Download To start with, the Internet of Things is new

Internet Of Things
Meryem LAMKIMEL
7,3 Billion is
4,3
Billion
@IPv4
the world
population
50 Billion
equipment will be
connected online
in 2020
The Internet of Things
In this article, we look closely at the new internet revolution qualified as
«Internet of Things". We will give in this article the results of a survey of
220 students Moroccans on the state of understanding of the Internet of
Things with students. It will also address key issues and solutions
coexistence between IPv4 and IPv6 for the transition to IPv6, and new
architectures to meet the requirements of the Internet of Things. We end our
article with an illustrative example of the improvements that the Internet of
things can bring to our everyday lives.
The Internet protocol version 4 "IPv4" described in
RFC 791 (September 1981) has known a major
success that overcome the optimistic forecasts made
at the time of its conception, in 1973, the main
purpose of the Internet was to establish end-to-end
communication between two hosts based on the
constraints of the availability of bandwidth and the
permanent network connection, however, today,
IPv4 is slowed down by majors limitations such as
the exhaustion of the IPv4 public address space
managed by the Internet Assigned Number Authority
(http://www.iana.org), as fact, this limitation has
caused an interesting challenges when adding new
objects or new services on the Internet.
Without public IP addresses, the capacity of Internet
is reduced. Originally, the internet was designed to
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connect a limited number of machines, then, many
categories of users joined the Internet network,
thus, the way the Internet is used knew
fundamentals changes, starting by the creation of
new services including: web page viewing, email
exchange, streaming video, VoIP, file transfers, then,
the emergence of the social web based on sharing
digital content such as videos, images and
document.
The exponential growth has pushed the research
towards new innovations, in 1993, emergency
measures were taken such as the use of network
address translation (NAT / PAT), virtual-hosting and
proxy, this allowed to delay the decline for a few
years, engineers and researchers working in the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) took
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advantage of this period to design a new version of
Internet Protocol named IPv6 protocol (RFC 2460
published in December 1998), with new features and
an unlimited address space.
The major challenge of the Internet today is: to
connect billions of people in real time, but also
billions of objects, this new Internet revolution called
“Internet of Things” present an extension of the
internet to the physical world, where every
connected object has its own identity and computing
capabilities and sophisticated communication tools,
while having limited resources especially in terms of
power, so the main question is: How the internet of
things will impact the Internet protocols? Is it the
opportunity to follow a classical path in the internet
evolution by the transition to IPv6 in order to meet
the forecast of 50 billion connected objects by 2020,
according to a study done by the Internet Society
”ISOC”?, or it's time to fundamentally reassess the
purpose, functionality and reliability of existing
networks and offer new architectures with new
protocols?
Meryem LAMKIMEL
identification and the heterogeneity of data, beyond
observing, the connected objects must also be able
to understand and analyze the information in order
to interact with each other, and cooperate with
other objects to create new applications or services,
in other words, Philippe Gautier, co-author of “
Internet des objets - Internet mais en mieux "
defines the Internet of Things as the emergence of a
new dimension to our physical world where objects
interact and generate exponential quantities of data.
On the other hand, it is necessary to notice that the
cellular network has become the first access point to
the internet for many mobile devices, however, this
network is based on an addressing and transport
architecture derived from switching technology,
then from routing technology based on the IPv4.
In fact, according to a study by Cisco, published in
the 3th February 2016, "Global Mobile Data Traffic
Forecast Update, 2015-2016," the Global mobile
data traffic has increased by 74% in 2015 compared
to 2014, while the capacity of mobile networks has
increased by 20% in 2015 compared to 2014, these
result reflect that in the next few years, the telecom
operators and service providers will be facing more
complicated challenges especially with the
emergence of the Internet of Things, thus, the
transition to IPv6 seems to be a good point to start
with.
Source. www.theinstitute.ieee.org
To start with, the Internet of Things is new
transformation of the Internet where objects are
able to observe and communicate with the physical
world, which introduces new challenges mainly
related to the types of channels used for
communication, connectivity interfaces, the way of
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In fact, IPv6 provides more flexibility in managing
addresses and traffic security using 128 bit to
present IPv6 address, also simplifying the message
header and format is a major improvement
compared to IPv4, to explain more, a message,
commonly called packet or datagram, is composed
of two parts: header and content (payload), in the
version 4, the message header has a fixed size (20
bytes but the variable length of optional fields add
more traffic), whereas in version 6, the header is
split into two parts: a fixed (40 bytes) and a variable,
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through its variable header, IPv6 provides enhanced
support to all extensions or options that may be
needed, in other words, for avoiding long and heavy
message, a series of messages IPv4 fields have been
optional in the extension headers in IPv6 and it
depend on the transmitter to choose which
extensions to include, which help in gaining the
bandwidth, and provide better management of
service quality.
With auto-configuration, nodes in IPv6 network can
obtain a global address automatically, this method is
based on the protocol Neighbor Dicovery, the
protocol has recently been adapted for wireless
sensor networks, combining the 6LoWPAN standard
and the adaptation of Neighbor Discovery, the
sensors can now obtain a global IPv6 address
automatically, which is an important progress in
introducing the Internet of things in large scale.
However, the transition to IPv6 require many
conditions because of the number of organizations
and entities involved in the Internet, as
consequence, a long period of coexistence between
IPv4 and IPv6 is expected, but the inconsistency
between the two versions requires appropriate
mechanisms to achieve the cohabitation and then
the transition to IPv6, to resolve this issue several
mechanisms exist to ensure the cohabitation
between IPv6 and IPv4 that can be grouped into the
following categories:
Meryem LAMKIMEL
- The 6PE / 6VPE solution: enable customers to
communicate based on IPv6 while maintaining the
backbone IP / MPLS in IPv4 also benefit from the
MPLS features.
Each of the cohabitation IPv4 / IPv6 mechanisms
listed above present many advantages and
limitations as well, because the transition to IPv6
only still inefficient to meet the requirements of the
Internet of Things, so, the design of new
architectures
for
communication
between
connected devices and the routing of traffic
generated by the data growth remains a critical
need, and among many new solutions we will focus
on the "Mobility First" architecture and the
"Content-Centric Networking".
"Mobility First" architecture is one dedicated
solutions to meet the challenges of the Internet of
things especially for networks in mobility, this
solution is based on a set of concepts for the
identification
and
communication
between
connected objects in mobility while ensuring secure
access to different services available on the Internet.
- Tunneling (tunnels) they enable systems with IPv6
to communicate using an IPv4 infrastructure, it
consists of encapsulating IPv6 datagram within IPv4.
Two types of tunnel exist, static tunnels like GRE and
MCT, and dynamic tunnels like 6to4, Teredo and
ISATAP.
In other words, MobilityFirst architecture is centered
around two fundamental objectives: mobility and
reliability, that are provided by a new layer of service
based on the use of names instead of IPv4 or IPv6
address, this layer named "Name Based Service"
serves as the key element in the protocol stack
MobilityFirst architecture, the concept of globally
unique identifiers "Global unique Identifier" (GUID)
is used to identify a device such as a Smartphone, a
car, a group of devices / people, content or even a
context, the GUID are public keys assigned by
certification service authority , the name based
service layer uses the GUID for communication,
invoked network services are defined by the source
and destination GUID and the service identifier “SID”
specifies the method of delivery such as unicast
(default), multicasrs, or anycast.
- The translation protocols (NAT): Allows the
equipment belonging to IPv4 or IPv6 native networks
to communicate through a specific node among
these mechanisms we find NAT-PT and NAT64.
For routing, a system based on the name / address is
used for hybrid scalability, using a global name
resolution service “GNRs” to dynamically link the
GUID destination to a current set of network nodes.
- Dual-Stack: the equipment (machines, servers,
routers, objects ) have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
and can handle both protocol stacks.
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Internet Of Things
Meryem LAMKIMEL
The "MobilityFirst: A Robust and Trustworthy
Mobility-Centric Architecture for the Future
Internet" by Dipankar Raychaudhuri, Kiran Nagaraja,
Arun Venkataramani, published in collaboration
between the "Computer Science" department of the
American University of Massachusetts and Rutgers
University presents more technical details about this
new architecture and the optimistic forecasts related
to its deployment.
Source : www.abondance.info
Another solution that meets the requirements of the
introduction of the Internet of Things is: "ContentCentric Networking", Unlike IP networks, CCN
focuses on the content by making it directly
addressable and routable, CCN began as a research
project at the Palo Alto research center (PARC) in
2007, the first version of the software (CCNx 0.1)
was made available in 2009. The current version of
the software is CCNx 0.8.2.
The goal of CCN is to provide a secure, flexible and
scalable network, based on providing a model of
access to content regardless of the establishment of
communication between end nodes, it provides
transparency by using names rather than IP
addresses, in addition, the secure content resides in
caches distributed at different nodes of the network,
so the CCN deliver the content to the user via the
nearest cache, across fewer network hops, avoiding
redundant requests, and consuming fewer
resources.
WiFi-Offload also presents a new solution that allows
to route traffic of mobile data through new bridges
without crossing the operators access network by
using new bridges, allowing operators to meet the
requirements of data growth without affecting the
architecture of their 2G / 3G / 4G networks.
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Furthermore, Internet of Things application’s are
almost limitless, which will impact the way we live
and work by saving time and resources, in fact, the
Internet of Things has great potential : to support
improvement in developing countries such as
Morocco, to provide energy efficiency and enhance
the security, the health and the transportation
services, so Morocco has launched new challenges
through
the
"NATIONAL
STRATEGY
FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH BY 2025"
published by the Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research, where Morocco plans to reduce
the gap between the society as it exists now and its
aspirations in the scientific, technological and
cultural fields, and like any new technology, its
adaptation to the needs of the society is the first
pillar for strengthening and orienting the researches.
So in order to have approximate statistics and
evaluate the understanding of the Internet of Things
by Moroccan student in the field of new
technologies, we prepare and share a survey in order
to have a first picture about how the internet of
things is considered in our society:
- 73.2% of participants know about the internet of
things via social networks, magazines and
conferences.
- 80.9% of participants see it’s mandatory to create
new way to access the internet in order to introduce
the Internet of Things
- 80.5% of participants are aware about the
improvements that the IoT can add to the health
care field.
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- 45% of participants think that even with smart
objects the human intervention will always be
needed.
- 70.5% of participants are optimistic about how IoT
will help us to save time, reduce the use of natural
resources and improve our life
- 21.8% of participants expect that with the
emergence of the Internet of Things, we risk to
restrict more our communication capabilities
- 55% of participants define the IoT as smart
services, 45% define it as the machine-to-machine
(M2M).
- Participants find that the Internet of Things is more
useful in the following areas:
• 64.8% Health
• 45.1% Education
• 65.6% Security
• 48.4% Communication
• 54.1% Transportation
• 45.9% Environment
- 85.8% of participants are interested in using
connected objects in the future.
By analyzing these responses, it appears that there is
a good understanding of the definition and the
benefits of the Internet of things, and with the right
strategies to introduce the Internet of Things, the
market for this new technology will have the power
to participate in the evolution of the industry at the
national and global level.
With the emergence of the IoT companies have a
great potential to offer revolutionary services to
their customers, Apple for instance has already sold
4.2 million smart watch in 2015, also, Microsoft
recently launched Windows 10 for IoT to IT
developers, and many initiatives for building "smart
cities" are launched around the world, which aims to
improve the quality of life through the protection of
Meryem LAMKIMEL
energy, the improvement of health and education
services, as fact, a recent study by the Economist
Intelligence Unit shows that the Internet of Things is
the trend that will have the greatest impact by 2020,
and according to forecasts, the sector will weigh 4
trillion $ in 2024.
Finally, imagine that it's 7:00 am, you leave your bed
to go to work, your bed sends a message to your
coffee maker to prepare coffee while you brush your
teeth, and a message is sent to your car to be
prepared. During your day at work, imagine your
connected objects: hard drives, bicycles, households
and
Source.
light bulbs
http://www.orange-business.com/
identify their failures or detect that
they are approaching their end of life, and send you
a list on your mobile to pass bring the spare parts
from the nearest supermarket, instead of just break
down! Imagine that you can take care of your plants
via your mobile, and you can reduce your electricity
consumption with smart bulbs, imagine that it's
05:00, your children are at the door of the house but
they do not have the keys to get in, and with a
simple message from your mobile you will be able to
open the door for them, and drive home in comfort.
In the future, these innovations will be part of our
smart-life.
Meryem LAMKIMEL
PhD student at the INPT "National Institute of Posts and Telecommunications," supervised by Mr. NAJIB NAJA
Engineer in Telecommunications and Information Technology from the INPT
IP Engineer at NOKIA
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Internet Of Things
Meryem LAMKIMEL
References:
-
L’internet des objets : les principaux protocoles M2M et leur évolution vers IP de Olivier Hersent.
Vision et Stratégie de la Recherche Horizon 2025, Département de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la
Formation des Cadres et de la Rechercher Scientifique.
Content-Centric Networking in the Internet of Things de Otto Waltari, Univesité de HELSINKI.
MobilityFirst: A Robust and Trustworthy Mobility-Centric Architecture for the Future Interne, de Dipankar
Raychaudhuri, Kiran Nagaraja, Arun Venkataramani.
Objets connectés : Enjeux et défis d’une révolution en marche, de Frédéric Forster.
Sécurité de l'Internet des Objets : vers une approche cognitive et systémique de Yacine Challal.
The Internet of Everything through IPv6: An Analysis of Challenges, Solutions and Opportunities, de
"Antonio J. Jara, Antonio Skarmeta et Latif Ladid".
Internet of Things from research and Innovation to Market deployment de Ovidiu Overmesan et Peter
Friess.
Webography:
-
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-indexvni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html
http://www.worldipv6launch.org/
http://www.iana.org/
http://iot.ieee.org/education/webinars.html
http://www.iot-world.fr
http://iot.ieee.org/
Link to Survey:
http://goo.gl/forms/XPX4kmLddn
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