Download Operating systems

Technology In Action
Chapter 5
Using System Software:
The Operating System, Utility Programs,
and File Management
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
1
Topics
• System software
• Operating systems:
– Kinds of systems
– Common desktop systems
– User interaction
– Manage the processor
– Manage memory
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Topics
• Operating systems:
– Manage hardware
– Interact with application software
– Start the computer
– Keep the computer organized
• Desktop and windows features
• Utility programs
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System Software
Operating systems
• Control computer
functions:
–
–
–
–
Hardware
Memory
Application programs
System maintenance
System utilities
• Programs that perform
computer housekeeping
tasks:
– Manage system resources
– Improve efficiency
– Virus prevention
• Provide user interface
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Operating System Categories
• Four categories:
– Real-Time (RTOS)
– Single-User, Single-Task
– Single-User, Multitask
– Multiuser
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Real-Time Operating Systems
• Systems with a
specific purpose and
a certain result
• Uses include:
–
–
–
–
–
Industrial machines
Robotic equipment
Automobiles
Video game consoles
Home appliances
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Single-User Operating Systems
Single-task systems
• Perform one task at a time
• PDAs:
– Pocket PC
– Palm OS
– Windows Mobile
Multitask systems
•
•
•
•
Perform simultaneous tasks
Windows
MAC OS
Linux
• MS-DOS
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Multiuser Operating Systems
• Known as network operating systems
• Allow access to the computer system by
more than one user
• Manage user requests
• Systems include:
– UNIX
– Novell Netware
– Windows Server 2003
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Desktop Operating Systems
• Operating system combined with the
processor is known as a platform
– Microsoft Windows / Intel
– Apple Macintosh / Motorola
• Desktop operating systems include:
– Microsoft Windows
– MAC OS
– UNIX
– Linux
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Microsoft Windows
• Market leader – 90% market share
Click to view the various Windows systems
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
XP
2000
ME
NT
98
95
3.x
1.0
2.0
(2001)
(2000)
(1993)
(1998)
(1995)
(1990(1985)
(1987)
1992)
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Introduces
Fundamentally
First
widely
This
Includes
This
operating
upgrade
better
This
upgrade
This
upgrade
different
used
point-and-click
PCruns
Offers
a new
system
graphics
toWindows
Windows
to
NT
includes
operating
graphical
commands
user
with
multi-user
faster
capabilities
95 and
and
offers
additional
file
system
interface
a
mouse
with
and
(GUI)
desktop
as
and
introduces
Windows
more
98
improvements
protection
and
increased
operating
includes
modest
well
as
efficiently,
keyboard
includes
to
file security
incorporates
security,
system.
multitasking
power,
improved
introduces
shortcuts
system
and
Plug
and
Internet
Internet
performance,
Improved
capabilities
digital
and
the
backup
ability
Play media
and
toand
support.
Explorer
4.0,
and
point-and-click
desktop
features
and a
capabilities,
overlap
multimedia
customizable
multitasking
mouse
applications.
Internet
long
windows.
capabilities
file names,
taskbar,
and
scheduler.
operations
capabilities.
short-cut
(such as and
desktop
multitasking
right-click
Media Player).
features
capabilities.
menus, and a
cleaner
desktop.
10
MAC OS
• First operating system with point-and-click technology
(Graphical User Interface)
• Excellent in:
MAC OS X
– Graphics display
– Processing capabilities
– System reliability
– Document recovery
• Fewer software applications
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UNIX
• Multiuser, multitask operating system
• Used primarily with mainframes
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Linux
• Open-source operating
system
• Based on UNIX
• Stable system
• Free
• May be downloaded
through the Internet
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What the Operating System Does
• Provides user
interface
• Manages the CPU
• Manages memory
• Manages hardware
• Coordinates
application software
with the CPU
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The User Interface
• Enables you to
interact with the Command-driven
computer
• Types of interfaces:
– Command-driven
interface
– Menu-driven
interface
– Graphical user
interface
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Menu-driven
Graphical
15
Processor Management
• Controls the timing of events the
processor works on
– Interrupts
– Interrupt handler
– Interrupt table
– Stack
REQUEST
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Operatin
Process
Process
g
3rd
1st
2nd
4th
System
16
Memory Management
• The operating system allocates space in
RAM for instructions and data
RAM
Operating
System
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Virtual Memory
• Instructions and data are stored on the
hard drive when RAM is full
– Swap file
– Paging
– Thrashing
FULL
Operating
System
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Hardware Management
• Device drivers:
– Programs that enable the
operating system to
communicate with
peripheral devices
– Provided by the
manufacturer of the device
• Plug and Play:
– Hardware and software
standard
– Facilitates the installation
of new hardware
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Software Application Coordination
• Application programming interfaces
(APIs):
– Blocks of code contained in the operating
system
– Coordinates the operating system with
software applications
• Similar toolbars and menus
– Microsoft Direct X
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Starting the Computer
The Boot Process
• Step 1: The basic input/output
system (BIOS) is activated
• Step 2: A Power-on self-test
(POST) checks attached
hardware
2
1
3
• Step 3: The operating system
loads into memory
• Step 4: Configuration and
customization settings are
checked
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Handling Errors in the
Boot Process
• Non-system disk or disk
error
– Remove the floppy from the
drive and press any key
• POST errors
– Single beep: Everything is
loading properly
– Series of beeps: Hardware
problem
• Safe mode
– Windows does not boot
properly
– Uninstall any new devices or
software
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Click to view
Desktop features
The Desktop
B
MY DOCUMENTS
____________
C
MY
COMPUTER
____________
I
• Desktop features:TOOLBAR
_________
– Shortcut icons
– MyICONS
Documents
_______________
SHORTCUT
A
– Start button
– Quick launch
– Open
OPEN programs
_________
PROGRAMS
_________
– Taskbar
TASKBAR
_________
START BUTTON
D ____________
F tray
– System
G
QUICK LAUNCH
E ____________
– toolbar
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___________
SYSTEM TRAY
H
23
Click to view Start
menu features
Start Menu
____________
USER
NAME
A
B
PINNED ITEMS LIST
_______________
C
G
MOST FREQUENTLY
_______________
USED LIST
ALL PROGRAMS
___________
BUTTON
_______________
SPECIAL
FOLDERS
SYSTEM
AREA
_______________
HELP
_______________
D
F
SHUT
DOWN/RESTART
_______________
USER LOG OFF
_____________
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Click to view
Window features
__________
TITLE
BAR
A
__________
MENU
BAR
B
TOOLBARS
__________
Window
G
C
F
______________
VIEW OPTIONS
D
STATUS
BAR
____________
E
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SIZING BUTTONS
_______________
SCROLLBARS
____________
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File Management
• The operating system provides an
organizational structure to the computer’s
contents
• Hierarchical structure of directories:
– Drives
• Folders
Subfolders
» Files
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Viewing and Sorting
Files and Folders
• Windows Explorer
– Tiles View
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Viewing and Sorting
Files and Folders
• Windows Explorer
– Thumbnail View
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Viewing and Sorting
Files and Folders
• Windows Explorer
– Icon view
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Viewing and Sorting
Files and Folders
• Windows Explorer
– List View
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Viewing and Sorting
Files and Folders
• Windows
Explorer
– Detail View
– Sorted and
grouped
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Naming Files
• Filename:
– Name assigned plus
filename extension
• only characters not
legal in filenames are:
Bioreport.doc
or
Bio report.doc
\ ⁄ : * ? " < > ¦
• all others are allowed
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Filename Extensions
• Filename
extensions:
– Used by
programs
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Extension
Type of Document
Application
.doc
Word processing
document
Microsoft Word;
Corel WordPerfect
.xls
Workbook
Microsoft Excel
.ppt
PowerPoint
presentation
Microsoft
PowerPoint
.mdb
Database
Microsoft Access
.bmp
Bitmap image
Windows
.zip
Compressed file
WinZip
.pdf
Portable Document
Format
Adobe Acrobat
.htm or
.html
Web page
Hypertext Markup
Language
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File path
• File path
– Location of the file
Secondary
folders
Filename
C:\My Documents\Tech in Action\TIA Pics\dotmatrix.gif
Drive
Primary
folder
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Working with Files
• File management
actions:
–
–
–
–
–
Open
Copy
Move
Rename
Delete
• Recycle bin
Saving files
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Utility Programs
• Small application programs that perform
special functions:
– Manage system resources
– Create pleasant environment
– Improve efficiency
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Display Utilities
• Change the appearance of:
– Desktop
– Windows colors
– Font sizes
– Screen savers
– Screen resolution
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Add or Remove Programs
• Installation wizard
• Uninstall wizard:
– Do not delete programs
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File Compression Programs
• Reduce the size of a
file:
– Removes
redundancies
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System Maintenance Utilities
• Disk cleanup
– Cleans unnecessary
files
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System Maintenance Utilities
• Disk defragmenter
• ScanDisk:
– Error-checker
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System Maintenance Utilities
• Task manager
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System Restore
• System Restore:
– Restores the
system settings
back to a specific
date
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System Backup
• Backup:
– Creates a copy of the
hard drive to another
storage device
• Task Scheduler
– Sets a time to run
selected utilities
automatically
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Accessibility Utilities
• Utility manager:
– Magnify screen image
– Screen contents
narration
– On-screen keyboard
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• What software is included in system
software?
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• What are the different kinds of operating
systems?
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• What are the most common desktop
operating systems?
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• How does the operating system provide
user interaction with the computer?
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• How does the operating system help
manage:
– The processor?
– Memory and storage?
– Hardware and peripheral devices?
– Application software?
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• How does the operating system help the
computer start up?
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• What are the main desktop and windows
features?
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• How does the operating system help keep
the computer organized?
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Chapter 5 Summary Questions
• What utility programs are included in
system software and what do they do?
© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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