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Carbon Capture, Sequestration &
CDM Opportunities in Power
Sector
Presented By:
The Major Contradictory Challenges
Faced by Developing world

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Quest for increased Generation
capacity - Terawatt Challenge
Climate Change
- rising GHG level
Continued focus on coal
generation
based
Sustained economic growth at 8 to 9%
requires that by the year 2012, we must
have installed capacity at a level of
over 2,00,000 MW and by 2050 at the
level of 10 Lakh MW i.e. a trillion or
Terra Watt – This poses a Terra watt
challenges for India.
Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390
ppm and consequent climate change, floods and
draughts has affected 260 million people between
2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these,
98% were in developing nations.
Developed countries with population of 15% of
world population have the share of CO2 emissions at
50%.
CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of
330 ppm.
There is so much
momentum in the system that
we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the
century.
Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause
displacement of over 330 million people in
developing world.
•
•
•
China and India are projected to account
for 30% of the world’s
increase in
energy consumption between 2000-2020
and 92% of increase in coal use.
World Green House inventory is over
29,000
Million
tones
per
annum
(MTPA) with US over 20% (India with
total emission of about 1400 MTPA is
only at 4.8 %.)
Coal is going to remain main stay for
power generation in at least next Three
decades for India (99,861 MW Coal
based generation out of 1,56,092 MW
total power installed capacity)
Green House inventory for India for
Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2)
Energy Sector
CO2
CO2 equivalent
Total Emission
834
(58% of total)
928
(64% of total)
(CO2+CH4+NOX)
Source: IAE: 1999
Atmospheric Concentration of GHG increasing
• Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have
increased significantly since industrial revolution
– Carbon dioxide +30%; Methane +100%;Nitrous
oxide +15%
– Greenhouse gas concentrations projected to reach
double pre-industrial levels by about 2060
• Many greenhouse gases remain in atmosphere for a
longtime (decades to centuries)
The Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change
(IPCC) has confirmed:

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
The temperature of the earth’s surface has increased by 0.76˚C
over the past century.
It is very likely (more than 90˚ probability) that most of this global
warming
was due to increased GHGs(green house gases ),
resulting from human activity.
Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were among the 12
warmest years on the instrumental record of global surface
temperature.

Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has declined in
both the hemispheres.

Best estimate regarding the future changes in climate by 2099 for
low scenario is 1.8” and for high scenario is 4.0”sea level rise
INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB
BY 2010
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POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY
1,56,092 MW …600 Billion kWh per annum
TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION IN 11TH PLAN
 Central
46,500 MW
 State & IPP
41,800 MW
 NCES
10,700 MW
 Nuclear
6,400 MW
 Total
105,400 MW
BY 2012 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY
…Over 1000 Billion kWh
THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWh (Unit)
GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2010
Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy
& Environment

A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India
To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy
they need by 2010, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil
equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by
2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for
limiting GHG emission levels

By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in
Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal
Power:
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Thermal
Renewable & Hydro
Nuclear
Total
326,000MW
104,000 MW
20,000 MW
450,000 MW
Energy Security – Indian
Perspective
AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR:
Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
Technology.
 Promote CCT in countries like India & China where
coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation.
 Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy
Generating Systems.
 Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil
Fuel Technology.
 Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
Rural Sector

Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options
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World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US about 3TW, India - 0.156 TW) today to support 10
billion world population. This is Equivalent to230
million barrels of oil /day.
By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The
world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy
to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century.
Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that
solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt
challenge and at the same time contribute to the
reduction of climate change, with about 125,000
TW of global incident sunlight.
Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options…Contd.
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Key scenario for stabilizing CO2 in the
atmosphere during 21st century turn on the
viability of CO2 sequestration. This implies CO2
capture, storage and then pumping to aquifers,
to stay for millennia.
In any case minimum 10 TW is needed within a
decade from Breeder Nuclear , Clean Coal
Technologies (CCTs) and Renewables.
Biomass CO2 sequestration could also meet this
challenge to some extent.
POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

Installed capacity in Utilities as on December 09
…1, 56,092 MW
Thermal Installed Capacity…99,861 MW
(Coal 81,605 MW, Gas 17,055 MW, Diesel 1201 MW + Others- cogen etc.)
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Hydro Power …36, 885 MW
Nuclear Power … 4120 MW
Renewable Energy Sources …15,226 MW
No. of Villages Electrified… 4,98,286
Length of Trans. Lines… 64,97,727 kM
Total energy generation… 587 billion kWh
Per Capita Energy Consumption 606 kWh
NCES POTENTIAL AND INSTALLED CAPACITY (In MW)
Renewable Energy Source
Wind
- Potential
- Installed
Bio Mass
+ Co-gen.
- Potential
- Installed
Small Hydro – Potential
- Installed
Energy
- Potential
from Waste
- Installed
Solar PV
- Potential
- Installed
All India
MP
45,000
5500
3595
159.49
19,500
100
750
9.86
5000
410.13
1705
40
-
1700
42
20 MW/Sq. km
264
100 k Wp
INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT
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Total Installed Capacity … 1,56,092 MW
Thermal Generation
… over 64 %
Although no GHG reduction targets for India
but taken steps through adoption of
Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined
cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant
Performance optimization
Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of
GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable
development as per Framework Convention on
Climate change (FCCC)
FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
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GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT,
POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
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AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR
There are three main techniques for
Capture of CO2 in Power Generation
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Post-combustion capture
Pre-combustion capture
Oxy-fuel combustion
Techniques for removal of CO2 from Flue Gas
Carbon dioxide can be removed from flue gas and waste
gas streams produced from carbon usage by various
methods.
1. Absorption with a solvent,
2. Membrane separation,
3. Cryogenic fractionation,
4. Adsorption using molecular sieves.
Capture of CO2 from absorption method is most widely
used technique.
Absorption Approach Using Chemical Solvents
CO2 can be removed from flue gases using solvents that
rely on chemical or physical absorption.
The most common solvents used for neutralizing CO2
in chemical absorption systems are alkanol-amines such
as mono-ethanol-amine (MEA), di-ethanol-amine (DEA),
and methyl-di-ethanol-amine (MDEA).
Chemical absorption with MEA solvent is the most common
capture technology, is readily available and can be integrated
into new plants.
Prior to CO2 removal, the flue gas is typically cooled,
then treated to reduce particulars and other impurities.
It is then passed in to absorption tower where it comes
in contact with the absorption solution.
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
•
•
India’s position with regard to Carbon
Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We
don’t make any commitment at this stage
regarding deployment of CCS technologies.
India advocates very strongly the Carbon
Capture & Sequestration.
Some of the demo pilot projects include.
-Pilot project on Geological CO2
sequestration
in basalt rock formation.
The question of adoption of CCS will depend
on this
technology being cost effective.
-Projects under DST sponsored National
Program on
Carbon
Sequestration
(NPCS)
FLUE GAS
FROM GASIFIER
H2
LEGEND
STEAM
N2
N2
F.G.
CO2
MEA
CH4
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER
METHANE
MEA-01
MEA-02
MEA-03
CO
H2
LIGNITE
CH4
HYDROGEN
PRODUCER
CO
CONVERTOR
ASH
GAS SCRUBBER
04
ST
NaHCO3
PURE MEA
06
ST
CO2 STRIPPER
05
PURE H2 FOR
FULE CELL
SATURATED CO2
S
T
E
A
M
MEA -07
FLUE
GAS
P1
BOILER
CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT AT RGPV
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Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/
day
Source of CO2
- Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam & Biomass
Gasifier of 10kW
Solvent used for capture of CO2 :
Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA)
SOx & NOx Removal :
NaHCO3
Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit
- For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst
- For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst
- For Carbon Monoxide...Fe3C & Lignite
CO2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity
Sector
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Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today
Fuel switching (Coal NG)
Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture &
Sequestration (CCS)
(Post –Combustion CO2 Capture)
Gasification/ Reforming + CCS
(Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture)
Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS
‘Kyoto’ Back-ground
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1992: United Nations Framework convention on
Climate Change, adopted by most of the countries
at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro
1997:Kyoto Protocol was adopted
An important step towards stabilization of GHG
concentration to prevent dangerous impacts on climate
system
Industrialized countries are required to reduce their
combined GHG emissions by at least 5.2% compared to
1990 levels by the first commitment period(2008-2012)
2005:Kyoto protocol entered into force
Met 55 / 55%condition, after ratification by the Russian
Federation
Is now fully operational
Kyoto Protocol Mechanism
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Joint Implementation (Article 6):
Emission reduction arising from project investment in
other developed countries (with own emission targets)
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Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12):
Emission reduction arising from project investments in
developing countries (don't have emission targets)
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Emission Trading (Article 17)
Portions of developed country’s emission allowances can
be bought ? Sold in international C trading market. A
Supplement to domestic action.
Strategic Response

Prevention
- Energy Conservation
- Green practices, change in lifestyle

•
•
•
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Abatement
- GHG emission mitigation through :
Improved energy efficiency
Cleaner energy sources / technologies
Preventing deforestation
Reducing methane emission (by improved
Waste management practices)
Where is CDM Applicable ?
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Renewable Energy: Wind, Solar, Biomass, Hydel
power
Fuel switching: Fossil fuels to green fuel
Energy
efficiency
measures
related
to:
Boilers,pumps,turbines,cooling system etc.
Introduction of new, efficient power generation
technologies; Reduction in technical T&D losses
Improved
waste
management
practieses:e.g.Capturing landfill methane for
power generation
Transport: Modal shift , fuel switch
Forestry:Afforestration
CDM: Disqualifiers
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Emission reduction from Nuclear
facilities
A diversion of official development
assistance (ODA) from Annex – I
countries
Any other type of sequestration
activities apart from afforestation and
reforerstation!
CDM- A WIN-WIN SITUATION
Industrialized countries (AI)
To assist in meeting their
emission limitation commitments
Investors
Project proponents
(private business,
governments, NGOs)
CDM project
activity
(private business,
governments, NGOs)
Developing countries (Non-AI)
To assist in achieving
sustainable development
What makes a project activity a CDM
project activity?
GHG
“What would have happened” situation
(fictitious situation) = baseline
CERs
CDM project activity
Start of CDM
project activity
time
GHG = Greenhouse gas emissions
CERs =certified emissions reduction
CDM Projects Status
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Total projects registered by EB –
1000
Equivalent CERs – 340 Million
Projects from India – 47 (~ 30%)
Total Baseline Methodologies
approved > 50
Majority of the projects: Biomass –
energy
Majority of CERs generated: HFC
oxidation
Typical CDM Projects Categories in
India
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Renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind, biomass,
hydro)
Fuel switching (e.g. oil to gas, coal to gas)
Energy efficiency (e.g. lighting, insulation,
process optimization)
Waste processing (e.g. land fill gas extraction,
waste incineration)
Waste heat recovery projects including power
generation
Energy saving by elimination of reheating
processes
Thermal oxidation of HFC
Afforestation
Towards 2012 and Beyond
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Continue to mobilize private sector participation in the
CDM, willing to respond positively to CDM criteria
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Encourage CDM participation of large public sector
emitters (e.g. power & transport sector) possibly in sector
CDM arrangements
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Information infrastructure to support a functioning market
– e.g. baseline for major sectors like Power, Cement, Iron
and Steel
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Explore opportunities for sector trading schemes (Sectoral
& Programmatic CDM )
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Integration of GHG emission reduction activities and
national development programmes
Mission Energy Security and Energy independence
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Climate Change – Nature’s Fury
Solar for irrigation
High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells
Hydrogen as Fuel for future
Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear
Reactor
Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC
Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport
Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence
by2030
….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005
Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for
India for 11th & 12th Plans
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Supercritical Power Plants
Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants
Circulating Fluidized Bed
Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants
SUPER CRITICAL UNITS
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Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537
o
C
Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum)
Common Off site facility
FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6
Heaters.
Total Capacity Planned
Number of Units
14,560 MW *
22 Units
* Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.
Main advantages of
Super-Critical Steam Cycle
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Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal
efficiency
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Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of
Power generated compared to sub-critical
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Very good part load efficiencies
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Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units
Current State-of-Art
Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants
Pressure
300 bar
Temperature 600oC
Efficiency
45% (LHV Basis)
Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC
By the year 2005 620 oC
By the year 2020 650-700 oC
Cycle Efficiency
50-55%
IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...
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Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while
combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency.
Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation
offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the
order of 44-48%.
The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of
particulate, NOx and SOx are:
7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the
corresponding emissions from PC plant.
- Three major areas of technology that will contribute to
improvements in IGCC are :

hot gas de-sulfurisation

hot gas particulate removal

advanced turbine systems
IGCC
Gas
Clean Up
Fuel
COAL
Raw Gas
Cooler
Steam
Combustion
Chamber
Air
Gasifier
Alternator
Booster
Comp.
Ash
Turb.
Air
Steam
Alternator
ST
Exhaust
Gases
Condenser
WHB
Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion
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Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC)
technology has selectively been applied in India
for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite,
etc.
CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant
Technology:

Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2
with limestone injection the furnace.
Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler
Steam to Super Heater
Cyclone
Coal Feed
Hopper
Ash Cooler
Back-Pass
Furnace
ESP
External
Heat-Exchanger
HP Air
CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies
CFBC
PF+FGD/SC
R
IGCC
34.8
36.7
41-42
Relative Capital
Cost/kW
1.0
1.03-1.19
1.151.42
Relative O&M
Cost/kW
1.0
1.49
0.8-0.98
ITEM
Cycle Efficiency %
At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less
costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However,
firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when
using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and
rejects.
Green Energy solutions
 Promote CCT in countries like India & China
where coal is main stay fuel for Power
Generation.
 Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
Technology
 Energy Farming
 Energy Efficiency
 Major shift towards Green Technologies
 Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
Rural Sector
Coming back to CDM as applied to Energy Sector & CCTs
Sector –wise CDM Potential is given in the Table 01 below:
Table: 01
S.No.
Sector
GHG emission
1.
2.
3.
Power
Transport
Steel
51%
16%
10%
4.
5.
6.
Cement
Chemicals
Others
04%
03%
15%
Weighted average emission factor, simple Operating
Margin (OM), Build Margin (BM) and Combined Margin
(CM) of all Indian Regional Grids in t CO2 / MWh
Average
OM
BM
CM
North
0.72
0.99
0.60
0.80
East
1.05
1.13
0.97
1.05
South
0.74
1.01
0.71
0.86
West
0.88
0.99
0.63
0.81
North –East 0.33
0.70
0.15
0.42
India
1.02
0.68
0.85
0.81
OM is the average emission from all the stations excluding the low cost/ must run sources.
BM is the average emission of the 20% (by net generation) most recent capacity addition in the
grid.
CM is a weighted average of the OM and BM (here weighted 50:50)
Table: 03
Technology-wise expected CDM funds flow.
S.
No
Sector
Expected Carbon
reduction
(MT/Yr)
CDM Flow
Million US$/Yr
1.
Renewable Energy
60
660
2.
Coal Based IGCC Power Plant
05
55
3.
Agriculture-Energy Efficiency
18
198
4.
T&D loss reduction
32
352
5.
Energy in Industries Caustic Soda
Efficiency
Cement
0.12
1.32
1.1
12.1
--
--
--
--
Aluminum
6.
Municipal Solid Waste
Management
Table: 04
Potential CDM Projects for India targeted to meet
National Mitigation targets
GHG mitigation option
Abatement cost
range
National mitigation
potential (thousand
tons of CO2)
Mega Power Generation
Renovation & modernization
High
8579
Fluidized bed combustion
Low
8166
Integrated gasification combined cycle
High
14610 (large potential)
Wind power (grid-connected)
High
526
Wind based water pumps
Medium
<1
Solar thermal power (grid –connected)
High
300
Iron Steel-dry coke quenching
Low
950
Pulp & Paper
Medium
904
Replacement of Industrial Motors
Medium
36
Renewable Energy
Industrial efficiency
Table: 05
Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide) mitigation options in India
Technology
Greenhouse gas
emission reduction
Investment cost
Cost-effectiveness
(dollars/tonne CO2)
Green Power generation
Cogeneration
1.50 kg/kWh
900 dollars/kW
10 (most cost effective)
Combined cycle
0.96 kg/kWh
818 dollars/kW
54 (cost effective)
Inter-cooled steam-injected gas
turbine
0.76 kg/kWh
947 dollars/kW
77
Pressurized
combustion
bed
0.18 kg/kWh
1894 dollars/kW
503
gasification
0.23 kg/kWh
1578 dollars/kW
340 (at par)
coal super-critical
0.18 kg/kWh
1202 dollars/kW
342 (at par)
Coal washing
0.125 kg/kWh
11 dollars/kW
179
CFBC
0.20 kg/kWh
1000 dollars/kW
250
small hydro
1.3 kg/kWh
1950 dollars/kW
88 (cost effective)
wind farms
1.3 kg/kWh
1405 dollars/kW
257
Biomass
1.6 kg/kWh
710 dollars/kW
102 (cost effective)
Solar thermal
1.3 kg/kWh
3730 dollars/kW
592
Solar PV (photovoltaic)
1.6 kg/kWh
5952 dollars/kW
541
fluidized
Integrated
combined cycle
Pulverized
boilers
Renewable energy for power
Issues before the house
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Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO2
capture and Clean Coal Technologies
Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells
Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation
on the top of the National Agenda
Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of
Energy Efficiency and Green Environment
initiatives.
Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and
Green Technologies need to be redefined.
RGTU INITIATIVES
Hybrid power plant of Wind, Solar & Biomass has been
setup which will pave way for sustainable power supply for
variety of biomass fuels & environment limitations.
Biomass Gasifier (10kW) & Bio-diesel Plant (100 LPD) has
been commissioned
Green Energy Technology Center has been set up to focus
on following areas:
- Clean Coal Technology & CDM
- Bio-fuels and bio-diesel
- Renewable Energy devices (hybrid) targeted to
produce 1 MW Power for the campus
- Energy Conservation & Management
- CO2 Sequestration & CO2 capture technologies
.
Impact Green Projects at RGTU
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CO2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of
Multi-purpose fuels – Hydrogen, Methane and
Biodiesel through Algae route
Production of CNG from Coal–gasification route
Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System
60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top of
RGTU
High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-diesel
production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel
reactors