Download INCT_IQ_ENG_1 - Instituto de Física / UFRJ

MCT/CNPq/FNDCT/CAPES/FAPEMIG/
FAPERJ/FAPESP – INSTITUTOS NACIONAIS DE
CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA
Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Informação Quântica (INCT-IQ)
National Institute of Science and Technology –
Quantum Information
Coordinator: Prof. Amir O. Caldeira
Unicamp
Vice-coordinator: Prof. Luiz Davidovich
UFRJ
Introduction
The field of Quantum Information concerns the study of methods for characterizing, transmitting,
processing, storing, compressing and utilizing information contained in quantum mechanical systems.
This interest has led to the detailed investigation of a large number of physical systems in search of
candidate architecture in which to implement these techniques.
Quantum Information is a
multidisciplinary field, which has developed rapidly in the last few years, motivated by fundamental
aspects as well as promising perspectives of applications in computation, communication and
cryptography.
This proposal regards the creation of a National Institute of Science and Technology – Quantum
Information (INCT-IQ). The importance of this institute derives from the need to develop basic research
that will in turn generate technology based on quantum computation and communication. In particular,
research directed towards communication technology based on quantum cryptography is extremely
important, given that quantum cryptography is the only intrinsically secure method for transmitting secret
information. This has led to a strong effort in the direction of commercial devices for quantum
cryptography, funded directly by government and industry. Moreover, prototypes developed by research
groups [GISIN02] and businesses [IDQUANTIQUE, MAGICQ, SMARTQUANTUM] are currently
available. Additional interest in Quantum Information is related to the fact that a quantum computer can
in principle perform tasks that are intractable with even the most powerful classical computers. One
important example is the factorization of large numbers. Factorization and other similar mathematical
operations form the basis of present classical cryptography technology. The construction of a quantum
computer therefore threatens the security of past and present communication as well as electronic
commerce. Therefore, the academic, the commercial and the strategic points of view require that Brazil
increase its efforts and pursue the state of the art in this highly international field.
In order to situate the proposed INCT-IQ within the international scene and latest developments in the
Quantum Information field, we would like to briefly introduce the history of the field, while also
summarizing the main achievements in recent theoretical and experimental research. Historically, one can
identify interesting similarities between the ``Industrial Revolution´´ in the 18th and 19th centuries, and
the ``Information Revolution´´ currently in progress. The former was possible, mostly due to important
scientific advances of the time, such as the development and application of the theories of
Thermodynamics and Electrodynamics. In the latter, one identify incredible progress, again due primarily
to the development and application of two scientific theories: Quantum Mechanics and Information
Theory. Quantum Mechanics is essential for the design of semi-conductor devices and lasers, which are
crucial components in computers, the Internet, cell phones, CD and DVD players, digital cameras and
many other devices. Information Theory has advanced the quantification and manipulation of
information, as for instance, in providing methods for compressing digital information such as in MP3
files. The fundamental character of the advances in both theories forms a considerable juxtaposition with
their impact on the daily life of ordinary people through the subsequent technologic applications.
Currently, we find ourselves at the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the ``Information
Revolution´´, where quantum properties play an essential. Even though most information processing
devices depend on the laws of Quantum Mechanics (like in a transistor), the information in itself is of a
classical nature. Here we are referring to the usual classical bits of information, which are processed in a
computer or transmitted in a digital communication channel. However, the current evolution of these
electronic devices leads to the reduction of the size of electronic components to the quantum level. This
miniaturization thus requires that engineers and physicists face the quantum aspects of information sooner
or later. Whether one is interested in taking advantage of the quantum properties of physical systems for
quantum information processing and transmission as mentioned above, or one is concerned with the
miniaturization of components, it is inevitable that one must eventually consider the quantum character of
the information itself.
This situation has lead to a great scientific and technological race over the last few years, in which the
manipulation of the quantum properties of matter and radiation is the main goal. Atoms, ions, photons,
quantum dots (semi-conductor devices) and also superconductor devices, are candidates for applications
which have no counterpart in the classical world. The idea of taking advantage of quantum mechanical
laws for practical application is not recent. Early work by physicists such as Richard
Feynman[FEYNMAN82] and David Deutsch[DEUTSCH84] had already pointed in this direction. Their
revolution idea was that the exotic properties of quantum systems could be used to actually improve some
tasks in information processing. Ten years later, more concrete ideas in this sense began to appear. Of key
importance was the demonstration that certain algorithms, such as those of factoring and search of an
unstructured data base, could be improved when implemented with quantum bits, performing better than
their classical counterparts [SHOR94,GROVER97]. In addition, a quantum cryptography scheme was
proposed by Bennett and Brassard [BENNETT84], in which the security is intrinsically assured due to
quantum principles such as the uncertainty principle and the ``no-cloning theorem´´. These early
applications contributed to show that not only do quantum bits have the potential to replace classical bits,
but also offer incredible improvements.
Parallel to this development, there have been considerable achievements concerning fundamental
concepts, which are now part of the history of the birth of Quantum Information. In this case quantum
entanglement, which has been a point of intrigue for physicists since the early years of Quantum
Mechanics [EISTEIN05,BELL64], plays the most prominent role. A principal part of the research efforts
in Quantum Information concerns the generation, characterization and transmission of entangled states.
To date, entangled states have been produced with two [KWIAT99,MAIR01], three [PAN00], four
[LAMAS-LINARES01] and even six photons [LU07]. These photonic entangled states have been used in
the implementation of quantum teleportation [BOUWMEESTER97, FURUSAWA98, PAN03B,
ZHANG06], which deals with the transfer of an arbitrary quantum state between two parts, for the
implementation of quantum cryptography [JENNEWEIN00, WAKS02, GROSSHANS03, URSIN07],
entanglement distillation and purification [KWIAT01,PAN01,PAN03A] and implementation of quantum
logic gates and quantum algorithms [OBRIEN03,OBRIEN07,POLITI08]. Among all these applications of
photonic entangled states, we would like to call special emphasis to the realization of one-way quantum
computing [RAUSSENDORF01, WALTHER05,PREVEDEL07], which indicates a possible quantum
computer architecture which has no classical analog. In addition, fundamental questions are still subject
of intense debate and new tests of quantum mechanical non-locality are being performed
[GROBLACHER07,SALART08], which are of utmost importance for the future of Quantum
Information.
In addition to photons, entangled states have been prepared in other physical systems such as trapped
ions [HAFFNER05, LEIBFRIED05, ROOS06, BLATT08, BLOCH08], used in the implementation of
quantum logic gates [SCHMIDT-KALER03, LEIBFRIED03, BENHELM08] and basic algorithms and
protocols[GULDE03,BARRETT04,RIEBE04, REICHLE06], as well as quantum error correction
[CHIAVERINI04]. Semi-conductor based devices are natural candidates for quantum computing devices,
given that the present computer technology is also based on silicon [KANE98, KROUTVAR04,
ELZERMAN04, GREILICH06, FUSHMAN08, ROBLEDO08], and an exciting new potential candidate
are super-conductor qubits [WALLRAFF04, CLARKE08, GRAJCAR08]. These are mesoscopic systems
capable of implementing qubits, in analogy with cavity quantum electrodynamics [PASHKIN03,
YAMAMOTO03, CHIORESCU04], with the advantage of a higher potential for scalability. Another
important issue is the interface between photonic and atomic systems[CHOU05,TANZILLI05,
FELINTO06,CHOI07, WILK07], which may be used to transfer quantum information between these two
different kinds of systems [MONROE02,KIMBLE08], and to establish long distance entangled states
using quantum repeaters [DUAN01,CHOU07,CHEN08].
a) detailed description of the program of the institute, along with justification and demonstration of
relevance, with emphasis on the intended advance in Brazil for the field or topic.
Research in Quantum Information in Brazil has grown rapidly in recent years. This large growth was
motivated in large part by the formation of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information as part of
the “Millennium Institute Program 2002-2005” of the CNPq, and its subsequent extension as part of the
“Millennium Institute Program 2005-2008” – CNPq. Today it is clearly evident that the Millennium
Institute for Quantum Information had an extremely positive effect, not only by the quantity and quality
of research and development, but also due to the notable increase in the interaction between researchers
of distinct fields. Previous to the Millennium Institute, several researchers and laboratories in Brazil were
already quite active in the field, even though Quantum Information was at the time a very recent area of
research.
In spite of the fact that these groups conducted research independently, and were not
coordinated nationally, they made significant contributions to the field on an international level. The
Millennium Institute for Quantum Information consolidated and coordinated these efforts, allowing for
the creation of new laboratories, promoting the training of new professionals in the field and consequently
producing a sharp increase in the quality of research produced in Brazil. The Institute assisted
substantially in the production of a critical mass of researchers, which led to a considerable increase in the
number of publications in important scientific journals, including experiments conducted entirely in
Brazil and published in journals such as Nature, Science and Physical Review Letters. Another aspect
which has marked the evolution in the field was the realization of several international events in Brazil,
most notably the PASI – The Physics of Information school/workshop, in Búzios, RJ, in 2003, and the
Quantum Information School and Workshop, in Paraty, RJ, in 2007. Both of these international events
were organized by participants of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information, and relied on the
institute for financial and administrative support. These events, together with the annual review meetings
of the institute, resulted not only in collaborations and joint publications (involving UFRJ, UFMG, UFF,
…), but also played an important role in the development of the field in other institutions, as a results of
the exchange of information and ideas. This explains, for example, the increase in research concerning
the role of decoherence, which gave rise to publications by researchers at UFRJ, UNICAMP, UFSCAR,
USP and UFMG; research concerning the characterization and detection of entanglement, and subsequent
publications by researchers at UFRJ, UNICAMP, UFMG; research involving the subtle properties of
entangled photons and fields, demonstrated in experiments performed at UFRJ, UFMG, UFF and USP.
These events provide and enormous contribution to the students as well in the form of exposure to
research performed in other groups, which at times is definitive in determining the subject of research
projects and theses. In the duration of the Millennium Institute, a demonstrative number of students have
been graduated in this field, many of them now researchers in Brazilian institutions, some of whom which
lack consolidated research groups.
In order to take advantage of this critical mass of researchers, it is now necessary to aggregate the activity
in this field through consistent funding and an integrated organization of research activities. This
aggregation could be put into effect through the establishment of the National Institute of Science and
Technology – Quantum Information. One can see a considerable oscillation in the amount of funding per
researcher or laboratory provided as part of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information over
nearly ten years. The first Millennium Institute administered about 5 million reals, distributed among 10
laboratories and 40 researchers. In the second institute, funding was decreased to 2 million reals, while
the number of associated laboratories increased to 14, and the number of researchers to 70, revealing a
drastic decrease in investment. Despite this reduction, research in this field in Brazil has increased in
quantity and quality. This progress is evident in the sequence of annual reviews and partial reports of the
Millennium Institute.
The current objective is to focus on the amalgamation of research activities of the National Institute for
Quantum Information, so as to increase experimental activities and maintain the current quality of
research. As will be described in detail below, we plan to attain this objective by intensifying
collaboration through exchange of students, extended scientific visits, topical meetings, and Quantum
Information schools. We have also budgeted so as to provide consistent financial support for emergent
groups, consisting in most cases of young researchers, many of whom were graduated as part of the
Millennium Institute for Quantum Information, and have been recently installed at new or developing
institutions. The National Institute will congregate these new research groups together with those
currently well-established groups, the positive contribution of which will certainly be present in the
graduate programs at these developing institutions. The National Institute will be the impetus to bring
international leaders in the field to Brazil, which, in coordination with the advanced study schools of the
agency CAPES, will serve to educate and train professionals in the field. The National Institute offers a
singular opportunity to stimulate the development of science and technology based on Quantum
Information in Brazil and South America. Brazil currently is the Latin American country with the largest
number of researchers and production in the field, and thus plays an important role in the establishment of
an effective joint Latin American collaboration with countries such as Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay,
Colombia and Mexico, all of which have already demonstrated interest in this exchange.
The INCT-IQ will congregate researchers in the fields of Classical Optics, Quantum Optics, Atomic
Physics, Solid State Physics, Electrical Engineering, Classical and Quantum Information Theory and
Computer Science. The INCT-IQ contains more than 20 research groups, including 12 laboratories,
associated to15 different institutions located in 7 states, forming a national network which will work in a
coherent and coordinated manner.
The participating groups:
Group
Laboratory of Quantum
Information in Atomic
Systems
Optics and Materials
Group
Laboratory of Quantum
Information Technology
EnLight
Quantum Information
and Computation Group
Quantum Optics
Laboratory
Laboratory of Atomic
and Molecular Collisions
Laboratory of Cold
Atoms of Rio de Janeiro
Quantum Optics and
Quantum Information
Group
Condensed Matter
Theory Group
Quantum Optics and
Quantum Information
Group
Quantum Information
and Critical Phenomena
Group
Quantum Information
and Quantum Chaos
Group
Quantum Information
Processing with Nuclear
Magnetic Ressonance
Group
Laboratory of Quantum
Communication
Quantum Information
Group
Computer Science
Quantum Optics Group
Theory Group –DFMC
Quantum Coding Theory
Group
Acronym
LIQAUFPE
Type
experiment
Institution
UFPE
Location
Recife, PE
GOMUFAL
LTIQUFC
ENLIGHT
-UFMG
GICQUFU
LOQUFRJ
LACAMUFRJ
LAFRJUFRJ
GOIQUFRJ
experiment
UFAL
Maceió, AL
experiment
UFC
Fortaleza, CE
both
UFMG
Belo Horizonte, MG
theory
UFU
Uberlândia, MG
experiment
UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro, RJ
experiment
UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro, RJ
experiment
UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro, RJ
theory
UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro, RJ
GMCTUFRJ
GOIQUFF
theory
UFRJ
Rio de Janeiro, RJ
both
UFF; UFF-VR
Niterói, RJ; Volta
Redonda, RJ
GIQFCUFF
theory
UFF
Niterói, RJ
GCQIQCBPF
theory
CBPF
Rio de Janeiro, RJ
GPIQRM
N
experiment
CBPF; USP/São
Carlos; UFES
Rio de Janeiro, RJ; São
Carlos, SP; Vitória, ES
LCQ
experiment
PUC-Rio
Rio de Janeiro, RJ
GIQUFABC
CCUnicamp
GOQUnicamp
GTDFMC
-Unicamp
GTCQUnicamp
theory
UFABC
Santo André, SP
theory
Unicamp
Campinas, SP
theory
Unicamp
Campinas, SP
theory
Unicamp
Campinas, SP
theory
Unicamp
Campinas, SP
Laboratory of Atomic
Interactions
Quantum Information
Theory Group
Laboratory of Coherent
Manipulation of Atoms
and Light
Theory Group
Quantum Information
Group
LIAUSP/SC
GIQT
experiment
USP/São Carlos
São Carlos, SP
theory
LMCALUSP
experiment
UFSCAR;USP/São São Carlos, SP, Goiânia,
Carlos; UCG
GO
USP
São Paulo, SP
GT-USP
GIQUEPG
theory
theory
USP
UEPG
São Paulo, SP
Ponta Grossa, PR
b) clearly defined objectives and goals which allow for observation and analysis;
I. Stimulate and organize research in Quantum Information, resulting in fundamental and practical
technological advances. This objective will be attained through the identification and coordination
of the topical objectives listed below.
II. Amalgamate active research groups with the assistance of the more established groups, through
technical visits, student exchange, and periodic meetings.
III. Training and education of human resources through undergraduate education and research projects,
graduate education and research, post-doctoral research, realization of Quantum Information
schools, and training in sophisticated experimental techniques.
IV. Support the emergent research groups and laboratories (e.g. UFF-Volta Redonda, UFABC, UFU
and UFC).
V. Promote the development of experimental research on a national level, in fields that are important
and currently in rapid developement on an international scale, but are inexistent or underdeveloped
in Brazil. Some examples are: quantum optics in semiconductors, optical lattices, quantum
memory, a national quantum cryptography system, and superconducting devices. This promotion
will happen through mini-courses given by international experts, prolonged visits from experiences
researchers, and student exchange with cutting-edge international laboratories.
VI. Dissemination of relevant information about the field to the public, through a website and
demonstrations.
VII. Publication of results in the leading scientific journals and participation in conferences and
workshops in Brazil and the exterior.
Topical Objectives of the INCT-IQ
Quantum Information is a field, which, aside from uniting researchers from distinct disciplines, provides a
common language with which to discuss similar concepts that appear in quite different contexts. The
INCT-IQ institute will consist of more than 60 researchers from different disciplines, and has as its
principle objective the coordination of these researchers in an effort to maximize production in the field.
To attain this goal, the institute will be organized into general research topics, with emphasis on
experimental work and the interaction between theory and experiment. These topics were chosen due to
their current importance in the field, in combination with the interests of the participating groups of the
institute, and in attempt to promote pivotal areas of research, which are currently inexistent or nearly
inexistent in Brazil. The INCT-IQ will act through financial support, organization of scientific visits and
other types of exchange and interaction. Included in the budget are funds for a completely new
laboratory, to specialize in a state of the art experimental technique, which is currently inexistent in Brazil
and of great importance to the field in general (see topics 9 and 10 below).
1. Quantum Cryptography and Quantum Communication. The development of secure methods of
communication in a crucial goal for the country. A principal objective of the INCT-IQ is the development
of quantum cryptography in Brazil. The groups: LTIQ-UFC, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GOIQ-UFF, LOQUFRJ, LMCAL-USP, LCQ-PUC, GOM-UFAL and GOQ-UINCAMP, will work on the practial
implementation of already existing quantum cryptography protocols and the design of new protocols for
quantum cryptography and quantum communication. The main objectives are the realization of
experiments in optical fibers and free space, using attenuated laser pulses and photon pair sources, and
continuous variable schemes. Due to the large national interest in this topic, the management of research
efforts by the INCT-IQ will be extremely important. A topical meeting “Quantum Cryptography” is
planned.
2. Light-Matter Interface, Quantum Memory and Quantum Repeaters. The transfer of quantum
information from atomic degrees of freedom to light degrees of freedom and vice versa is essential for the
integration of systems which transmit quantum information with those that process and store quantum
information, and also for establishing long distance quantum entanglement. Thus, a main objective of the
INCT-IQ is the experimental study of this light-matter interface in the context of quantum information.
The laboratories LIQ-UFPE and LMCAL-USP will work with the interaction of light with atomic
systems in vapor cells or magneto-optical traps. The goals of this study are the transfer of information
between non-classical states of light and matter and the storage of quantum information for the
implementation of a quantum repeater. In addition to financing these studies, the INCT-IQ will stimulate
the collaboration between these laboratories and theoretical groups of the institute, through technical
visits and student exchange.
3. Quantum Computing with Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance. Nuclear Magnetic Ressoance (NMR) has
been recognized as a useful technique with which to implement simple quantum algorithms. An objective
of the INCT-IQ is the investigation of quantum algorithms and simulation of quantum systems using
NMR. The group GPIQRMN, composed of researchers from 3 institutions, will conduct experimental
studies of algorithms and quantum operations. At the same time, the group will study new materials, in
an effort to identify materials for useful quantum processors. This line of research will converge with that
of item 9.
4. Quantum Computing with Cold Atoms and Condensates. The last decade has seen several proposals
for the realization of quantum computation and quantum information experiments in atomic systems
involving trapped atoms, molecules and condensates. In order to implement these proposals, it is
necessary to perfect atom trapping techniques and develop experimental methods with which to
implement atomic interactions. The INCT-IQ will coordinate experimental work to be conducted in the
laboratories LAFRJ-UFRJ, LIA-USP/SC and theoretical work by the group GICQ-UFU. The laboratories
will develop experimental techniques which enable the manipulation of quantum information encoded in
the atomic degrees of freedom and the implementation of controlled logic operations between atoms.
5. Quantum Computation with Linear Optics. Linear optics, combined with photodetection, is sufficient
to realize quantum computing algorithms. Research conducted in this direction has illuminated certain
fundamental aspects of quantum computation. Using the one-way computation model as well as the
standard model of quantum computation, the laboratories LTIQ-UFC, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GOIQ-UFF,
GOIQ-UFF, GOM-UFAL and LOQ-UFRJ will study the experimental implementation of logic gates and
basic algorithms through basic circuits consisting of optical interferometers. One particular aspect to be
studied, and one of great interest to the theory groups of the INCT-IQ, is the role of decoherence in both
standard quantum computation and the one-way model. The INCT-IQ will manage these experimental
efforts and stimulate development through technical visits and student exchange.
6. Production and Detection of Entangled Photons and Single Photons. This research is focused, on the
one hand, on the generation of single photons as well as two and four photons, and on the other hand, on
the resolved detection of one, two, three, four (or more) photons. The current sources of two and four
photons are indispensable for experimental studies of entanglement, quantum computation and
communication, while single photons are valuable for secure quantum cryptography. The laboratories
LOQ-UFRJ ane ENLIGHT-UFMG have worked with the experimental techniques involved in the
generation of entangled photon pairs for some years, and have published important results in international
journals. The laboratories LTIQ-UFC, GOIQ-UFF, and LCQ-PUC have implemented the detection of
single photons, produced through an attenuated laser. These five laboratories, in collaboration with the
laboratories at GOM-UFAL, will focus on the construction of photon sources and detectors.
Simultaneously, the laboratory LIQA-UFPE will work on the development of synchronizable singlephoton sources and sources with memory, which are indispensable in quantum communication and
computation with photons. The coordination of this research by the INCT-IQ will accelerate fundamental
research and development of technology, principally in the area of quantum cryptography, where the
generation and detection of single photons and photon pairs is of utmost importance.
7. Entanglement in Continuous Variables and in d (d>2) Dimensional Systems. This line of research will
be developed simultaneously from the theoretical and experimental sides, and as such is an excellent point
of convergence, from which can also be exploited two complementary experimental techniques. The
laboratories specializing in correlated intense beams (GOIQ-UFF, LMCAL-USP) will work with the
entanglement of field quadratures of two modes of the electromagnetic field, while the laboratories
specializing in correlated photons (ENLIGHT-UFMG, LOQ-UFRJ, GOM-UFAL) will work with the
continuous variables in the spatial and spectral degrees of freedom of photon pairs and with ddimensional systems (d>2), also constructed in the spatial and spectral degrees of freedom of photon
pairs. These laboratories will rely on intense collaboration with the participating theoretical groups of the
institutes (GOIQ-UFF, GOIQ-UFRJ, GTDFMC-UNICAMP, GCQIQ-CBPF, ENLIGHT-UFMG). This
work involves both fundamental aspects and applications, such as cryptography in higher dimensional
systems, or higher dimensional alphabets.
8. Quantum computing in condensed matter, based on spins and quantum dots. Quantum hardware
composed of solid state devices, in particular those based on silicon, have attracted great attention due to
the possibility of taking advantage of existing microelectronic technology. The groups ENLIGHTUFMG, GTMC-UFRJ, GOIQ-UFRJ, GICQ-UFU, GIQ-UFABC, GTDFMC-UNICAMP, GIQ-UEPG will
work with the objective of designing viable quantum computing schemes based on condensed matter
systems. This line of research will unite researchers from quantum optics with those from condensed
matter physics, and is considered worldwide as the most promising path towards the realization of the
quantum computer. Due to the importance of this topic, and the quantity of groups dedicated to this goal,
the coordination of research efforts by the INCT-IQ will have a large positive impact. The realization of
a topical meeting in this field is scheduled. The INCT-IQ identifies this field as being of great interest,
and recognizes the deficiency of national experimental work devoted to this topic. The INCT-IQ will
stimulate experimental work in this field by sponsoring technical visits and student exchange. A new
laboratory dedicated to experimental work in this field is a candidate for the reserve funding of the INCTIQ.
9. Quantum Computation with Superconducting Devices. In accord with international opinion, the INCTIQ considers superconducting circuits as promising candidates for the construction of quantum
processors. In these systems, quantum information is physically encoded in charge qubits and flux qubits.
The groups GTDFMC-UNICAMP, GIQ-UFABC and GIQ-UEPG will investigate these architectures,
with the objective of synthesizing devices which are capable of implementing basic operations in
quantum computation. These groups will consider also the possibility of coupling other systems, such as
quantum dots, with superconducting wires. The principal goal is the development of a candidate
architecture as well as the training of professionals in this field. The INCT-IQ identifies this field as
being of great interest, and recognizes the deficiency of national experimental work devoted to this topic.
The INCT-IQ will stimulate experimental work in this field by sponsoring technical visits and student
exchange. A new laboratory dedicated to experimental work in this field is a candidate for the reserve
funding of the INCT-IQ.
10. Quantum Optics in Semiconductors, including single photon sources. Another example of a promising
application of semiconductor devices in the field of Quantum Information is the controlled generation of
photon pairs and single photons. Recent experimental results lead to the conclusion that these devices
will form the next generation of photon sources, and are thus of great importance to laboratories
specializing in Quantum Information with photons (LTIQ-UFC, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GOIQ-UFF, LOQUFRJ, LMCAL-USP e GOM-UFAL). With this interest in mind, the study of the generation of photons
with semiconductor materials is an objective of the INCT-IQ and will involve the collaboration of the
groups ENLIGHT-UFMG, GOIQ-UFRJ, GTMC-UFRJ,GIQ-UFABC. The INCT-IQ will stimulate
experimental work in this field, given its importance for applications and the cutting edge of basic science
research.
11. Quantum Correlations in atomic systems of “twin atoms”. The objective of work on twin atoms is to
study, both theoretically and experimentally, the production of two correlated atoms through the
fragmentation of H2 molecules, and to verify the quantum aspect of this correlation through Stern-Gerlach
interferometry. This experiment, which is the atomic analog to the production of twin photons, will be set
up in the laboratory LACAM-UFRJ. A long term goal is the exact realization of the famous EPR-Bohm
gedankenexperiment, and the experimental verification of the violation of Bell’s inequality. This
experimental technique could open many possibilities of research for members of the INCT-IQ, which
will encourage exchange and collaboration. As possible topics of interest, we can mention the study of
decoherence in this system and quantum communication with atoms.
12. Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. This system was used extensively to study phenomena of quantum
mechanics and quantum information. New developments in the field originate from the construction of
micro-cavities and extremely high-quality cavities. Due to its central role in Quantum Information
research, the INCT-IQ will coordinate theoretical research in this field, which will be conducted
principally by the groups ENLIGHT-UFMG, GIQT and GIQ-UEPG. The majority of the theory groups
associated to the INCT-IQ have worked in this field, which allows for collaboration on a grand scale.
13. Entanglement and Properties of Entangled States, Dynamics of Entanglement and Decoherence, and
Measures of Entanglement. The study and use of entanglement is one of the principal objectives of
Quantum Information. Members of the INCT-IQ have made important contributions to this goal,
witnessed by the publication of research papers in important scientific journals such as Nature, Science
and Physical Review Letters. Many of these publications evolved as part of a strong collaboration
between theorists and experimentalists. The INCT-IQ will stimulate this line of research, conducted by
the groups: LOQ-UFRJ, GOIQ-UFRJ, GOIQ-UFF, GIQ-UFABC, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GCQIQ-CBPF e
GTDFMC-UNICAMP, with a strong emphasis on experiment. Due to the large scope and interest of this
topic, it is a likely candidate for a topical meeting, as well as an ample opportunity for student exchange
and technical visits among members of the institute.
14. Quantum Information Theory:
a. Algorithms and Models for Quantum Computation, Quantum Error Correction. The success of the
quantum computer dpends upon the possibility of developing a model for quantum computation, as well
as an adequate architecture with which to implement this model. On the other hand, in order to
implement quantum operations on a large scale using any model of quantum computation, it is essential
that there exists methods for quantum error correction. In addition, the development of new quantum
algorithms is extremely important. Researchers working primarily in the groups GOIQ-UFRJ, CCUNICAMP, GOIQ-UFF, GIQFC-UFF, GIQ-UFABC, under organization of the INCT-IQ, will confront
these problems from different angles, in agreement with the multidisciplinary nature of Quantum
Information. Techniques from Quantum Optics, Computer Science, Statistical Physics and Electrical
Engineering will be employed.
b. Basic Theory of Quantum Information: Classical vs. Quantum Correlations, Entropy of Information,
Quantum State and Process Tomography, Quantum Information in Phase Space. The question: “What is
quantum correlation?” is currently the focus of a debate between researchers in the field. It was believed
that entanglement was necessary in order to obtain the speed up of the quantum computer. Recently,
researchers in the United States have shown that separable quantum states which exhibit “Quantum
Dischord”, present computational speed up in relation to classical computers in a particular set of
algorithms. This has given rise to a theoretical effort to understand the role of entanglement and of
quantum and classical correlations in quantum information protocols. Due to its important and
fundamental character, the INCT-IQ will support research in this direction, which will be realized by the
groups GOIQ-UFRJ, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GIQ-UFABC, CC-UNICAMP, GTDFMC-UNICAMP, GIQUEPG. Another topic of interest from the fundamental and practical points of view is quantum state and
quantum process tomography. Tomography is the technique which is used to obtain information about a
quantum state or process. The current algorithms, which are used to reconstruct the quantum state from
the actual measurement results, are not optimal. The group CC-UNICAMP, with its experience in
mathematical methods of optimization and minimization, will work in collaboration with experimetnal
groups (such as LOQ-UFRJ) of the INCT-IQ to develop better tomographic methods. This topic is of
great general interest, since one of the current limits of quantum information experiments with many
qubits is the amount of classical processing required in state reconstruction.
A detailed account of the specific objectives and goals of each group/laboratory can be found in Appendix
I.
c) detailed account of the principle lines of research to be developed, which should be cutting edge and of
high-quality, at a level which is competitive on an international scale, or involve a strong contribution
towares the development of technology and innovation in a field of strategic interest to the country;
General Research Topics of the Institute
The INCT-IQ will develop high-level research involving the fundamental aspects of Quantum
Information. The results are expected to have a strong impact on the development of new technology
based on the quantum properties of matter and radiation. One important advantage of this
multidisciplinary field is the exchange of ideas through the unification of common concepts. For instance,
the use of a quantum optics approach in condensed matter physics, to design new architectures for
quantum computation. The general research lines of the Institute were discussed in item b) above. The
details concerning the research lines of each group/laboratory, can be found in Appendix II.
d) detailed account of the training program of professionals, through graduate programs, training in a
business environment, courses of short and long duration, training in specialized techniques, among
others, which ermit the institute to educate scientific researchers and also personnel for businesses with a
technological or innovative base, when pertinent to its theme;
Education program:
1. Undergraduate and graduate students will directly participate in the research, topical courses will be
given in undergraduate and graduate programs.
2 . Post-docs will also participate in the research, improving theoretical and experimental skills.
3. Professionals and students will be involved with the electronic, mechanical and computational tasks,
and as such will benefit from the experience in the high level research programs.
4. Realization of Quantum Information schools/workshops to educate and provide exposure to new
topics, and an environment of scientific exchange.
5. Student exchange within participating groups in an effort not only to strengthen the education and
training of the student, but to facilitate collaboration.
6. Student exchange and internship with leading international groups.
7. Extended research visits to leading international groups by participation researchers, in an effort to
intensity development of new experimental techniques which are currently inexistent in the country, such
as quantum optics in semiconductors, single photon sources and superconducting devices.
e) detailed account of the activities of transfer of knowledge to society, utilizing instruments other than
publication of scientific publications, especially education programs and knowledge diffusion programs;
Quantum Information is based on quantum mechanical concepts, such as quantum entanglement, the
superposition principle, and quantum measurement, which are not present in our everyday intuition. It is
exactly because of this counter-intuitive nature that the dissemination of these concepts by researchers in
the field can be of great benefit to the public. Moreover, responsible presentation of the promising
applications and technological advances involving quantum computation and teleportation, for example,
is an additional contribution. Lectures and presentations given by members of the Millennium Institute of
Quantum Information at SBPC meetings, inaugural and other events, have been met with great public
interest.
In addition to scientific diffusion to general society, diffusion among researchers of other fields is
very important. This fact originates from the strong interdisciplinary character of the field, which requires
the contribution of different kinds of approaches. With these concerns in mind, we intend to implement
the following diffusion methods:
1. Construction of a website, containing information and tutorials for the non-specialist. The tutorials will
concern the main topics of information, computation and communication, quantum mechanics, quantum
information and computation, using texts, figures, animations and videos. The advantage of using this
kind of media, is that it can be made available to a large part of the society and remain active after the end
of the project.
2. The website will have a ``press room´´ where the main achievements obtained by participants of the
Institute as well as key developments in the field can be posted.
3. Diffusion through public scientific talks. The organizers of the Paraty 2007 “Quantum Information
School and Workshop”, implemented parallel diffusion activities during the event. They sponsored the
demonstration of basic physics experiments in the local public school and a public lecture by Prof. Luiz
Davidovich entitled “O Mundo Quântico (The Quantum World)”. These activities were an enourmous
success and the present idea is to repeat and expand both the workshop and the diffusion activities.
4. Realization of activities involving high schools, which are centered around quantum physics and
information. These activities include visits to participating laboratories, and the development of
educational kits and lectures directed towards high school students.
f) detailed account, when pertinent, of activities concerning the transfer of knowledge to the business
sector or formation of public politics;
Even in the current embryonic stage, it is possible to anticipate contemporary technology based on
Quantum Information. This technology is under development at the commercial level in some countries,
including the establishment of businesses involved in quantum computing [DWAVE], as well as quantum
cryptography systems and quantum random number generators [IDQUANTIQUE, MAGICQ,
SMARTQUANTUM]. The participating group LCQ-PUC currently maintains a strong connection with
the industrial sector, in particular Petrobras, through its activities concerning optical fiber technology.
We believe that the research activities of the institute could produce as strong impact on public politics,
given the great interest which the federal government has shown regarding the development of
communication security and cryptography. On the other hand, research in this cutting-edge field will be
of key strategic importance, putting the country in conditions to develop technology based on quantum
information and computation, which could be pivotal in the next decade.
g) detailed description of the proposing group emphasizing the qualification of the researchers. The
research team should have at minimum eight persons with doctorate degree, whose names should be
related to the body of the project, with indication of a coordinator and vice-coordinator;
COORDINATOR:
Name: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira (membro permanente)
Degree: PhD (University of Sussex, UK, 1980)
Position: Professor Titular
Researcher CNPq: 1A
CPF: 347.787.137-53
Nacionality: Brazilian
Birth Date: 06/10/1950
VICE-COORDINATOR:
Name: Luiz Davidovich
Degree: Doutor
Position: Professor Titular
Researcher CNPq: 1A
CPF: 532487597-04
Nacionality: Brazilian
Birth Date: 25/06/1946
List of Participating Researchers
The highly-qualified team is composed by 66 researchers with permanent positions in Brazilian
institutions. 52 are CNPq research fellows, including 29 researchers level 1 in the CNPq hierarchy,
broken down as: 9 researchers level 1A, 5 researchers level 1B, 7 researchers level 1C, 8 researchers
level 1D and 23 level 2. In addition to the researchers with permanent positions, the institute includes
more than 100 graduate students and post-docs. The list of permanent researchers is presente below, along
with their affiliation and classification as a CNPq fellow. The full list of participants including all
pertinent information can be seen in Appendix III.
CNPq research fellows level 1
Coordinator - Amir Ordacgi Caldeira - UNICAMP – 1A
Vice-coordinator - Luiz Davidovich - UFRJ – 1A
Alfredo Miguel Ozorio de Almeida – CBPF – 1A
Jean Pierre von der Weid – PUCRJ – 1A
Mahir Saleh Hussein – USPSP – 1A
Maria Carolina Nemes – UFMG – 1A
Nicim Zagury - UFRJ – 1A
Belita Koiller - UFRJ – 1A
Reginaldo Palazzo Júnior – UNICAMP 1A
Carlos Henrique Monken – UFMG – 1B
Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar – UNICAMP – 1B
Nelson Velho de Castro Faria - UFRJ – 1B
Raimundo Rocha dos Santos - UFRJ – 1B
Tito José Bonagamba – USP SC – 1B
Kyoko Furuya – UNICAMP – 1C
Luis Gustavo Marcassa – USP SC – 1C
Mauricio Porto Pato – USPSP – 1C
Miled Hassan Youssef Moussa – UFSCAR – 1C
Paulo Henrique Souto Ribeiro - UFRJ - 1C
Salomon S. Mizrahi – UFSCAR – 1C
Sebastião de Pádua – UFMG – 1C
Cláudio Lenz Cesar - UFRJ – 1D
Ginette Jalbert de Castro Faria - UFRJ – 1D
Ivan dos Santos Oliveira Júnior – 1D
José Antonio Roversi – UNICAMP – 1D
Jose Wellington Rocha Tabosa – UFPE – 1D
Paulo Alberto Nussenzveig – USPSP – 1D
Raul Oscar Vallejos – CBPF – 1D
Sandra Sampaio Vianna – UFPE – 1D
CNPq research fellows level 2
Antonio Vidiella Barranco – UNICAMP
Antonio Zelaquett Khoury – UFF
Arnaldo Gammal - USPSP
Augusto Miguel Alcalde Milla – UFU
Carlile Campos Lavor – UNICAMP
Celso Jorge Villas Boas – UFSCAR
Daniel Felinto Pires Barbosa - UFPE
Dilson Pereira Caetano – UFAL
Eduardo Ribeiro de Azevedo – USP SC
Fabricio Toscano – UFRJ
Kaled Dechoum – UFF
Marcelo França Santos - UFMG
Marcelo Martinelli – USPSP
Marcelo Silva Sarandy – UFF
Marcos Cesar de Oliveira – UNICAMP
Norton Gomes de Almeida – UFSCAR
Qu Fanyao – UFU
Roberto Menezes Serra – UFABC
Roberto Silva Sarthour Júnior - CBPF
Ruynet Lima de Matos Filho – UFRJ
Stephen Patrick Walborn – UFRJ
Tatiana Gabriela Rappoport – UFRJ
Thereza Cristina de Lacerda Paiva – UFRJ
Researchers
Antonio Sergio Magalhães de Castro – UEPG
Carlos Renato de Carvalho – UFRJ
Daniel Jonathan – UFF
Eduardo Inácio Duzzioni – UFU
Eduardo J. S. Fonseca - UFAL
Emerson Jose Veloso de Passos – USPSP
Ernesto Fagundes Galvão – UFU
Fernando Luis Semião da Silva - UEPG
Giuliano Gadioli La Guardiã – UNICAMP
Guilherme Penello Temporão – PUCRJ
Jair Carlos Checon de Freitas - CBPF
José Geraldo Peixoto de Faria – CEFETMG
Liliana Sanz de la Torre – UFU
Marcelo de Oliveira Terra Cunha - UFMG
Rubens Viana Ramos – UFC
h) specification of the activities to be performed by each member of the team, informing previous
experience in similar activities, as well as a description of networking activities;
The activities to be carried out by each group/laboratory, within the general structure of the institute, are
described in item k), while the forms of integration are described in detail in items i) and j). The list of
activities of each member of the institute is provided in Apendix IV.
i) mechanisms that will be used to promote the interaction between participating research groups of the
projetct and with other research groups, including those not participating in the institute (national
collaboration);
The mechanisms of integration between participants of the INCT-IQ and between INCT-IQ members and
external researchers are listed below and described in detail in what follows. The concept which we
intend to implement is based on the objective of stimulating interaction without creating unnecessary
internal bureaucracy. Our collective experience with national and international collaboration has shown
that the format and regulations of the exchange programs at times severely limits participation, which has
a negative effect on exchange and collaboration, and inhibits success of the interaction. In addition, the
present proposal has an objective that on the one hand is much larger than simply stimulating interaction,
while on the other had is much more specific than a general topic of research.
In this fashion, we propose a structural hierarchy of events, which will privilege actions which serve
specific results, but may take on a wide variety of forms. For example, theoretical or experimental groups
might be in search of solutions for a specific problem, which may allow for a variety of technical
approaches. This kind of situation is typical in Quantum Information, given its interdisciplinary nature.
In this case, an interaction in the form of a meeting or workshop would be the most adequate. In another
situation, we might envision two or more groups interested in the practical implementation of some
system, such as a prototype of a quantum key distribution system. In this case, the interaction would take
the format of fieldwork and should occur within a previously established schedule and format. Currently,
there is no available funding in Brazil which allows for this type of dynamic flexibility.
The management and organization of this type of structure is of course a challenge. We believe that the
present proposal unites several ingredients, which will have a decisive role in the success of the institute.
One of these is the amount and flexibility of funding via the INCT, with which to promote scientific
events and to allow for the purchase of necessary equipment and infrastructure. The other component is
the existence of an operational center, which will localize the events with a scientific format. To this end
the CIFMC in Brasília will participate in the INCT-IQ, providing adequate infrastructure and efficiency
with which to realize the primary forms of interaction organized by the INCT-IQ.
In what follows is a detailed account of each of the proposed mechanisms.
1 – National Quantum Information meetings;
These are annual meetings, at which it will be possible to obtain a general vision of the advances attained
by the institute. This is the most traditional and conventional form of interaction. Although, from the
point of view of intensifying internal collaborations, these meetings have an effective yet restricted
impact, this type of meeting is extremely important from the point of view of strategic planning of the
institute.
2 – Topical meetings;
The administrative committee will promote topical meetings, based on the strategic plan of the institute
and the principal research activities. With this initiative, we intend to avoid unnecessary or counterproductive overlap in theoretical and experimental effort. Some possible themes are: quantum
computing with photons, quantum communication, quantum algorithms, entanglement and decoherence
theory, and quantum computing with solid state devices.
3 – Conferences and workshops sponsored by the institute.
Two international events were recently held in Brazil: in 2003, an edition of the PASI school – The
Physics of Information, in Búzios, RJ, and in 2007 an international school/workshop on quantum
information in Paraty, RJ. These events were an enormous success and were sponsored by the Millenium
Institute for Quantum Information. We intend to sponsor this type of event and encourage the realization
of others with the same type of format.
4 – Graduate student exchange program.
The administrative committee will encourage students exchange within the participating groups. The
INCT-IQ will pay for travel and stay of the students, in particular for those students who are members of
recently established groups and have arranged to visit larger, more established groups, preferably
experimental in nature. The visits will be of various forms, in accordance with the necessity of each case.
We judge that the aforementioned flexibility in funding will be of fundamental importance in this type of
initiative.
5 – Visits and seminars by laboratory/group leaders.
The participating groups and institutions will be able to solicit funds with which bring group/laboratory
leaders from other institutions for technical visits and seminars.
6 – Review visits.
The groups and laboratories directly funded by the INCT-IQ will receive periodic visits from the
representatives of the administrative committee, in an effort to accompany the application of financial
resources and the results obtained with these funds. The evaluation of the committee will influence future
funding and purchase of new equipment.
j) forms of interaction with cutting-edge international groups (international collaboration);
The INCT-IQ intends to invite international researchers to actively participate in a variety of events. In
addition, funds will be available for the participating groups and laboratories to invite leading
international researchers for short technical visits.
Under judgment of the administrative committee, leading international researchers will be invited to
administer short courses in topics which are as of yet inexistent in Brazil, such as quantum optics in
semiconductors, single photon sources and superconducting devices, and to even assist in the creation of a
new laboratory.
k) definition of the specific tasks of each partipating group, with emphasis on the points of integration;
The topical objectives, presented above in item b), are built around the collaboration and participation of
all the participating groups of the INCT-IQ. The specific tasks of each group reflect the activities
necessary to realize these topical objectives. The points of integration and collaboration are emphasized
specifically in item b).
Laboratory of Quantum Information in Atomic Systems - UFPE
Realization of experiments involving quantum memory and synchronizable single-photon sources.
Optics and Materials Group - UFAL
Development of sources of high-dimensional entangled photons, realization of quantum imaging
experiments, implementation of Quantum Information protocols with photons.
Laboratory of Quantum Information Technology - UFC
Construction and study of a quantum cryptography system, development of photon detectors, realization
of cryptography protocols in fiber optics.
Enlight – UFMG
Realization of experiments and studies of entangled photons: study of the effects of anisotropy in the
generation of spatial and polarization entanglement, production of heralded photons, production and study
of beams with fourth order polarization, production of high-dimensional entangled states and realization
of quantum information protocols. Theoretical study of entanglement and decoherence, with the goal of
future experiments.
Quantum Information and Computation Group - UFU
Investigation of physical aspects related to the implementation of quantum information processing based
on semiconductor quantum dots, elaboration of quantum error correction protocols using Bose-Einstein
condensates in optical lattices and formulation of one and two-qubit phase gates in condensates.
Quantum Optics Laboratory – UFRJ
Realization of studies of entanglement and decoherence, development of photon-number sensitive
detectors, implementation of quantum cryptography and communication protocols in optical fibers and
free space, implementation of photonic quantum computing.
Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Collisions – UFRJ
Generation of twin atoms and their utilization in studies related to Quantum Information.
Laboratory of Cold Atoms of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ
Experimental study of qubits encoded in the atomic degrees of freedom of cold atoms, studies of one and
two-qubit gates in this system.
Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group – UFRJ
Studies of decoherence in multi-qubit states, detailed development of a quantum computer architecture
based in impurities implanted in silicon photonic crystal cavities, identification of entanglement
measurements and quantifiers which identify entanglement in subgroups of a given multidimensional
quantum state, detailed investigation of the propagation of transverse correlations of twin photons in
spontaneous parametric down conversion.
Condensed Matter Theory Group – UFRJ
Development of quantum computing devices in condensed matter systems, studies of macropscopic
entanglement.
Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group – UFF
Implementation of quantum cryptography protocols, study of the transfer of spatial properties between
fields in optical parametric oscillation, studies of fundamental aspects of quantum computation and
information, development of cryptography protocols based on parametric oscillators.
Quantum Information and Critical Phenomena Group – UFF
Studies of the impact of decoherence in adiabatic quantum computation, development of theories of
quantum computation based on the theory of invariants, studies of entanglement and critical phenomenon
in condensed matter systems, studies of decoherence in general quantum computation.
Quantum Information and Quantum Chaos Group – CBPF
Construction of semi-classical theories and application to the search for entangled states with slow
decoherence times, analysis of the problem of equilibrium relaxation of generic pure bipartite states.
Quantum Information Processing with Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Group– CBPF/USPSC/UFES
Implementation of quantum algorithms and quantum simulations using nuclear magnetic resonance,
studies of entanglement in spin chains, studies of architectures and materials for quantum computation.
Laboratory of Quantum Communication – PUC-Rio
Realization of quantum communication experiments in optical fibers, implementation of quantum
cryptography in optical fibers.
Quantum Information Group – UFABC
Study of quantum computation via continuous evolution, investigation of quantum information
processing in solid state devices, search for alternative entanglement measurements of entangled states
subject to decoherence.
Computer Science – Unicamp
Development of novel mathematical methods of quantum state and process estimation via state and
process tomography.
Quantum Optics Group – Unicamp
Theoretical investigation of cavity quantum electrodynamics and trapped ions and applications to
quantum information, study of the implications of decoherence, development of quantum cryptography
protocols using coherent states (continuous variables).
Theory Group –DFMC – Unicamp
Study of entanglement and Quantum Information in continuous variables, research and development of
physical systems for quantum information processing and design of architectures.
Quantum Coding Theory Group – Unicamp
Sistematization of the description of maximally entangled pure states using the basic classical coding
methods, analysis, construction and study of topological quantum codes.
Laboratory of Atomic Interactions – USP-SC
Experimental trapping of Rydberg atoms, construction of atom trapping system, realization of photoassociation of the KRb molecule and detection of molecule via photo-association, study of the Stark effect
in potentials between Rydberg atoms through the study of atomic collisions.
Quantum Information Theory Group – UFSCAR/USP-SC/UCG
Theoretical studies of manipulation and processing of quantum information in cavity quantum
electrodynamics.
Laboratory of Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light – USP
Experimental studies of quantum communication, amplification of quantum images and multi-particle
entanglement in continuous variables using optical parametric oscillators (OPO), studies of coherent
processes in cold atoms, with the aim of generating non-classical states with long life times suitable for
quantum memory, production of a one-dimensional optical lattice for the preparation and characterization
of non-classical atomic states.
Theory Group – USP
Investigation of the physics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) and quantum chaos, investigation of
confinement of BECs of neutral atoms in free space using quantum reflection, investigation of the
Bogoliubov spectrum of condensates with the aim of better understanding of the order-chaos transition.
Quantum Information Group- UEPG
Studies of Quantum Mechanics with emphasis on geometric and algebraic aspects of Hilbert space, study
of the dynamical properties of cavity quantum electrodynamics, coupled bosonic fields (including linear
optics), trapped ions and superconducting qubits.
l) analysis of the actual situation with the expected situation, demonstrating the unequivocal benefit that
will be provided by the project;
Enormous progress has been made in Quantum Information research in Brazil over the last eight years
since the creation of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information as part of the Millennium Institute
Program. The initial level of research was practically null, consisisting of a few groups active in different
areas which were advancing toward the field. Currently, there are more than ten consolidated
laboratories, dedicated exclusively to the experimental study of Quantum Information, and obtaining
results that are outstanding on an international level. More than a dozen theoretical groups have been
established and are active in the field. Many of these groups began as part of the initiatives of the
Millennium Institute, and are obtaining excellent results. Therefore, it can be said that Brazil is currently
“on the world map” of the international community of Quantum Information, and has the potential to
occupy an even more important role, given proper and adequate investment.
By means of the National Institutes of Science and Technology program, the brazilian Quantum
Information community will be able to evolve to a new phase in which the search for more concrete
objectives and applications are adequately associated to fundamental research in a coherent and organized
manner. The financial resources provided by this program are sufficient to maintain and modernize the
associated laboratories as well as establish new ones. Several new or recently established laboratories
will benefit greatly from this support: a new laboratory specializing in the study of quantum memory and
quantum repeaters at UFPE in Recife, a new quantum cryptography laboratory at UFC in Fortaleza, two
new twin photon laboratories at UFAL in Maceió, a new laboratory to be equipped with an optical
parametric oscillator at UFF-Volta Redonda, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, a new cold atoms and
molecules laboratory specializing in quantum computation at USP-São Carlos in the state of São Paulo,
and a quantum communications laboratory at PUC – Rio de Janeiro. In addition, taking full benefit from
the possibility of postponing the allocation of funds provided by the National Institute program, a new
laboratory specializing in a to-be-determined experimental technique and location will be inaugurated as
part of the INCT-IQ.
From the point of view of theoretical research, several new groups have recently been established at
institutions such as the recently inaugurated UFABC in Santo André, São Paulo, UFU in Uberlândia,
Minas Gerais, UFPG in Ponta Grossa, Paraná, and the UFF campus in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro. In
addition, several well-established researchers from solid state physics community have joined the
institute. In this form, it is our goal to create a national research environment in which a large part of
these theoretical groups work in consonance with the experimental techniques pursued by the institute’s
laboratories, and in collaboration with other theoretical groups engaged in similar research. An additional
part of the research effort will be directed towards the study of physical systems that the institute does not
investigate experimentally, with the expectation that this will build incentive for the creation of new
laboratories and new lines of research. Finally, a part of the researchers will work with fundamental
aspects of Quantum Information and the design of new algorithms. The implementation of this elevated
level of production and network of collaboration will only be possible with the help of the resources
solicited for travel technical visits and computational resources.
With the National Institute for Science and Technology – Quantum Information, we will witness
consistent theoretical and experimental activity of an elevated level, resulting in a strong contribution
towards the development of new technology based in the transmission and processing of quantum
information.
m) adequate and justified budget. The budget should include importation and service costs (custeio),
costs of material (capital) and grants in accordance with the items indicated in the Proposal Form. The
proposal should indicate the allocation of at least 70% of the funds (excluding the grants) among the
associated groups and laboratories, reserving the remaining value for future allocation following
posterior decisions of the administrative committee of the institution.
Budget
The budget for this project is R$ 9.000.000,00. The majority (R$ 5.600.000,00) of these funds will be
invested in the associate laboratories, including R$ 4.000.000,00 for equipment, R$ 700.000,00 for
improvements and installation of existing laboratories in new spaces and R$ 900.000,00 for a future
investment which will be used to develop a new line of experimental investigation, to be defined by the
Institute members under the coordination of the administration committee, among the research lines
considered to be of priority. This new line of experimental research will be among the most promising
for the development of a quantum computer and will be an area which is not currently under experimental
development in Brazil. The new equipment will upgrade the existing experimental approaches in the
active laboratories and begin the operation of new ones outside the already well established institutions.
Besides providing support to the experimental investigation of new physical processes, to be used in
systems for quantum computation and communication, the new laboratories will have a positive impact in
their local institutions.
The amount of R$ 700.000,00 will be used to install the three laboratories of the Institute of Physics of
UFRJ, in a new area provided by the Institute administration (please see attached letter from UFRJ
institute director). The installation will include a high quality electrical system, with a ground network,
phone and internet communication infra-structure, supply of compressed air and other fluids like nitrogen
and water, ambient temperature and humidity control, in addition to the transport and installation of
heavy equipment such as the optical tables. This institution will invest in the project providing this new
area, which will allow the expansion and improvement of the experimental activity performed at the
UFRJ, as described in detail in the present proposal. The UFRJ laboratories contribute significantly to the
experimental research in the framework of the Institute and they have potential for considerable
expansion. This expansion is currently constrained by the lack of physical space. These new installations
will relieve this problem, and allow for increased experimental activities.
We will allocate R$ 2.000.000,00 for travels and living expenses, including the funding of the scientific
events outlined in the present proposal. These funds will be used by nearly 70 researchers, graduate
students, as well as brazilian and foreign visitors. In order obtain an authentic research network, we
propose to actively stimulate the interaction between participants and strong interaction with the leading
researchers and research groups in the world. This will require considerable investment in travel. On top
of this consistent investment, we will implement mechanisms that will ensure the focus of the interaction
and collaboration. These mechanisms will be described in detail below.
We propose R$ 1.000.000,00 for investment in computational resources. This is a relatively low
investment, if one considers the number of researchers and students involved. However, it is known that
many of them have access to computational resources through other funding sources. Mechanisms will be
implemented to ensure that the focus of the research is in direct connection to the objectives of the present
proposal.
The number of participants and the administration complexity of this institute require a proper
administration structure. Through the FUNCAMP foundation at UNICAMP, we will hire two people to
take care of the secretarial and budget activities, including the management of the importation processes
contained within the framework of the Institute. We also propose the eventual employment of
professional services concerning the realization of scientific events, and the design and maintenance of a
web site, among others. The amount of R$ 400.000,00 designated towards these issues is slightly lower
than the reference value of 5%, according to the funding regulations of the INCT program. We present
below, the global budget of the institute, followed by a detailed description and justification.
Global budget:
Item
Equipment
Investment
Installation
Travel expenses
Computational
resources
Administration
TOTAL
Value in US$
Value in R$
Import fees
Total in R$
1.406.871,00
460.000,00
0,00
(CAPITAL)
3.483.910,00
782.000,00
350.000,00
(CUSTEIO)
522.585,00
118.000,00
343.505,00
4.006.495,00
900.000,00
693.505,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1.000.000,00
2.000.000,00
0,00
2.000.000,00
1.000.000,00
0,00
1.866.871,00
0,00
5.615.910,00
400.000,00
3.384.090,00
400.000,00
9.000.000,00
Mechanisms for funding travel and computational resources
We will allocate a maximum amount of R$ 10.000,00 for national and international travel expenses
during the first year of the project. These funds can only be used for visiting other research groups within
INCT-IQ, participation in national and international scientific events that include at least one Quantum
Information session or funding visitors with recognized activity in the field of Quantum Information,
under approval of the administrative committee.
At the end of the first year, the remaining travel funds will be cancelled and a new maximum amount will
be allocated to each researcher, according to the remaining resources. The goal here is to encourage the
immediate initiation of interactions and collaborations.
For the computational resources, we will also allocate a maximum amount of R$ 10.000,00 per
participant during the first year. However, in order to be able to use these resources, the participant should
present at least one publication in the field of Quantum Information, under approval of the administration
committee.
At the end of the first year, the remaining funds will be cancelled and a new maximum amount will be
allocated to each researcher, according to the remaining resources. The goal is to encourage the
immediate application of the funds followed by activity in the field.
Budget for the associate laboratories
(Conversion rate = R$ 1,70 import expenses 15%)
Item
UFRJ 1
UFRJ 2
UFRJ 3
UFMG
USP SP
UFF
UFC
PUC RJ
UFPE
USP SC
UFAL 1
UFAL 2
TOTAIS
Value US$
Value in R$
Import fees
Total in R$
125.000,00
114.000,00
91.300.00
384,000.00
150.000,00
194.000,00
95.000,00
241.000,00
258.800,00
141.000,00
166,470.00
88.071,00
1.406.871,00
(CAPITAL)
212.500,00
193.800,00
155.210,00
561.51000
255.000,00
329.800,00
161.500,00
409.700,00
439.980,00
239.700,00
282.999,00
149.721,00
3.483.910,00
(CUSTEIO)
31.875,00
29.070,00
23.282,00
98.100,00
38.250,00
49.470,00
24.225,00
61.455,00
65.997,00
35.955,00
42.450,00
22.456,00
522.585,00
244.375,00
222.870,00
178.492,00
752.100,00
293.250,00
379.270,00
185.725,00
471.155,00
505.977,00
275.655,00
3254.49,00
172.177,00
4.006.495,00
Overall justification:
Nearly R$ 1.400.000,00 will be invested in laboratories working with entangled photons. Two of these
are well established and there will be two new laboratories created. This approach contributed strongly for
the success of the last two versions of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information, obtaining
international visibility. Therefore, the investment in the existing laboratories is well justified by the
results obtained so far. The new laboratories will be installed in Maceió-AL and will have a positive local
impact, in a region where research activity is still incipient.
Another approach that obtained excellent results is concerned with Optical Parametric Oscillators,
allowing applications of continuous variable systems in Quantum Information. The proposed budget is
nearly R$ 700.000,00 for maintaining the existing laboratories and to contribute to the installation of a
new laboratory at the UFF in Volta Redonda, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Once again, we stress the
support to developing research centers.
Nearly R$ 1.300.000,00 will be invested in laboratories working with atomic systems, two of them well
established and two of them to be created, one in Recife-PE and another in São Carlos-SP. Atomic
systems have an important role in the field of quantum memories and have been investigated for the
employment in quantum repeaters. This investment has a strong fundamental appeal, besides the
applications to Quantum Information.
The remaining R$ 600.000,00 will be invested directly in quantum cryptography with optical fibers,
including a well established laboratory at the PUC-RJ and a new laboratory which is being installed at the
UFC in Fortaleza-CE, both of them located in Engineering departments. Besides the fiber based quantum
cryptography, the twin photon laboratories will also develop cryptography based in free space
propagation and studies for using new degrees of freedom of the photon. In this Institute, we will have for
the first time, a concentrate effort towards the creation of a secure communication network, based on
quantum cryptography, following the example of other countries like USA, Austria, Germany and
Switzerland. Therefore this investment is of a strategic character for telecommunication.
Detailed budgets and justifications for each laboratory can be found in Appendix V.
n) explanation of any potential for the generation of patents, prototypes and technological products, of
mechanisms for the transfer of technology and of institutional support for this activity;
Despite the fundamental character of the research to be performed in the framework of this Institute, we
observe a potential for the generation of patents and or technological products, mainly connected to
quantum communication systems and the development of new photon detectors. In the following we
present the details about this potential, for each one of the laboratories.
Laboratory of Quantum Information in Atomic Systems – UFPE
Potential for patent generation – Group of Quantum Information with Atomic Systems – UFPE
We expect that the development of a reliable, synchronizable source of photon will generate patents.
Potential for technology production – Group of Quantum Information with Atomic Systems – UFPE
The development of the field of quantum networks, with all its applications to quantum information,
relies crucially in the development of a robust source of synchronizable single photons, specially for
networks completely based on linear optics. This may be the basis then for a new series of products to
process quantum information locally using a larger number of quantum bits.
Optics and Materials Group – UFAL
Generation of Patents:

To experimentally perform a quantum teleportation exploiting the momentum entangled states of
down converted photons. This is an original idea of a quantum protocol quite fundamental for
quantum information, which may open new doors to the long distance quantum communication.
Therefore, the propose present here has a great potential to be patented.

To experimentally perform a method able to exploit the de Broglie wavelength reduction in three
dimensions applied for quantum lithography. This subject has already generated some patents.
However, none exploiting the 3D quantum lithography. We have already theoretically shown that
this idea is possible to be implemented using Bessel beams quantum interference with down
converted photons. We are already in business to see if our idea is eligible to be patented.
Laboratory of Quantum Information Technology – UFC
Potential generation of patent – LATIQ – UFC
We are working in a new single-photon detector prototype operating within the microwave band, which
may originate a patent.
Potential production of technology – LATIQ – UFC
The quantum key distribution systems will be implemented aiming at a direct compatibility with currently
existing optical network in the city of Fortaleza, having in consideration physical and logical aspects
(layers OSI-ISO), with a potential to be commercialized. Moreover, the produced single-photon detectors
can be easily adapted to other optical windows, making possible their use in other applications as, for
instance, metrology.
Enlight – UFMG
Potential generation of patents - Enlight - UFMG
We will be developing a system of quantum keys distribution for the spatial qudits so that we will may be
able to originate a patent.
Potential of technological production - Enlight - UFMG
The system of quantum distribution of keys could be mounted in a compact and integrated form to be
commercialized.
Quantum Optics Laboratory – UFRJ
Potential generation of patent – Quantum Optics Laboratory– UFRJ
1 – We are working on quantum key distribution systems involving transverse spatial degrees of freedom
that may generate a patent.
2 – We plan on developing a photon-number resolving detector, whichmay generate a patent.
Potential production of technology – Quantum Optics Laboratory– UFRJ
1 – The quantum key distribution system could be built in a compact device, facilitating
commercialization.
2 – The development of a photon-number resolving detector may generate a commercializable product.
Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group – UFF
Potential patent generation – Quantum Optics and Information Group – UFF.
We are working in a quantum cryptographic key distribution system using polarization and orbital angular
momentum of single photons. This could generate a patent.
Potential technological production – Quantum Optics and Information Group – UFF.
The quantum cryptographic key distribution system could be mounted in a compact and integrated way
in order to be commercialized.
Laboratory of Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light – USP
Potencial for patents – Laboratory for Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light - IF/USP
The development of tools for quantum cryptography may lead to patents for secure communications
channels.
Technological development – Laboratory for Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light - IF/USP
Patents may be shared with businesses interested in developing commercial products.
o) list of research projects funded over the last 5 years (active or expired) involving members of the
institute, including titles, values, period and funding agencies, indicating in what form related to the
present proposal;
Due to the large number and the intense scientific activity of the participants of INCT-IQ, we have a long
list of projects funded by many different agencies in the last few years. We would like to emphasize the
participation in projects involving a larger amount of resources like the Millennium Institutes, PRONEX,
TEMÁTICO FAPESP and PENSA-RIO FAPERJ. The full list can be found in Appendix VI.
q) commitment of eventual institutional infra-structure for the executution of the projetct, such as new
construction or modernization of installations, contract of new technical, scientific or administrative
personnel, possibility of absorbption of researchers trained by the program, support for administration
and management, exemption or partial cover of operational or administrative expenses indicate in item
1.8.4.2 of the program announcement;
- Equipment and infra-structure for experimental research in the seven established laboratories: LOQUFRJ, LACAM-UFRJ, LAFRJ-UFRJ, UFMG, USP SP, UFF(Niterói) e PUC RJ;
- Basic infra-structure and space for the installation of five laboratories: UFF(Volta Redonda), UFC,
UFAL1, UFAL2 e USP SC;
- A new area for the expansion and improvement of three laboratories at the IF-UFRJ.
- Computational resources already available with the theoretical groups.
- Funding from other sources, listed in section o) and funding of the type CNPq “Produtividade em
Pesquisa” grant, as well as ``Jovem cientista” and ``Cientista do nosso estado” (FAPERJ).
The full list of the facilities available for the execution of the project can be found in Appendix VII.
r) detailed timetable of activities for the first two years, and abbreviated timetable for the following three
years;
Schedule for the activities of the Institute INCT-IQ
The Institute will promote interaction and cooperation through national meetings, bi-annual schools and
thematic meetings.
Year 1 – Promotion of a school/workshop directed to graduate and under graduate students, including the
participation of foreign renowned researchers, the first technical meeting of the Institute, thematic
meetings proposed by the participants and administration committee and managed by the administration
committee.
Year 2 – Second technical meeting, thematic meetings proposed by the participants and administration
committee and managed by the administration committee. Presentation of reports by the groups and
laboratories, and evaluation meeting for the administration committee. Visit to the associate laboratories
by the administration committee.
Years 3,4 and 5 – Technical meetings each 12 months, thematic meetings proposed by the participants
and administration committee and managed by the administration committee. Second and third
school/workshop on Quantum Information. Second evaluation meeting for the administration committee.
The specific research schedule for each group and laboratory is presented in Appendix VIII.
s) indication of the administrative committee of the institute;
The administration committee will be composed of the project coordinator and vice-coordinator, and a
sub-coordination in charge of administration aspects and a scientific council.
Administration Committee:
Project coordinator: Prof. Amir O. Caldeira(UNICAMP)
Vice-coordinator: Prof. Luiz Davidovich(UFRJ)
Local sub-coordination – Prof. Marcelo O. Terra Cunha (Estado de Minas Gerais), Prof. Ruynet L. De
Matos Filho(Estado do Rio de Janeiro), Prof. Paulo Nussenzveig (Estado de São Paulo), José W. Tabosa
(Região nordeste – Pernambuco, Ceará e Alagoas)
Scientific sub-coordination - Prof. Amir O. Caldeira(UNICAMP), Prof. Luiz Davidovich(UFRJ) and
Prof. Belita Koiller(UFRJ)
Sub-coordination for importation – Prof. Paulo Henrique Souto Ribeiro(UFRJ)
Sub-coordination for project and report – Prof. Stephen Patrick Walborn (UFRJ)
Sub-coordination for scientific diffusion – Prof. Marcos César de Oliveira (UNICAMP)
Sub-coordination for events – Prof. Marcelo P. França Santos (UFMG)
List of researcher responsible for each group/laboratory:
Group/Laboratory
Researcher Responsible
Laboratory of Quantum Information in Atomic
Systems
Optics and Materials Group
Daniel Felinto
Eduardo Jorge da Silva
Fonseca
Institution of
Responsible
UFPE
UFAL
Laboratory of Quantum Information Technology
Enlight
Quantum Information and Computation Group
Quantum Optics Laboratory
Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Collisions
Laboratory of Cold Atoms of Rio de Janeiro
Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group
Condensed Matter Theory Group
Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group
Quantum Information and Critical Phenomena
Group
Quantum Information and Quantum Chaos Group
Rubens Viana Ramos
Carlos H. Monken
Eduardo Inácio Duzzioni
Paulo H. Souto Ribeiro
Nelson Velho de Castro Faria
Cláudio Lenz Cesar
Ruynet L. Matos Filho
Belita Koiller
Antônio Zelaquett Khoury
Marcelo Sarandy
UFC
UFMG
UFU
UFRJ
UFRJ
UFRJ
UFRJ
UFRJ
UFF; UFF-VR
UFF
Alfredo Miguel Ozorio de
Almeida
Ivan dos Santos Oliveira Jr.
CBPF
Laboratory of Quantum Communication
Quantum Information Group
Computer Science
Quantum Optics Group
Theory Group –DFMC
Quantum Coding Theory Group
Laboratory of Atomic Interactions
Jean Pierre von der Weid
Roberto M. Serra
Carlile Campos Lavor
José Antonio Roversi
Amir Ordacgi Caldeira
Reginaldo Palazzo Júnior
Luis Gustavo Marcassa
Quantum Information Theory Group
Salomon Sylvain Mizrahi
PUC-Rio
UFABC
Unicamp
Unicamp
Unicamp
Unicamp
USP/São
Carlos
UFSCAR;US
P/São Carlos;
UCG
USP
Quantum Information Processing with Nuclear
Magnetic Ressonance Group
Laboratory of Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Paulo A. Nusssenzveig
Light
Theory Group
Mahir Saleh Hussein
Quantum Information Group
Fernando Luis Semião da
Silva
CBPF
USP
UEPG
t) organizational and functional structure of the institute
The administrative committee will be responsible for both the scientific and general administration of the
Institute. The central coordination, in the charge of the project coordinator, will designate tasks to subcoordinators that will make propositions for solving administration problems and to develop scientific
programs. Due to the participation of research groups from several states of the country, we have created
one sub-coordination for each region. They will collect information from these regions and propose
activity, observing specific aspects concerned to each one of them, keeping permanent connection with
the central coordination and other sub-coordination. The scientific sub-coordination will take care of
decisions involving subject evaluation. The funding mechanisms depend on a scientific evaluation of the
proposed action, taking into account the main purpose of the institute. For instance, the institute will only
fund participation in Quantum Information scientific events. Another kind of scientific evaluation will be
the realization of visits to the associate laboratories.
A great source of problems during the execution of any project in Brazil, including experimental activity,
is the importation of equipment. This problem has been addressed by the brazilian government, which
realized its strong strategic character. There has been recent progress, but however there are still many
points to be improved. In view of this situation, we created a sub-coordination for importation, that will
work to make the process of importation of equipment as fast as possible.
A project and report sub-coordination will be in charge of collecting and organizing the information about
the advances obtained in the framework of the Institute. Providing organized and recent information to the
administrative committee, decisions can be made to influence the evolution of the research of the
Institute.
We will also have a sub-coordination for diffusion, which will take care of the propagation of the basic
aspects of several research lines, using many of the available media resources, and especially the internet.
They will also take care of the propagation of the results obtained among the different participating
research groups. This is another interaction mechanism proposed for this institute.
The sub-coordination for scientific events will organize and encourage meetings. Working together with
the scientific sub-coordination, they will propose and organize scientific visits, as well as thematic,
national and international meetings.
In this way, the administration committee will be agile and effective from the scientific and
administration point of view. The institute will work for the immediate initiation of experimental activity.
Theoretical groups potentially connected to some experimental investigation will be identified.
Collaboration and interaction among them will be stimulated by the administrative committee through
topical meetings and visits. Theoretical research groups whose activities are connected to experimental
investigations that are not performed or incipient in Brazil, will also be identified. In this case, interaction
with foreign groups will be encouraged. All scientific effort in the framework of the institute will be
dictated by the objectives described at item b).
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