimes
used as a religious justification for the continued exploration, to lend it legitimacy.
2. Pg 610-614—Describe the technologies and ideas the Europeans used and explain how they helped them explore.
The explorations undertaken by the Europeans at this time were unlike anything the world had ever seen.
-Sternpost rudder—a rudder attached to the stern. Helps them steer more efficiently
-Square sails—caught a lot of wind to propel the ship at a faster rate. Helps them cross the huge ocean faster
-Lateen sails—very maneuverable. Helps them keep the ship going even against or across the wind
-Compass— From the Tang or Song dynasty. Tells N and S. Helps them know which direction they’re going (please tell me you know this…)
-Astrolabe—A version of a Greek/Persian instrument. Uses angles to determine latitude, so the sailors know where they are
-Knowledge of wind/currents—SEE PAGES 612-613!!!!!! They used the regular wind/current patterns to travel more efficiently. The volta do
mar: Europeans used the NE trade winds to go W, and then went far N to catch the Westerlies back to Europe. Even though it takes them far out
of their way, it is much faster than trying to go against the wind.
3. Pg 614-618—Describe the European explorers, who explored from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, or Mediterranean to the Indian,
and how each explorer built upon the explorers who came before him.
-1415 Prince Henry of Portugal conquered Ceuta in Morocco and established trading posts down W Africa.
-1488 Bartolomeu Dias went around the southern tip of Africa and into the India Ocean, then turned around
-1497 Vasco da Gama went all the way to Calicut in India, where he did some small trading. His cargo of pepper and cinnamon made a huge
profit, and excited all the Portuguese merchants so they started getting their stuff ready to go too
-1492 Christopher Columbus—He was Italian but sailed for Spain. He wanted to find a trade route to Asia around the globe the other way (go
west and keep going till you hit Asia.)
{News flash: no one at this time thought the world was flat, contrary to all those cartoons that show ships falling off the edge of the earth, BUT}
He thought the world was much smaller than it is, and they had NO knowledge of the Americas. He landed in the Bahamas, but he thought it was
the Indies in Asia. (That’s why Native Americans are sometimes incorrectly called Indians.) He even sent a delegation to the emperor of China! He
went back to Spain and told them all he had reached islands in Asia! His voyages didn’t accomplish much, but they laid the groundwork for
Europeans to continue to go to the Americas.
Each explorer builds off the other ones because they see that it is possible to go that far, so they go a little further. They also use the
geographical knowledge the previous explorers gained to help them navigate. They also are enticed by the exotic tales they hear and the potential to
make a lot of money, so that motivates them to go more.
4. Pg 618-621—Describe the European explorers, who explored from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and how each explorer built upon the
explorers who came before him.
SEE MAP ON PG 620-621!!!!!!
The Europeans had NO IDEA how HUGE the Pacific really is (it’s big—trust me, I’ve flown over it. It’s enough time to watch like the whole
Harry Potter series, plus some weird Korean movies where you have no idea what’s going on. But enough about me, back to…)
-1519 Ferdinand Magellan—He was Portuguese, but sailed for Spain. He circumnavigated the world, but it took him 3 years and most of his ships
sank, and crew died, including…himself! But the Portuguese established a trade route between Mexico and the Philippines.
-The English—they looked for a northwest passage (as in north of Europe and the Americas.) There is one but it’s usually icy
-1700s Captain James Cook—He went all over: Tahiti, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, and the Arctic Ocean
Each one built on the one before in this case just as in #3
Objective 1I: Students can analyze how Europeans set up a more permanent presence in Asia and the Americas, including why it happened, how it
happened, and its effects.
1. Pg 622-624—Explain the trend of increased European presence through trading posts in Asia.
SEE MAP ON PG 624!!!!!!!
1500s
Again, the Portuguese were first. They did not want to conquer, but to control trade routes to make $$$. They had more than 50 trading
posts. They attempted to use force to control more and more of the Indian Ocean trade, but Portugal is a small and not too rich country, so they
couldn’t support this huge trading empire. Ironically, since the population was so small, Portuguese ships contained crew from England, Spain, and
the Netherlands. They broke off to lead their own expeditions, and eventually overtook the Portuguese in controlling the trade.
1600s
The English and Dutch started building trading routes that were along the same lines as those of the Portuguese, but set up their trading
posts in different cities. They had faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships and they were very organized. The English focused more on India; the
Dutch focused on Indonesia. The English and Dutch set up joint-stock companies. Let’s say there’s a voyage of ships that want to go out. If just
one person pays for it all, if something goes wrong, that person loses all their money. But if a whole bunch of people pay for part of the voyage, if
something goes wrong, they only lose a little money. Which means it’s easier for the explorers to raise money for their trips. The English jointstock company was called the English East India Company, and the Dutch was United East India Company, or VOC (Why VOC? Because those
are its initials in DUTCH little students, yes there are other languages than English)
These companies quickly gained a lot of power: they could buy, sell, build trading posts, and even make war! They also made a ton of
money, so they kept growing, getting more power, which means money, which means power, etc.
2. Pg 624-628—Compare/contrast the Spanish conquest of the Philippines with the Dutch conquest of Indonesia.
Spanish conquest of the Philippines
Both
Dutch conquest of Indonesia
-Named after King Philip of Spain
-The two places in
-Not concerned about spreading Christianity
-Philippines had no central government, but
Asia where
-More focused on trade
had small, disunited chiefdoms
Europeans could
-Forced the Indonesians to trade only with the
-No organized resistance to the Spanish
conquer easily
VOC
-Spanish had ships and guns
-Islands were
-Not as concerned with ruling
-Spain conquered parts by 1575, and gained
densely populated
-Did less “conquering,” and more controlling of
more in the 17th century
-Islands lacked a
trade and trade routes
-Spanish concerned about promoting trade
powerful state,
-Would crack down hard if the Asians traded
-The Chinese were very prosperous by the silk
unlike in China or
with other Europeans
trade in the Philippines, and were slaughtered at India, so they were
-Made the Netherlands the most prosperous
several times in the 17th century
more easily
country in Europe in the 17th century
-Spanish also concerned about promoting
conquered
Christianity
-Europeans had
-Tried to get the Filipinos to convert
heavily armed ships
-Opened Christian schools
-Initially the Filipinos resisted, but by the 19th
century it was one of the most Catholic
countries
3. Pg 628-629—How did the 7 Years’ War represent a global conflict and lay the groundwork for England emerging as a global power?
As the Europeans gain more and more power in Asia, guess who starts fighting? That’s right, the Europeans start fighting each other! They tried
gaining more and more land and controlling more and more trade. The French took one of the English trading posts in India. The Europeans also
competed in the Caribbean and the Americas.
All of this competition eventually resulted in the 7 Years’ War from 1756 to 1763. (Hey at least it’s accurately named, unlike the 100
Years’ War.) It took place in Europe, India, the Caribbean, and North America.
-Europe—Britain and Prussia vs. France, Austria, and Russia
-India—Britain and some Indians vs. France and other Indians
-North America—Britain and some Native Americans vs. France and other Native Americans
The British didn’t fight much in Europe, since Prussia was holding off France, Austria, and Prussia. But they easily defeated their enemies
everywhere else. This did not automatically make Britain a world power, but it helped them gain more power to put them in a better position to do
so.
4. Pg 629-631—What is the Columbian Exchange? Analyze both its positive and negative effects.
The Columbian Exchange is “the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after
voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus and other European mariners.” Of course, exchange of plants, people, animals, and disease had
been going on for thousands of years. But the Columbian Exchange had very huge effects because it united very distant land with very different
species of plants and diseases.
Bad
Could be good or bad
Good
Or Neutral
Disease—smallpox, measles, diphtheria,
Migration—The biggest migration group
New crops and animals from
whooping cough, influenza—caused huge
was the slaves from Africa to the
Europe—wheat, vines, horses,
loss of life in the Americas and Pacific
Americas. Also, Europeans who moved to cattle, pigs, sheep goats,
islands which had never experienced those the Americas. Some also moved to south
chickens=more food=more people
before, so they had no immunity to them.
Africa, Australia and the Pacific islands
New crops from the Americas—
It wiped out huge portions of populations, since those places were being depopulated
maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes,
severely disrupting societies. 1500-1800,
by disease. Some Asians also moved to
peppers, peanuts, papayas, guavas,
about 100,000,000 people died due to the
exchange of diseases
tropical places. These migrations forever
changed those areas
avocados, pineapples, and
cacao=more people
5.
Pg 632— Describe the global trade networks that developed as a result of the European exploration and provide examples that illustrate
its size.
Indian Ocean
European ships brought these things to these places:
Persian carpets -> India
Indian cottons -> SE Asia
SE Asian spices -> India and China
Chinese silks -> Japan
Japanese silver and copper to -> China and India
Europeans were as prominent in the Indian Ocean basin as the Arab merchants were.
Atlantic
Trade networks went throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Europeans took European manufactured goods to trade for Mexican and Peruvian silver and
crops like sugar and tobacco.
Also, something that is sometimes called Triangular Trade developed:
Triangular Trade
Europe
Goods
(tobacco,
sugar,
cotton)
Goods
(guns and
cloth)
Americas
Africa
Slaves
1500s-1800s-10 million African slaves were brought to the Americas
Many slaves died on the journey
Pacific
Manila Galleons:
Spanish galleons, a fast heavily armed ship that could carry huge cargoes, took Asian luxury items from Manila in the Philippines to Mexico and
exchanged them for silver. The Asian luxury goods went across the Atlantic to Europe. They took the silver to China, because it was the basis of
their currency. They actually exchanged it for Chinese gold, which they took to Japan to trade for more silver and Japanese luxury goods.