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Transcript
EndocrineSystem Endocrine System Endocrine System By Scott Ford, M.Ed. • Endocrine • Endo = inside • Crine = secrete • Composed of: • Hormone producing glands • Pituitary Gland • Thyroid Gland • Parathyroid Gland • Adrenal Gland • And more… • Functions: • Regulates body activities http://mrfordsclass.net | YouTube:mrfordsclass| Facebook:mrfordsclasslearning | Twitter:mrfordsclass What is A Hormone Functions of Hormones • The endocrine system does its work through hormones • All hormones are organic compounds • It has physiological effect on other cells in the body HomeostaticMaintenance • A hormone is a chemical substance secreted into the internal body fluids by a cell or group of cells. Growth&Development • A hormone can either be a steroid or non-steroid • Steroid • Non-Steroid • Proteins and peptides • Amines (derived from amino acid tyrosine) Reproduction Functions of Hormones Chemical Classification of Hormones Emergencies • Steroids • Hormones with a steroid nucleus, similar to base structure of cholesterol • All steroid hormones are derived from Cholesterol Synergistically • Helpsotherhormones Antagonistic • Opposesotherhormone www.mrfordsclass.net • Used tokeep the body ina state ofbalance • Hormones cause the body togrow,become bigger • Also responsible formaturation process, turning usintoadults • Besides causing people togothroughpuberty hormones are also responsible forcreating and development ofgametes (sperm cells and egg cells) • Proteins and peptides • Can be amino acids or proteins • Created on the rough endoplasmic reticulum • Amines (derived from amino acid tyrosine) • Produced in the thyroid and adrenal medulla 1 EndocrineSystem Hormone Control Control Methods • Most hormonal secretions are controlled by negative feedback • Some positive feedback loops can be found in the reproductive system • Tropic Hormones • The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary that stimulates other glands • Endocrine glands tend to oversecrete hormones, which cause the target cells to functions • The target cell will provide feedback to the endocrine glands causing it to stop • Nervous System • The nervous system stimulates some glands directly Hormonal Action Protein/Peptide & Catecholamine • Hormones work by interacting with their receptor on their target cells • The more receptors the hormone interacts with, the stronger the response • Receptors are usually specific for a single hormone • These receptors can: • Be on or within the cell membrane • Within the cell-the cytoplasm or nucleus • Do not pass easily through a cell membrane • Will attach to a receptor on or inside cell membrane • A secondary messenger is generated to deliver message to something within the cell Protein/Peptide & Catecholamine Types of Secondary Messengers • Types of secondary messengers • Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) • Plasma membrane phospholipids • Calcium-calmodulin CyclicAdenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) www.mrfordsclass.net • Glands affecting glands • Some glands respond to the changes caused by hormone secretions of other glands • Mosthormonewillusethis • ActivatesproteinkinaseA,whichcausesphosphorylationthatcanturnonorturnofftargetenzymes • Phosphorylationattachesaphosphategrouptoaproteinorotherorganicmolecule Plasma membranephospholipids • Theinteractionofthehormoneandreceptoractivateamembrane-boundenzyme-phospholipaseC • PhospholipaseCcausesphospholipidsinthecellmembranetosplitintothesecondarymessengers Calcium-calmodulin • Theinteractionofhormoneandreceptoractivatescalciumchannelsinthecellmembranetoopen,letting calciumintothecell 2 EndocrineSystem Steroid and Thyroid Hormones Steroid and Thyroid Hormones • Soluble in lipids (not water), easy diffuse across the cell membrane • Can enter the cell and bind with intracellular (within the cell) receptors either in the cytoplasm or nucleus • Bind to particular DNA sequences, can active or deactivate • Affects production of proteins • Interactions cause a change in the receptor • May take hours for effects to become evident Glands Endocrine Glands • A gland in an organized collection of secretory epithelium cells • Two general categories • Exocrine • Endocrine • Pituitary Gland • Thyroid Gland • Parathyroid Gland • Adrenal Gland • Sex (gonad) Gland • Pancreas Endocrine Glands Pituitary Gland • Other Endocrine Organs • Pineal Gland • Hypothalamus • Kidney • Placenta • Intestinal Mucosa • Also knows as the Hypophysis • May also hear the “master gland” • Derived from the invagination and in growth of lining epithelia into underlying connective tissue • Can be a single cell or a group of cells www.mrfordsclass.net • About 1cm in diameter and 0.5 to 1 gram in weight • Sits in the base of skull in Sella Turcica of Sphenoid Bone 3 EndocrineSystem Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe • Connected to the Hypothalamus by the Pituitary Stalk • May also be called: Hypophyseal Stalk and Infundibul um • aka “Adenohypophysis” • Physiological there are two lobes • Anterior Lobe • Posterior Lobe • Developed from epithelial tissue • Made of five cell types • Produces, store and secretes six polypeptide or peptide hormones that students need to know Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe • Hormones (covered in more detail later): • Growth Hormone (GH) • Prolactin (PRL) • Follicle-Stimulating Hormones (FSH) • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) • aka “Neurohypophysis” “Pars Nervosa” • Two Important Hormones from the Posterior (covered later) • Oxytocin (OT) • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Thyroid Gland Thyroid Gland • Located anterior to trachea at C3-C5 • Palpable at root of neck, moves when swallowing • Composed of 2 lobes a right and a left connected via the Isthmus • Size and weight variable • Large size does not always mean there is something wrong • The thyroid gland is a collections of spherical follicles and extrafollicular cells wrapped up in a connective tissue capsule • Has a rich blood supply and nerve supply www.mrfordsclass.net • Developed from Nervous Tissue • The cell bodies of these are found in the hypothalamus • Hormones are transported to the posterior lobe from the Hypothalamus via neurons 4 EndocrineSystem Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands • Makes three important hormones • Powerful in effecting the metabolic rates of the body • Thyroxine (T4) • Triiodothyronine (T3) • Important in impacting blood calcium and phosphate ion levels • Calcitonin • Two pairs of glands on the posterior surface of thyroid glands • Cool Fact: Gets it name from the Greek adjective meaning shield shaped • Small yellowish brown dot encased in a thin capsule of connective tissue • Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Deals with calcium ion and phosphate ion level in the blood Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands • Located on top of the kidneys • Around the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra • Embedded in adipose tissue • Shaped like little pyramids • Has two distinct structures: • Adrenal medulla • Adrenal cortex • Adrenal medulla • The center of the gland (surrounded by adrenal cortex) • Functionally related to sympathetic nervous system • Makes: epinephrine, and norepinephrine Adrenal Cortex Pancreas • Outside portion, surrounds medulla • Make up most of the adrenal glands • Has three distinct layers: • zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis • Makes: lots of steroid, hormones, of interest are mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones • Behind stomach • Two major types of secretory tissues • Acini (exocrine) • Islet of Langerhans (endocrine) www.mrfordsclass.net 5 EndocrineSystem Islet of Langerhans Thymus • Endocrine part of the gland • At least four different types of cells • Alpha: makes glucagon • Beta: makes insulin • Delta: somatostatin • PP cells: pancreatic polypeptide • Located behind sternum • Large in young children, after puberty fills with fat and atrophy • Main purpose of thymus is to stimulate lymphoid tissue to produce lymphocytes Pineal Gland Reproductive Organs • A small oval gland located deep between the cerebral hemispheres • The ovaries, placenta and the testes produce hormones • Attaches to the upper portion of the thalamus • Makes melatonin • Structure will be examined in more detail in the reproductive system • Fun Fact: Was believed to the seat of the human soul • Hormones covered later in this lesson A quick warning Pituitary Hormones • Most of the hormones have more then one name • Depending on your instructor you may have to know one of them or all of them, be sure to ask what names you are accountable for your exams www.mrfordsclass.net Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary • Growth Hormone (GH) • Oxytocin (OT) • Prolactin (PRL) • Follicle-Stimulating • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Hormones (FSH) • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 6 EndocrineSystem Growth Hormone Prolactin • Also knows as: • GH, hGH • Somatotrophin (STH) • Also known as: • PRL • Luteotrophic Hormone/LTH • Functions: • Causes the growth of all the body tissue • Stimulates lipolysis-fat utilization for energy • Inhibits actions of insulin on carbohydrate • High concentrations can cause breast development (Gynecomastia) • GH is highest during puberty and decreases in adults • Functions: • Primary functions is only in pregnant females, and female who breast feed • it will stimulate the development of the mammary glands as well as stimulates milk production • Does not deal with milk release Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone • Also knows as: • Foliotrophin, FSH • Also know as: • LH • Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone, ICSH • Functions: • Most potent hormone to stimulate gametogenesis • In females it causes ova development and aids in ovulation. • In males it cause sperm production • Functions: • Stimulates gonads to produce sex hormones • Males: it stimulates interstitial cell to produce testosterone • Females stimulates maturation of follicle, stimulates rupture of follicle stimulates development of corpus luteum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotrophin • Also knows as: • TSH • Thyrotrophin • Also knows as: • ACTH • Functions: • Stimulates development and maintenance of Thyroid Gland • Causes the thyroid to secret Thyroxines • Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) • Functions: • Development and maintenanc e of Adrenal Gland • Stimulates secretion of Adrenal Cortex hormones. • Stimulates secretion of Cortisol www.mrfordsclass.net 7 EndocrineSystem Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone • Also knows as: • OT • Also known as: • ADH • Arginine Vasopressin, AVP • Functions: • Stimulates milk release • Parturition, expulsion of fetus by contraction of myometrium • Shrinks the uterus post-parturition (after the baby is born) • Causes uterine contraction to help move sperm during intercourse • Functions: • Causes renal reabsorption of H2 O • Kidneys pull water out of precursor to urine, to maintain homeostasis • A smooth muscle contractor and can increase blood pressure • Can cause vasoconstriction (makes the blood vessels shrink in diameter) Thyroid Hormones Thyroid Hormones • Powerful in effecting the metabolic rates of the body • Thyroxine (T4) • Triiodothyronine (T3) • Triiodothyronine (T 3) and Thyroxines (T 4) • They both have the same functions, T 3 is 5x more powerful then T 4 • Iodine is essential to the synthesis of thyroid hormones • Important in impacting blood calcium and phosphate ion levels • Calcitonin • Functions: • Stimulates metabolism (the most potent hormone) • Stimulates growth • Stimulates neuromuscular system • Increases blood glucose • Increases calcium • Increase cardiovascular system • Stimulates integument • Increase immune response Calcitonin Parathyroid Hormone • Also known as: • CT • Thyrocalcitonin, TCT • From the Parathyroid Glands • Also knows as: • Parathormone, PTH • Functions: • Decrease plasma calcium • The calcium levels in the blood • Keeps the calcium and phosphate in the bones • Will also increase the rate at which calcium and phosphate are deposited in bones • Functions: • Increase plasma calcium through bone resorption (destruction of bone) • Increase Vit D. synthesis essential Hormone for Growth www.mrfordsclass.net 8 EndocrineSystem Adrenal Glands Epinephrine/Norepinephrine • Adrenal medulla • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine also known as adrenalin • Primary secretion of the adrenal medulla • Norepinephrine also known as noradrenalin • Adrenal cortex • Mineralocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Sex hormone • Functions: • Increases heart rate • Increases blood pressure • Dilates airways • Increases metabolic rate Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids • Aldosterone • The principal mineralocorticoid • Around 90% of the mineralocorticoid activity • Made by the zona glomerulosa • Functions: • Regulation of minerals • It will conserve sodium, secrete potassium • As a side effect it will increase blood pressure/volume • Cortisol is the principal glucocorticoid • Around 95% of the glucocorticoid activity • Made in the zone fasciculata and some in the zona reticularis • Functions: • Regulation of blood glucose • Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue • Increases blood glucose concentrations • A very powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive Sex Hormones Islet of Langerhans within the Pancreas • Mostly weak androgens • Made in zona reticularis and a little in the zone fasciculata • Functions: • Small amounts of sex hormones are typically secreted by the adrenal cortex • Have little effect on reproductive functions • Contribute to secondary sex characteristics • Alpha • Makes up about 25% of the cells • Secretes glucagon • Beta • Makes up about 60% of the cells • Secretes insulin • Delta • Secretes somatostatin • PP cells • Secretes pancreatic polypeptide www.mrfordsclass.net 9 EndocrineSystem Glucagon Insulin • Functions: • Increases blood glucose • Stimulates glycogenolysis • Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen • Increases the release of glucose into the blood • Inhibits glycolysis • Keeps glucose from being broken down-stops glycolysis • Leads to increased glucose release from liver • Stimulates the break down of fats • Functions: • Promotes uptake and metabolism of glucose within muscles • Promotes glucose uptake and storage in liver • Inhibits glucose production • Decrease blood glucose • Causes cellular uptake of glucose • It is the only hormone that can cause cellular uptake of glucose Hormones of Reproduction Androgens Male • Gonadotropins Female • Gonadotropins • Androgens • Estrogens • Progesterone • Testosterone • The most important of the androgens • Made in testes and a small amount in adrenal cortex • Starts during fetal development then for several weeks after birth à nearly stops during childhood à around age 13 will kick in (puberty) and continues throughout life • Follicle-Stimulating Hormones (FSH) • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Made mostly in the testes • Testosterone • Follicle-Stimulating Hormones (FSH) • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Cool Fact: insulin has little effect on the brain’s uptake and use of glucose • Brain cells are very permeable to glucose without the aid of insulin Androgens Secondary Sexual Characteristics-Male • Functions: • Differentiation of male characteristics during fetal development • Testes descent • Stimulation of primary & secondary sexual characteristics • Stimulate growth maturation of sperm • Body Hair • Increase growth on face, chest axillary and pubic regions • Voice • Causes enlargement of larynx (Adam's apple) and thickening of vocal folds, deepens the voice • Muscles • Increases muscle growth, broadening of shoulders, narrowing of waist • Bone • Thickening and strengthening www.mrfordsclass.net 10 EndocrineSystem Estrogen Progesterone • Estradiol is the most abundant of the estrogens • Made in the: • Ovary • Primary site of production in nonpregnant females • Adrenal cortex • Adipose tissue • Functions: • Differentiation of female characteristics • Stimulation of primary & secondary sexual characteristics • Stimulate growth • Control of menstrual cycle • Made in the: • Ovary • Primary site of production in nonpregnant females • Adrenal cortex • Functions: • Stimulation of primary & secondary sexual characteristics • Stimulate growth • Control of menstrual cycle Secondary Sexual CharacteristicsFemale • Breasts • Development of the breasts and the ductile system • Adipose Tissue • Increased deposition of adipose tissue in subcutaneous later around breasts, thighs and buttocks • Hair • Growth of body hair, most prominent in underarms and pubic regions • Hips • Widening of hips www.mrfordsclass.net 11
