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10/12/10 Learning Chapter 4 Homework for next -me: • Journal Task #37 • Experimental Deadline 2: October 13th! – Alterna-ves must be submiFed by 5pm • Traphagen 330 Pavlovian Drooling Pups! - Russian physiologist, studied digestion, Implant devices, collect saliva - Noticed dogs salivated when they heard shoes squeaking in the hall - Realized this was because they heard it before being fed - Thought what else can we pair this with bell 1 10/12/10 Classical Condi-oning: Terms • Uncondi-oned S-mulus (UCS): naturally occuring s-mulus that leads to a reflexive response. FOOD • Uncondi-oned Response (UCR): the reflexive response to the uncondi-oned s-mulus. SALIVATING • Neutral S-mulus (NS): s-mulus that previously has no effect on the desired response. BELL Classical Condi-oning: Terms • Condi-oned S-mulus (CS): previously neutral s-mulus that elicits a reflexive response aVer repeatedly being paired with UCS. BELL • Condi-oned Response (CR): learned reflexive response to a CS. SALIVATING • On test: paragraph with examples, pick out the different components (UCS, CS, CR, etc.) The setup….. Before conditioning: • Food (UCS) causes Drooling (UCR) During conditioning: + After conditioning: • Food (UCS) is paired with the Bell (NS) –ring bell before feeding – and causes Drooling (UCR) • Bell (CS) causes Drooling (CR) 2 10/12/10 Stimulus generalization – similar stimuli will also evoke the response (after conditioning occurs). Example: A bell rings at a certain tone and a dog salivates, if the bell rang at a higher or lower tone the dog may still salivate. SO therefore have a generalized stimulus. Stimulus discrimination – stimuli are different and response will stop occurring. Example: A dog is given increasingly different sounding bells from the original meaning the stimulus will have a decreased effect and eventually will not respond at all. The Pavlovs get new neighbors….. Terminology • AcquisiLon: the formula-on of the s-mulus-‐response associa-on • ExLncLon: A decrease of a learned response due to repeatedly presen-ng the CS without the UCS • Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of an ex-nguished response (CS presented alone) • Example: “apple juice” and Pita Pit 3 10/12/10 Operant Condi-oning: What’s in it for me? • Defini-on: the learning of voluntary behavior through rewards and punishments • Watson, Skinner • Rats in boxes, scaring babies with rats 4 Very Important Terms • Reinforcement: any event or s-mulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. • Punishment: any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again. • PosiLve: Adding anything to the environment. • NegaLve: Taking away anything from the environment. – Posi-ve does not mean good; nega-ve does not mean bad! Reinforcement • PosiLve Reinforcement: reinforcement of a response by the addi-on of something that increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated – Example: give dog a treat when it sits • NegaLve Reinforcement: the reinforcement of a response by the removal or avoidance of something that increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated – Example: Parents stop nagging if you take out the garbage 4 10/12/10 Reinforcement (cont) • Primary reinforcer: sa-sfies a basic need – Example: food, water, shelter • Secondary reinforcer: has no intrinsic value but becomes reinforcing when paired with a primary reinforcer – Example: money Punishment • PosiLve Punishment: the punishment of a response by the addi-on of something that will decrease the likelihood that the response will be repeated – Example: Spank a child when they misbehave • NegaLve Punishment: the punishment of a response by the removal of something that will decrease the likelihood that the response will be repeated – Example: Grounded (removing privileges) if break curfew A helpful tool Effect on Behavior Added to environment Removed from the environment Increases Decreases Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Reinforcement Negative Punishment 5 10/12/10 Shaping • DefiniLon: the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior • Used a lot in a clinical seing: ie: help with phobia Schedules of Reinforcement: • ConLnuous Reinforcement: the reinforcement of every response – Example: give dog a treat every -me • ParLal Reinforcement: reinforcing some, but not all, responses – Example: buy a certain amount of coffee drinks, get a free coffee Schedule of Reinforcements • Fixed Interval: the interval of 3me that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same – Example: Hourly wage • Variable Interval: the interval of 3me that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for every trial or event – Example: Pop quiz • Fixed RaLo: the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same – Example: Taco Del Mar punch card • Variable RaLo: the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event – Example: Slot machines (Vegas thrives because of variable ra-o!!) 6 10/12/10 LiFle Experiment, Big Consequences: Bobo!! • Observa-onal Learning: Learning of new behavior through observa-on of a model 7