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Rome Spreads it’s Power * Number 1 purpose was to win control of Italy 1. Attack of the Gauls (390 BC) 2. War with Greece 3. Punic Wars- _______ vs. ____________ a. purpose- to gain control of trade in the _____________________ b. _______- larger population, better navy, used mercenaries c. ________- fewer resources, more soldiers, specialized in warfare 133 BC: Rome has gained control of Asia Minor, Spain, Africa, Greece, and Macedonia Effects of the Punic Wars • while the empire was gaining wealth and expanding, the gap between the rich and the poor was _________________ • many returning soldiers were forced to __________› this led to the creation of a new social class called the Proletariat The Republic Collapses * Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to help Rome’s ________ elected tribunes who proposed reforms: limit the size of ________ give ______ to the poor both were strongly opposed by senators and both met violent deaths Military and Political Leaders generals began to recruit soldiers from the landless poor by ________________-› soldiers fought for pay and owed allegiance only to their commander, replaced the citizen-soldier who had fought only for ________ Maruis, Sulla, and ….. Julius Caesar- Rise to Power • Caesar was elected _______ in 59 BC • joined forces with Crassus and Pompey and formed the 1st ___________ in 60 BC; ruled for ten years • appointed himself governor of Gaul (now _______)-› used his army to gain control of the area and to expand the Roman Empire • his successes made him very popular at home, but upset _____________ Caesar Takes Power • 50 BC-› the Triumvirate has broken; Pompey urged the senate to order Caesar to disband his legions and ____________ • Caesar does not follow orders-› 49 BC, crosses the __________ River and travels towards Rome • Pompey flees-› _________ eventually defeats his armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt • 46 BC-› Caesar returns to Rome with the support of the army and the people; appointed dictator by the senate • 44 BC-› named dictator for life (allowed him to govern as an absolute ruler) “Et tu, Brute?” many nobles and senators were troubled by ____________ growing power, success, and popularity March 15, 44 BC› stabbed to death in the senate chamber (____________) The Second Triumvirate • ___________ broke out after Caesar’s death • grandnephew and adopted son, _________, joined forced with ______________(general who married Octavian’s sister) and _________ (politician) to form the Second _____________ • took control of Rome in 43 BC and ruled for ___ years, but it ended in jealously and violence • Octavian forced Lepidus to retire and then he became enemies with Mark Antony, whom had fallen in love with ________________ of Egypt • Battle of Actium (___________)-› Antony vs. Octavian; Octavian wins and Cleopatra and Antony commit suicide Augustus • ___________ is now the sole ruler of Rome • 27 BC-› senate gave him the title of Augustus, or “exalted one”; still called himself _________ (“supreme military commander”) • period of peace began known as ____________ (time of peace and prosperity that lasted for 207 years) Augustus continued…. was a good ruler- managed the empire; set up a government that lasted for centuries died in 14 BC at the age of 76-› even though his adopted son, _________, was chosen as his successor, there was always a problem with succession due to the fact that there was no ___________ for this process The Decline of the Roman Empire A _________ of Crisis during the 3rd century AD, Rome begins to weaken due to a number of problems: 1. Economic Decay - trade was disrupted - government ________ taxes - minted coins that contained ________ silver-› caused __________ - problems with agriculture 2. Military Decay - constant ______ - ____________ invasions - army discipline and loyalty no longer existed-› gov’t was forced to hire ___________ (foreign soldiers who fought for money) 3. Political Decay - citizens lost their sense of ____________ - ___________ ruled The Last Hope for the Empire two men tried to save the empire: 1. ______________ - issued reforms: __________ the size of the army fixed costs ____________ of the Christians divided the empire- each had its own emperor East- Greek speaking West- Latin speaking his reforms slowed the decline of the empire, but upon his retirement in AD 305, the problems ______________ 2. Constantine - gained control of the __________ part of the empire and tried to continue some of Diocletian’s reforms - eventually took control of the eastern part of the empire and restored the Roman empire for a period of time - moved the capital from Rome to ____________ and renamed the city Constantinople - upon his death, the empire would once again be __________; the east (Byzantine Empire) would survive until 1453, while the west would fall in 476 The Fall of the Western Roman Empire caused as a result of worsening internal problems, the separation of the Western Empire from the wealthier Eastern part, and outside invaders took place over many years Germanic tribes-› invaded Rome due to the entrance of the Huns The Huns-› led by __________, they terrorized both halves of the Empire Rome’s last emperor was a ___________ who was eventually overthrown by a German general End of the Western Roman Empire Even though Rome’s political power in the West ended, its cultural influence continued to be deeply embedded in Western civilization