Download Classical Greece #1 (Greeks #2)

GREEKS #2
I.
II.
A.
1.2.
a.b.
III.
LYRIC OR ARCHAIC AGE 600-500 B.C.
A.
EVOLUTION OF CITY-STATES
1.
VILLAGES GAVE WAY TO LARGER POLITICAL UNITS
2.
POLIS=CITY-STATE
a.
OUR WORD POLITICS
3.
VARIED WIDELY IN AREA & POPULATION
4.
GREEKS' BASIC POLITICAL & INSTITUTIONAL UNIT
5.
LARGE NUMBER OF THESE OVER WHOLE AEGEAN SEACOAST
6.
INCLUDED SURROUNDING TERRITORY AS WELL
7.
PEOPLE LIVED IN CITY BUT WORKED DAYS IN COUNTRYSIDE IN FIELDS
8.
PEOPLE WHO LIVED FULL TIME IN COUNTRY CONSIDERED 2ND CLASS
CF TO CITY DWELLERS
9.
2 CITY-STATES LARGER & MORE POWERFUL
a.
SPARTA - 3000 SQ MILES 400,000 PEOPLE
b.
ATHENS - 1060 SQ MILES 400,000
c.
PLUS THEBES
10.
OTHERS LESS THAN 100 SQ MILES
11.
EACH HAD AGORA = MARKETPLACE
12.
EACH HAD ACROPOLIS = PARTHENON
a.
ATHENS MOST DRAMATIC
13.
EACH HAD OWN GOD OR GODDESS
B.
AGE OF EXPANSION
1.
AS POPULATIONS GREW - NOT ENOUGH LAND TO GO AROUND FOR
FARMING, ETC
2.
GREEKS LEFT FOR OTHER ISLANDS & MAINLANDS RINGING MED. &
BLACK & AEGEAN SEAS
3.
SIMILAR IN CLIMATE & SOIL TO GREECE, BUT THINLY POPULATED
a.
NORTH AFRICA
b.
SOUTHERN ITALY
c.
SOUTHERN FRANCE
d.
SPAIN
e.
TURKEY
4.
AT NEW SETTLEMENTS CONTINUED THEIR GREEK WAY OF LIFE
5.
VERY NB -MEDITERREAN AREA WOULD BE GREEK IN CULTURE
6.
ROMANS & EUROPE & AMERICA INHERITED THIS CULTURE
C.
FORM OF GOVT EVOLVED OVER CENTURIES
1.
BEGAN AS HEREDITARY MONARCHIES - 9TH C
a.
RULE BY ONE MAN W/O ABSOLUTE POWER
2.
8TH C CHANGED INTO OLIGARCHIES
a.
RULE BY FEW
3.
7TH C RULED BY DICTATOR OR TYRANT
a.
USURPERS WHO RULED W/O LEGAL RIGHT WHETHER
OPPRESSIVELY OR NOT
4.
6TH & 5TH C DEMOCRACIES
2
IV.
COMPARISON OF SPARTA & ATHENS
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
2 OF MOST NB CITY-STATES
2.
& MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THEM ANY OTHER AREAS IN GREECE
3.
THEIR POLITICAL HISTORY COMPLETELY DIFFERENT
V.
ATHENS
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
ATHENS DEVELOPED PROSPEROUS TRADE & URBAN CULTURE
2.
WENT THRU VARIOUS STAGES OF RULE
a.
MONARCHY TO TYRANNY TO DEMOCRACY
B.
ADVENT OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
1.
CLEISTHENES 510 B.C. MADE SWEEPING CHANGES
2.
KNOWN AS FATHER OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
3.
CLEISTHENES USED DEME AS BASIS FOR DEMOCRACY
a.
HENCE OUR WORD DEMOCRACY
4.
OTHER CHANGES CLEISTHENES MADE
a.
ENLARGED LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY OF ASSEMBLY
b.
ALL MALE CITIZENS MEMBERS
c.
VOTED LAWS
d.
CONTROLLED PRACTICE OF OSTRACISM
5.
OSTRACISM
a.
OSTRACISM DESIGNED TO RID ATHENS OF A DIFFICULT OR
POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS POLITICIAN
6.
AS ASSEMBLY OF ALL CITIZENS TOO UNWIELDY
7.
ROUTINE BUSINESS GIVEN TO COUNCIL OF FIVE HUNDRED
a.
REPRESENTATIVES FROM DEMES
8.
THIS SYSTEM ATTAINED FULL PERFECTION IN AGE OF PERICLES 461-429
B.C.
9.
BOARD OF TEN GENERALS ROSE TO POSITION ROUGHLY COMPARABLE
TO BRITISH OR AMERICAN CABINET
a.
MANAGED ARMY, NAVY, CONTROLLED STATE'S REVENUES &
CONDUCTED FOREIGN AFFAIRS
b.
ELECTED FOR 1 YR TERMS
c.
ELIGIBLE FOR REELECTION INDEFINITELY
C.
PERICLES
1.
HELD POSITION OF PRESIDENT OR COMMANDER IN CHIEF FOR MANY
YRS.
2.
RULED IN GREATEST ATHENIAN AGE = AGE OF PERICLES
3.
REALLY BENEVOLENT DICTATOR, BUT SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF
ASSEMBLY
4.
HE BECAME LEADER BECAUSE HE WAS BEST ORATOR
5.
FAMOUS FUNERAL ORATION BY PERICLES IN 431 B.C.
a.
HONORING FALLEN WARRIORS OF CURRENT PELOPONNESIAN
WAR,
b.
A TRIBUTE TO DEMOCRACY
6.
WE ARE CALLED A DEMOCRACY FOR THE ADMINISTRATION IS IN THE
HANDS OF THE MANY AND NOT OF THE FEW. BUT WHILE THE LAW
SECURES EQUAL JUSTICE TO ALL ALIKE IN THEIR PRIVATE DISPUTES,
3
D.
E.
F.
VI.
THE CLAIM OF EXCELLENCE IS ALSO RECOGNIZED. NEITHER IS
POVERTY A BAR, BUT A MAN MAY BENEFIT HIS COUNTRY WHATEVER
BE THE OBSCURITY OF HIS CONDITION...WE ALONE REGARD A MAN
WHO TAKES NO INTEREST IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS, NOT AS A HARMLESS,
BUT AS A USELESS CHARACTER
JUDICIARY ROLE
1.
ACCUSATIONS HEARD & JUDGMENTS GIVEN BY ENORMOUS JURIES OF
FROM 50-1000+ CITIZENS
2.
HAD NO PROFESSIONAL LAWYERS
3.
DISCOURAGED PEOPLE FROM BRINGING SUITS TOO READILY
a.
NUISANCE SUITS - TODAY
4.
IF ACCUSER NOT ABLE TO PERSUADE AT LEAST 20% OF JURY TO VOTE
TO CONVICT HAD TO PAY HEAVY FINE
LAWS RELATING TO PUNISHMENT
1.
WHILE NO UNIFORM PENAL CODE
2.
RESPECTED LAWS THAT HAD DEVELOPED
3.
LAWS DIFFERENT THAN MOSAIC OR BABYLONIAN LAWS
4.
GK LAW NOT INTENDED TO CARRY OUT WILL OF EITHER OMNIPOTENT
MONARCH OR OF A GOD
5.
GK LAW AIMED ENTIRELY AT IMPROVING LOT OF HUMANS
6.
GK IDEAS OF LAW PASSED TO ROMANS & THUS TO OUR OWN LAW
CODES
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
1.
NO SEPARATION OF POWERS AS U.S.
2.
DIRECT PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS IN ALL AREAS GOVT
a.
LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE & JUDICIAL
3.
NO CAREER BUREAUCRATS
4.
1 VOTE PER PERSON REGARDLESS OF WEALTH
5.
MAJORITY RULE
6.
CITIZENS SPENT HOURS EVERY DAY ARGUING POLITICS
7.
NO ONE COULD BE ALLOWED TO SAY ANYTHING CONSIDERED
ACTUALLY DANGEROUS TO STATE OR INSULTING TO GODS
a.
SOCRATES, EXECUTED IN 399 B.C.
(1)
THEY BELIEVED HE WAS CORRUPTING ATHENIAN YOUTH
W/NOVEL & IMPIOUS IDEAS
8.
POLITICS CONSIDERED MAN'S NATURAL OCCUPATION
9.
SOMEONE WHO DID NOT INTEREST HIMSELF IN POLITICS WAS BOTH
SCORNED & PITIED
SPARTA
A.
GROWTH OF SPARTA
1.
NO DEMOCRATIC RULE
2.
EVOLVED INTO FORM RESEMBLING MODERN ELITE DICTATORSHIP
3.
WHY?
a.
MORE ISOLATED W/MTNS & LACK OF GOOD HARBORS
b.
NO MIDDLE CLASS AROSE TO AID MASSES IN STRUGGLE FOR
FREEDOM
c.
MAJOR REASON - MILITARISM
4.
SPARTAN GOVT - A KINGSHIP
a.
BUT OF 2 KINGS
4
BUT MOST POWER VESTED IN BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF 5 MEN =
EPHORATE
(1)
CONTROLLED ALL ASPECTS LIFE
(a)
EDUCATION, DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY, VETO
POWER OVER ALL LEGISLATION
(b)
MOST OF ALL DETERMINED FATE OF NEWBORN
INFANTS
i)
IF SICKLY OR TOO MANY EXPOSED
5.
SPARTA EVENTUALLY BECAME LEADING POWER IN GREECE
SPARTAN SLAVERY
1.
HELOTS OR SLAVES DID WORK
2.
WHILE ATHENIANS DID SOME OF THEIR OWN FARMING
3.
SPARTANS CONSIDERED AGRICULTURE LABOR DEMEANING
4.
EVERY SPARTAN MAN ALLOTTED LAND & HELOTS TO WORK IT
MOST MILITARIZED OF CITY-STATES
1.
TRAINING FOR WARFARE WHEN BOYS 7
a.
TAKEN FROM FAMILIES TO BE RAISED & TRAINED
2.
NORMALLY TOOK MEALS W/MEN OF SAME AGE-CLASS INSTEAD OF
W/FAMILY
3.
COURAGE IN WAR LEGENDARY
SPARTAN CHARACTERISTICS
1.
OUR WORD SPARTAN = STOIC, SEVERE, FRUGAL, HIGHLY DISCIPLINED
2.
CITIZENS VERY PATRIOTIC
3.
BRIEF USE OF WORDS GIVES US ANOTHER ADJECTIVE LACONIC =
(1)
FROM LACONIA, NAME OF SPARTAN PLAIN
4.
MORAL AUTHORITY OF SPARTANS IN GREEK WORLD GREAT
5.
PLATO USED SPARTA AS MODEL OF HIS IDEAL STATE IN HIS REPUBLIC
6.
SPARTAN PREOCCUPATION W/ARMY ARRESTED DEV OF EVERYTHING
NON-MILITARY
7.
CULTURALLY STAGNATED AFTER 6TH C
8.
SPARTA CONTRIBUTED ALMOST NOTHING TO GREEK GREATNESS IN
SCULPTURE, ARCHITECTURE, DRAMA & PHILOSOPHY
9.
FEAR FOUNDATION OF SPARTAN STATE
a.
FEAR OF MONEY
b.
FEAR OF REBELLION
c.
FEAR OF DEFEAT BY FOREIGN TROOPS
d.
FEAR OF FOREIGN IDEAS
SPARTAN FAMILY & MARRIAGE
1.
HUSBANDS CARRIED OFF WIVES ON THEIR WEDDING NIGHTS
2.
WIVES MAIN DUTY PRODUCING CHILDREN
b.
B.
C.
D.
E.
VII.
GREEK WARFARE
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
NOT A PROFESSIONAL ARMY
2.
CITIZENS OF POLIS IN ARMY
3.
SONS OF CITIZENS ALL TRAINED IN WARFARE
4.
SLAVES NOT ABLE TO BE SOLDIERS
5.
MOST GREEK CITIES, YOUNG MEN 18-30 SPENT ALMOST ALL THEIR TIME
IN MILITARY ACTIVITIES
B.
ARMIES = HOPLITE
5
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
D.
EARLIER GREEKS FOUGHT WITH THEIR MEN IN CHARIOTS
BUT IN CLASSICAL PERIOD
a.
COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF INFANTRYMEN CALLED HOPLITES
b.
CHEAPER THAN HORSES & CHARIOTS
EVERYONE PROVIDED OWN ARMOR & WEAPONS
SMALL CAVALRY OF WEALTHY MEN
a.
SERVED AS MILITARY COMMANDERS
NAVY
1.
NAVAL BATTLES RARE EXCEPT WAR AGAINST PERSIANS
GREEK CONCEPT OF WAR
1.
WARFARE EXCITING TO GREEKS
2.
PARTICIPATION IN WAR AS IN POLITICS MAN'S NATURAL OCCUPATION
3.
SENSE OF CAMARADERIE IN ARMY GREAT AS MEN RAISED TOGETHER
4.
ALL GREEK CITIZENS ENGAGED IN PHYSICAL EXERCISE FOR PURPOSE
OF KEEPING FIT FOR BATTLE
VIII.
SPECIFIC WARS
A.
PERSIAN WAR
1.
GREEK IONIAN CITIES REVOLTED AGAINST PERSIANS
2.
ATHENS INTERVENED TO AID THEM
3.
SERIES OF INVASIONS BY PERSIANS
4.
INITIALLY PERSIANS ABLE TO SUBDUE ALL GREEK CITY-STATES
EXCEPT SPARTA & ATHENS
5.
GREAT PERSIAN SUPPLY NETWORK BUILT ON
a.
GREAT ROAD & COMMUNICATION NETWORK DEVELOPED
b.
EFFICIENT PERSIAN POSTAL ORGANIZATION COMMENDED IN
THESE FAMILIAR WORDS
c.
NEITHER SNOW NOR RAIN NOR HEAT NOR GLOOM OF NIGHT
STAYS THESE COURIERS FROM SWIFT COMPLETION OF THEIR
APPOINTED ROUNDS.
6.
PERSIANS ATTACKED ATHENS DIRECTLY IN BATTLE OF MARATHON
B.
BATTLE OF MARATHON
1.
1 OF MOST DECISIVE BATTLES IN HISTORY
2.
PERSIANS TROUNCED
3.
SPARTAN ARMY ARRIVED TOO LATE TO FIGHT
4.
GREAT PRESTIGE FOR ATHENS
5.
GK MESSENGER RAN 26 MILES TO ATHENS TO TELL OF VICTORY
a.
FELL DOWN DEAD
IX.
FOLLOWING PERSIAN WARS
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
WHEN PERSIAN WARS ENDED SPARTA & ATHENS DOMINATED IN
GREEK WORLD
2.
PERICLES ORGANIZED ATHENS INTO CONFEDERACY OF OTHER GREEK
CITY-STATES, DEPENDENT ON HER NAVAL STRENGTH
a.
DELIAN LEAGUE
B.
PELOPONNESIAN WAR 431-404 B.C.
1.
WAR BETWEEN ATHENIANS & SPARTANS
2.
SPARTA BECAME PARANOID OF ATHENS'S GROWING STRENGTH
3.
SPARTA ALARMED OVER ATHENS' AGGRESSIVE IMPERIALISM
6
GREECE DIVIDED INTO TWO RIVAL ALLIANCES
a.
SPARTAN LEAGUE
b.
DELIAN LEAGUE
5.
SPARTA SUPREME ON LAND, ATHENS ON SEA
6.
SPARTA VICTORIOUS WHEN PERSIA ASSISTED HER
AFTERMATH OF PELOPONNESIAN WAR
1.
BOTH SPARTA & ATHENS DEVASTATED
2.
BUT EVENTUALLY WOULD SEE DOWNFALL OF GREEK WORLD
3.
MACEDONIAN KING PHILIP AND THEN ALEXANDER THE GREAT WOULD
CONQUER ALL OF AREA
4.
C.
X.
GREEK SLAVERY
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
ANCIENT GREECE SLAVE SOCIETY
2.
FUNCTION OF SLAVES IN ANTIQUITY HAS BEEN WIDELY
MISINTERPRETED
3.
ONCE POPULAR TO PICTURE CITIZEN BODY OF ANY GREEK CITY AS A
LEISURE CLASS
a.
FREED FROM CARE & TIRESOME WORK BY LABOR OF SLAVES
b.
THUS AVERAGE GK CITIZEN ABLE TO SPEND DAY DISCUSSING
POLITICS, ETC. W/SOCRATES
4.
CLASS DID EXIST THAT COULD HAVE AVOIDED WORK HAD IT SO
WISHED
5.
BUT GREEKS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN BOTH ENERGETIC & AMBITIOUS
6.
TO OWN A SLAVE MEANT ONLY THAT 1 WAS FREED FROM 1 SORT OF
TASK
a.
GENERALLY AN ONEROUS & ROUTINE JOB
b.
IN ORDER TO ENGAGE IN MORE CREATIVE & LUCRATIVE FORMS
OF ACTIVITY
B.
NUMBER & TYPE OF SLAVES
1.
MIDDLE CLASS FAMILY TYPICALLY HAD A DOZEN SLAVES
2.
HOUSEHOLD SLAVES
3.
HEAVY LABOR SLAVES - MINES, CONSTRUCTION
4.
SCHOOLTEACHERS
5.
POLICEMEN - OWNED BY STATE
6.
AGRICULTURAL LABOR
C.
MISC. INFORMATION ON SLAVES
1.
BOUGHT & SOLD LIKE ANIMALS AS HAD NO RIGHTS
2.
SELLING ONE'S CHILDREN INTO SLAVERY OK
a.
USUALLY YOUNGER CHILDREN
b.
WITH MONEY ALLOWED OLDEST SON TO BE SET UP IN BUSINESS,
FARMING
3.
CASTRATED BOYS TO FETCH HIGHER PRICE OF EUNUCHS
4.
YOUNG GIRLS SOLD TO BE GROOMED AS PROSTITUTES
5.
SLAVES FITTED IN WELL W/SOCIETY OF THEIR MASTERS
a.
AS GREAT MANY SLAVES GREEKS
b.
CAPTIVES AFTER WAR W/ANOTHER POLIS
c.
FORMER CITIZENS ENSLAVED FOR DEBTS