Download Bibliography for climate engineering meeting

An annotated bibliography on climate engineering
Prepared for the November 2007 meeting on climate engineering at Harvard by David Keith,
[email protected] and Dan Schrag, [email protected].
Electronic text with papers in PDF is available at www.ucalgary.ca/~keith/Bibliography.html,
to access the papers use ‘carbon’ as the username and ‘graphite’ as the password.
Readings
We ask all participants to read over the following articles:
Crutzen, P. J. (2006). Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: A contribution to resolve a
policy dilemma? Climatic Change, 77:211-219.
With this article Paul Crutzen reignited discussion of climate engineering, arguing that lack of
progress on mitigation justifies sustained research on climate engineering. He discusses the
implications of injecting sulfates into the stratosphere, arguing that the loss of ozone might be
tolerable given the Pinatubo response and the declining stratospheric chlorine burden. Finally, he
points out that if the injected aerosol heated the stratosphere (which could be achieved by adding
some soot) it would reduce the extent of stratospheric ice clouds so that the net impacts on
column ozone might be negligible.
Keith, D. W. (2000). Geoengineering the Climate: History and Prospect. Annual Review of Energy and
Environment, 25:245-284.
A review of climate engineering including a taxonomy of climate engineering proposals, an
introduction to the history research and debate on climate and weather modification, and a
discussion of the policy implications of climate engineering.
Govindasamy, B. and K. Caldeira (2000). Geoengineering Earth’s radiation balance to mitigate CO2induced climate change. Geophysical Research Letters 27: 2141-2144.
While there is no doubt that there is some reduction in insolation that will restore global-average
surface temperatures to a reference value, it is far from obvious that decreasing insolation can
accurately compensate for increased GHG forcing. This paper suggests that the geoengineered
climate might closely resemble the pre-anthropogenic control.
Teller, E., L. Wood and R. Hyde (1997). Global Warming and Ice Ages: I. Prospects for Physics Based
Modulation of Global Change. Livermore, CA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Report:
UCRL-JC-128157.
A systematic discussion of the physics of scattering aerosols which evaluates the mass specific
scattering efficiency and spectral selectivity of a range of aerosols designs including sulfates,
metallic particles, structured particles such as scattering arrays and resonant scatterers.
Geoengineering, Chapter 28 in NAS Panel on Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming (1992). Policy
implications of greenhouse warming: mitigation, adaptation, and the science base. Washington, DC,
National Academy Press.
This is the most complete attempt to date to evaluate the cost and cost effectiveness of
geoengineering. It includes engineering/economic analysis of a suite of methods of injecting
aerosols into the stratosphere including aircraft concluding that naval rifles represent the leastcost means of transporting aerosols to the stratosphere.
Keith & Schrag, Climate Engineering Bibliography
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Recent literature
The following are among the most important recent papers on climate engineering.
Matthews, H. D. and K. Caldeira (2007). Transient climate–carbon simulations of planetary
geoengineering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 9949-9954.
Govindasamy, B., K. Caldeira and P. B. Duffy (2003). Geoengineering Earth's radiation balance to
mitigate climate change from a quadrupling of CO2. Global and Planetary Change 37: 157-168.
Govindasamy, B. and K. Caldeira (2000). Geoengineering Earth’s radiation balance to mitigate CO2induced climate change. Geophysical Research Letters 27: 2141-2144.
With these papers Ken Caldeira and collaborators have assessed the effectiveness with which
reductions in insolation (by geoengineering) can compensate for greenhouse gas driven climate
change. While there is no doubt that there is some reduction in insolation that will restore globalaverage surface temperatures to a reference value, it is far from obvious that decreasing insolation
can accurately compensate for increased GHG forcing. The 2000 GRL paper focuses on
equilibrium response, the 2003 paper presents additional results, and the 2007 paper examines
transient response and the carbon cycle.
Wigley, T. M. L. (2006). A combined mitigation/geoengineering approach to climate stabilization.
Science 314: 452-454.
An economic analysis that argues for the near-term use of geoengineering in combination with
mitigation as an optimal climate strategy.
Bower, K., T. Choularton, J. Latham, J. Sahraei and S. Salter (2006). Computational assessment of a
proposed technique for global warming mitigation via albedo-enhancement of marine stratocumulus
clouds. Atmospheric Research 82: 328–336.
Analysis of the effectiveness of increasing the albedo of marine stratus by adding fine sea water
aerosol as condensation nuclei. John Latham and Steve Salter are working towards a novel ship
designed for efficient wind-powered generation of sea water aerosol.
Angel, R. (2006). Feasibility of cooling the Earth with a cloud of small spacecraft near the inner Lagrange
point (L1). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 17184-17189.
An engineering analysis of the L1. Estimates mass density, control systems and discusses launch
methods.
Additional References
In reverse chronological order.
Weitzman, M.L. (2007). Structural uncertainty and the value of statistical life in the economics of
catastrophic climate change. [Unpublished paper.] Full text available at
http://www.ucalgary.ca/~keith/Bibliography.html.
Schneider, S. and W. Broecker (2007). Geoengineering may be risky but we need to explore it. New
Scientist 195: 44-45.
Trenberth, K. E. and A. Dai (2007). Effects of Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption on the hydrological
cycle as an analog of geoengineering. Geophysical Research Letters 34.
Cicerone, R. J. (2006). Geoengineering: Encouraging research and overseeing implementation. Climatic
Change 77: 221-226.
Keith & Schrag, Climate Engineering Bibliography
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Fleming, J. R. (2006). The pathological history of weather and climate modification: Three cycles of
promise and hype. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 37: 3-25.
Kiehl, J. T. (2006). Geoengineering climate change: Treating the symptom over the cause? Climatic
Change 77: 227-228.
Lawrence, M. G. (2006). The geoengineering dilemma: To speak or not to speak. Climatic Change 77:
245-248.
MacCracken, M. C. (2006). Geoengineering: Worthy of cautious evaluation? Climatic Change 77: 235243.
Govindasamy, B., K. Caldeira and P. B. Duffy (2003). Geoengineering Earth's radiation balance to
mitigate climate change from a quadrupling of CO2. Global and Planetary Change 37: 157-168.
Naik, V., D. J. Wuebbles, E. H. DeLucia and J. A. Foley (2003). Influence of geoengineered climate on
the terrestrial biosphere. Environmental Management 32: 373-381.
Schneider, S. H. (2001). Earth systems engineering and management. Nature 409: 417-421.
Keith, D. W. (2001). Geoengineering. Nature, 409: 420
Michaelson, J. (1998). Geoengineering: a Climate Change Manhattan Project. Stanford Environmental
Law Journal 17: 73-140.
Flannery, B. P., H. Kheshgi, G. Marland and M. C. MacCracken (1997). Geoengineering Climate.
Engineering Response to Global Climate Change. R. G. Watts. Boca Raton, Lewis: 379-427.
Schelling, T. C. (1996). The economic diplomacy of geoengineering. Climatic Change 33: 303-307.
Schneider, S. H. (1996). Geoengineering: Could or should we do it? Climatic Change 33: 291-302.
Bodansky, D. (1996). May we Engineer the Climate? Climatic Change 33: 309-321.
Dickinson, R. E. (1996). Climate Engineering: A Review of Aerosol Approaches to Changing the Global
Energy Balance. Climatic Change 33: 279-290.
Jamieson, D. (1996). Ethics and intentional climate change. Climatic Change 33: 323-336.
Cicerone, R. J., S. Elliott and R. P. Turco (1992). Global Environmental Engineering. Nature 356: 472472.
Keith, D. W. and H. Dowlatabadi (1992). Taking Geoengineering Seriously. Eos, Transactions American
Geophysical Union 73: 289-293.
MacCracken, M. C. (1991). Geoengineering the Climate. Livermore CA, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory: report UCRL-JC-108014.
Seifritz, W. (1989). Mirrors to Halt Global Warming? Nature 340: 603.
Dyson, F. J. (1977). Can we control the Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere? Energy 2: 287-291.
Kellogg, W. W. and S. H. Schneider (1974). Climate Stabilization: For Better or for Worse? Science
1163-1172.
Sagan, C. (1973). Planetary engineering on Mars. Icarus 20: 513-14.
Committee on Atmospheric Sciences (1966). Weather and climate modification problems and prospects;
final report of the Panel on Weather and Climate Modification. Washington, DC, National
Academy of Sciences.
Wexler, H. (1958). Modifying weather on a large scale. Science 128: 1059-1063.
Orville, H. T. (1957). Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Weather Control. Washington DC, U.S.
Gov. Printing Office.
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Arctic Ice from Nissen email 18 November 2008
http://www.nature.com/climate/2008/0811/full/climate.2008.108.html
http://nsidc.org/news/press/20081002_seaice_pressrelease.html
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081027200309.htm
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