Download Introduction - Katedra anglického jazyka

Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
MORPHOLOGY
Morphology has its roots in Greek morphe meaning shape or structure and –ology
meaning study of. By working out that morph+ology means study of structure, you are
actually looking at word structure.
Morphology was originally used in biology.
Since the 19th century morphology has also been used as the study of the internal
structure of words. It means that words are analysable in terms of morphemes. These are
the smallest significant units of grammar.
The claim that words have structure might come as a surprise because normally
speakers think of words as indivisible units of meaning. For example, the, desk, cat, boot
cannot be divided up into smaller units. But many English words are morphologically
complex, they can be divided up into smaller units that are meaningful. For example,
unfaithfulness, desks, etc. these words are composed of morphemes, but only some of them
can occur in isolation.
un / faith / ful / ness, desk / s
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
1) FREE MORPHEMES can occur freely on their own as whole words
a) lexical (content) morphemes – nouns, adjectives, verbs which we think of as words
which carry the “content” of messages we convey
b) functional morphemes – this set consists largely of the functional words in the
language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. They
signal grammatical information or logical relations in a sentence
2) BOUND MORPHEMES must be attached to another morpheme as affixes
a) derivational morphemes – are used to form new words or change the meaning
prefix: re + turn = return, un + kind = unkind
suffix: kind + ly = kindly, play + er = player
infix: is an affix inserted into the root itself, it is very common in
Arabic, Hebrew, rare in English: message – messenger
in present-day English: kangaroo - kanga-bloody-roo
impossible - in-fuckin-possible
Prefixes alter meaning but do not always change the word class:
de + limit (v) = delimit(v)
en + rich (adj) = enrich (v)
Commonly occurring suffixes always change the word class:
beauty (n) + ful = beautiful (adj)
examine (v) + ation = examination (n)
It is worth remembering that in English it is only safe to judge the word class of an item when
it has been seen in context. E.g. “round”
- noun
He won the first round.
- adjective
She bought a round table.
- verb
They rounded the corner at 80 miles an hour.
- adverb
The doctor will come round this evening.
- preposition He went round the track in 4 minutes.
b) inflectional morphemes – provide further (grammatical) information about existing
lexical items. An inflectional morpheme does not alter the word class.
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
-s (plural of nouns)
-s (the 3rd person of verbs in present tense)
-ing (present participle)
-ed (past form)
allomorph – is a conditioned morph. If different morphs represent the same morpheme, they
are grouped together and they are called allomorphs of that morpheme
morpheme
past tense
allomorph
[t]
allomorph
[d]
allomorph
[id]
The choice of allomorph used in a given context is normally phonologically conditioned (it is
influenced by the neighbouring sounds). The choice can be grammatically conditioned (e.g.
the presence of the past tense morpheme requires the selection of a special allomorph of the
verb – weep – wept, take – took). In other cases the choice of the allomorph can be lexically
conditioned (e.g. we can see it in the realisation of the plural in English: ox, oxen x box, fox).
See the table below found on the Internet (Yahoo - images) that shows all the types of
morphemes:
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
HOMOGRAPH – word spelt like another word but with a different meaning or
pronunciation
lead [li:d]
x
lead [led]
vést
olovo
HOMOPHONE – word pronounced like another word but with a different meaning or
spelling
son [san]
x
sun [san]
HOMONYM – word spelt and pronounced like another word but with a different meaning
kind [kaind] - laskavý
- druh
WORD CLASSES
•open: classes of words that can be added to by the word formation processes of a language
(nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs)
•closed: classes of words where no new members of the class can be created by regular word
formation rules
(pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, prepositions)
WORD FORMATION
•ACRONYMS (first letters of a phrase): NATO, laser
•BACK-FORMATION (removing affixes): televise, emote
•BLENDING (combining only parts of words): tunnel + Channel = Chunnel
•BORROWING (words are borrowed from another language): window, angel, opera, banana
•CLIPPING (making words shorter): exam, ad
•COINAGE (the creation of totally new words): nylon, aspirin
•COMPOUNDING (combining two or more existing words): bookcase, motorway
•CONVERSION (no change in form): water – verb or noun
•DERIVATION (adding affixes): unhappy, kindness
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020