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Abortion
Chapter 6
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Hepatitis A-B C
Diseases Affecting the Liver
• Hepatitis A: acute (short-term) infection spread through feces or
contaminated water or food. Most patients recover completely within
6 to 10 weeks
• Hepatitis B:
People with HBV who have not cleared the virus
after six months are considered to have chronic hepatitis B —
Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancerS
• Sixth leading cause of liver transplantation
Highly Contagious: 50 to 100 times more contagious than HIV
• Hepatitis C: spread through infected blood and body fluids~ No
vaccine ~Approximately 85% of those infected will develop a chronic
condition.
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• Hepatitis B
• People with Hepatitis B (HBV) who have not cleared the virus after
six months are considered to have chronic hepatitis B —
• Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancer
• Sixth leading cause of liver transplantation
• Highly Contagious: 50 to 100 times more contagious than HIV
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Spread by
Direct blood-to-blood contact
Unprotected sex
Unsterile needles
From an infected mother to her baby during childbirth
From tattooing, body piercing or acupuncture with infected needles
Shaving razors, toothbrushes, earrings or other personal items that may
come in contact with blood
HBV is not transmitted casually and cannot be spread through
sneezing, coughing, hugging or food or water.
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Abortion
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Definition
Statistics
Types
Moral Considerations
Contributing Factors
Prevention
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How Abortion is Provided
• Interruption in Pregnancy
– Miscarriage/Spontaneous abortion embryo or fetus dies in the uterus and is
expelled by the body
– Ending a pregnancy voluntarily - induced
abortion
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●
About 6 million pregnancies in U.S. each
year are unplanned or unintended
• About 1.2 million abortions are
performed in the U.S. each year
• Decline in teen abortions between 1994
and 2000 (attributed to better knowledge and
abstinence)
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►Approx. 89 % of all abortions are
performed during the first trimester/12
weeks.
►Abortions can be legally performed in
the state of Arizona through 23 weeks.
(count from 1st day of last menstrual period)
►33% of women in the U.S. will have an
abortion by age 45.
Alan Guttmacher Institute
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Two Types of First- Term Abortions
(6-14 weeks)
1. Surgical Abortion
Performed by Surgical Aspiration
Side Effects:
Intense Cramps
1 in 100: Infection
1 in 100: Cervical Tear
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Two Types of First- Term Abortions cont…
2. Medical Abortion
●Can offer up to 9 weeks
● Consists of 2 drugs:
Drug 1 blocks progesterone
Drug 2 causes uterine contractions on day #3
Side Effects:
Bleeding
Cramping
Nausea
Diarrhea
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Second Semester Abortions
(14-22 Weeks)
Dialation and Evacuation (D & E)
Cervix Dilated
Vacuum Aspiration
Instruments Used
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Moral Considerations
• Pro-life: The fertilized egg is a human being
from the moment of conception and therefore an
abortion is murder.
– moral obligation
– adoption
– destructive effects on our traditional morals
and values
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Moral Considerations
• Pro-Choice : There are distinct stages of fetal
development and that preserving the fetus
early in pregnancy is not the ultimate moral
concern.
– Women should have the right to make their
own decisions
– Unsafe and unregulated practices
– Socioeconomic Factors and accessibility
– Physicians and the law
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Decisions to Make
• Religious and moral beliefs
• Long-term feelings about the decision
• Psychological (emotional) Effects
• Partner’s feelings and her ability to deal with
his response
• Presence or lack of supportive friends or
family
• Availability of medical services and
transportation to a facility
• Financial resources
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Prevention
• Know your partner
• Practice Safer Sex: Men and Women
(Protected, sober)
• Know your partner
●
Recognize that if you are sexually active in a
pregnant or get someone pregnant
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Immunity and Infection
Chapter 13
Objectives
• 1. Describe the process by which infectious
diseases are transmitted
(Chain of Infection)
• 2. Explain how the immune system responds
to an invading organism.
• 3. List the major types of pathogens and the
common diseases they cause.
• 4. Define key terms
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Key Terms

ANTIGEN- Any substance capable of
triggering an immune response.
Can be a virus, bacterium, fungus, parasite, abnormal cell,
foreign substance
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ANTIBODIES are formed when the body is
invaded by an ANTIGEN.

PATHOGENS are disease -causing agents.

Viruses are the smallest pathogens- require a
host organism to survive and multiply
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The presence of a Pathogen creates
the potential for the disease
▪ Pathogens can be transmitted directly by
direct contact between body surfaces
breathing contaminated air droplets
fecal-oral spread
▪ Pathogens can be transmitted indirectly by
air, food and water
animals, insects, birds
towels, eating utensils, clothing
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The HANDS are probably the
greatest source of infectious
disease transmission.
Washing your hands frequently with
warm, soapy water is the best way to
prevent the common cold.
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Chain of Infection
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Body’s Defense System
• Physical and Chemical barriers
– Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract
– Immunulogical Defenders
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Body’s Defense System
• Immune Response
– Phase 1 –Recognition of invading
pathogen
– Phase 2 –Amplification of Defenses
– Phase 3 – Attack!-Killer T cells strike
– Phase 4 – Suppressor T cells halt
Immune Response
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Immunization


The process of ‘priming’ the body to
remember an encounter with a specific
antigen.
VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or
weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to
produce antibodies.
(active immunity).
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Allergy

The Body’s Defense System defends
against harmless substance
Allergens
 Pollen,
Dander, Dust mites, Molds, Food,
Insects
 The
Allergic response
 Anaphylaxic Response
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Emerging Infectious Diseases
Drug Resistance
 Poverty
 The breakdown of public health measures
 Environmental changes
 Travel and Commerce
 Mass food production and Distribution
 Human Behaviors

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Supporting your Immune System
Public
Health
Prevention
 Nutrition
 Exercise
 Rest
 Moderation
of Lifestyle
 Controlling Stress
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