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1. In sentence 7, identify the structure name of “in the lymph nodes”
and its grammatical function.
Ans: PP, adverbial/adverb
2. In sentence 12, identify the infinitive phrase.
Ans: to confirm … return
3. Identify the subordinate clause and its grammatical function in
sentence 6.
Ans: the lowered … components, noun
4. Identify the simple subject and the complete subject in sentence 8.
Ans: author , Lead author Charles Fuchs, director of the
Gastrointestinal Cancer Center at Dana-Farber
5. Identify the gerund phrase(s).
Ans: Drinking four or more cups of caffeinated coffee daily,
preventing colon cancer’s return
6. Identify the participle phrase(s).
Ans: published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, coming back,
coming back, announcing the study’s findings.
7. Identify the appositive(s).
Ans: director of the Gastrointestinal Cancer Center at Dana-Farber
8. Identify the simple subject and the main verb in sentence 13.
Ans: Fuchs, said
9. In sentence 14, is “whether to start” a phrase or a clause? If a
phrase, what type of phrase is it? If a clause, what is its structure
name?
Ans: a phrase, infinitive phrase
10.Identify the prepositional phrase and its grammatical function in
sentence 14.
Ans: with your physician, adverbial/adverb
Drinking four or more cups of caffeinated coffee daily may significantly reduce
the chance that colon cancer will return in patients who were diagnosed with
stage III of the disease, a study said Monday.
The study involved about 1,000 patients, all of whom had undergone surgery
and chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer.
Researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Center in Boston found that the greatest
benefit was seen in those who drank four or more cups of coffee a day, for
about 460 milligrams of caffeine.
“These patients were 42 percent less likely to have their cancer return than
non-coffee drinkers, and were 33 percent less likely to die from cancer or any
other cause,” said the study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
Those who drank two to three cups of coffee daily experienced a “more
modest benefit, while little protection was associated with one cup or less.”
The researchers found the lowered risks of recurrence and death were
specifically tied to the caffeine in coffee rather than other coffee components.
Stage III disease means that the colon cancer has been found in the lymph
nodes near the original tumor site, but not elsewhere in the body.
Lead author Charles Fuchs, director of the Gastrointestinal Cancer Center at
Dana-Farber, said these patients have about a 35 percent chance of the
cancer coming back after treatment.
Most recurrences happen within five years of treatment.
“We found that coffee drinkers had a lower risk of the cancer coming back and
a significantly greater survival and chance of a cure,” Fuchs said in a
statement announcing the study’s findings.
Other studies have suggested that coffee may have a protective effect against
postmenopausal breast cancer, melanoma, liver cancer and advanced
prostate cancer.
More study is needed to confirm the study’s finding of the link between coffee
and preventing colon cancer’s return.
“If you are a coffee drinker and are being treated for colon cancer, don’t stop,”
Fuchs said.
“But if you’re not a coffee drinker and wondering whether to start, you should
first discuss it with your physician.”