Download AP Human Geography - Amarillo High School History Club

Human Geography – Outline of 2014 Princeton Review book
Space- the geometric surface of the earth
Thinking spatially means understanding the pattern and distribution of
objects and analyzing their relationships, connectedness, movement,
growth, and change across space and over time.
Place- area of bounded space with human importance attached to it, name is
called a toponym
Regions are a type of place
 Formal region- area of bounded space that possesses some
homogenous characteristic or uniformity (at least one thing the
same) ex: Texas state border, linguistic region (language)
 Functional region- also known as nodal regions, areas that have a
central place or node that is a focus or point of origin that
expresses some practical purpose (region that uses a center point)
ex: market area, professional sports team fan base
o distance decay- the farther away different places are from a
place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the
original place
 Vernacular region- also known as perceptual region, based
uponperception or mental map of the region’s residents (the opinion
of the region and those who live in it) ex: the Bible belt, Texans
ride their horses to school wearing a hat
 Absolute location is defining a location using latitude and longitude
(notation- ex: 38° 53 23 N, 77° 0 32 W)
o part of the International Date Line lies on 180° latitude
o The Prime Meridian runs through the Royal Naval Observatory
in London
Time zones are divided into 15° wide zones around the world (360° divided
by 24 hours a day equals 15°)
Relative location is defining a location in relation to other locations
Site- the physical characteristics of a place
 ex: New York City is located on a deep water harbour
Situation- the place’s interrelatedness with other places, how it is related to
other places
 ex: prominent trade and finance center due to its position as a
terminal for trade goods on the ship-navigable Hudson River
Euclidean distance is the same thing as absolute distance, the distance from
point A to point B
Tobler’s Law- all places are interrelated but closer places or more related
than farther ones
 when the length of distance inhibits interaction between 2 points,
this is called friction of distance
Space-time compression- technology, new modes of transportation and
more can reduce the relative distance between places making it easier to
travel in physical distances and communicate from across the globe
Central places- nodes that are often centers of economic exchange
 markets
Central Place Theory by Christaller- spatial model made of hexagonal market
areas which overlap at different scales
Wallerstein’s World Systems Model- core, semi-periphery, periphery model
that shows the interrelatedness between these countries, shows dependency
and is criticized that the countries in the periphery and semi-periphery are
unable to leave this stage
CBD, central business district- the core of the urban landscape--- core
doesn't have to be exactly in the center of the peripheral region
 ex: core of Mormon culture in the United States is Salt Lake City,
Utah, periphery would be the rest of Utah, eastern Nevado,
southwesterm Wyoming, northern Arizona, southern Idaho, and
eastern Oregon
Agglomeration- when clustering occurs purposefully around a central point
or an economic growth pole
When there is no rhyme or reason to the pattern of a spatial phenomenon,
this is called random pattern.
Land Survey Patterns- effect boundaries of states and provinces and
property lines
 metes and bounds- boundaries by natural landscaping such as
rivers or mountains
 township and range- boundaries based upon latitude and longitude,
block shaped
 long-lot patterns- boundaries with narrow frontage and wider backs
to give each piece of land small access to a road or waterway
Density
 arithmetic- number of things per square unit of distance
 agricultural- refers to number of people per square unit of land
actively under cultivation
 physiologic- number of people per square unit of arable land (land
that is farmed and has the potential to farm)
Diffusion
hearth- place of origin or place of innovation
 expansion- originates at a central place and then expands outwards
in all directions
 hierarchical- originates in a first-order location then moves down to
second-order locations and so on
 relocation- begins at point of origin and then crosses significant
physical barrier (ocean, mountain range) and then relocates to the
other side
 stimulus- diffuses and then stimulates creation of new products or
ideas
Types of Maps
 Topographic maps show contour lines of elevation, as well as urban
vegetation surface with roads, builidings, rivers, and other natural
landscape features, highly accurate in location and topography,

used for engineering surveys nd land navigation especially in
wilderness regions
Thematic maps each express a particular subject and do not show
land forms or other features
o ex: dot density map showing distribution of a population
throughout a country, weather maps
o Chloropleth- shows some geographic variability through color
o Isoline- calculates data values between points across a
variable surface with contour lines
o Dot density- use dots to express volume and density of a
particular geographic feature
o Flow-line- uses varying thicknesses of arrows to indicate the
direction and particular theme that the map is showing
o Cartogram- use simplified geometries to represent real-world
places (political boundaries bcome polygons and linear
features become lines with basic angles) more about data
instead of landscape
Map Scales
 large scale covers a small space (everything is zoomed in and more
detailed)
 small scale covers a large space (everything is smaller and less
detailed)
 1:250,000 is the general break point between large and small scale
maps
Map Projections
a map projection’s level of accuracy is based upon 2 concepts: area
preservation and shape preservation
 Equal-area projections- maintain relative spatial science and areas
on the map but distort the shape of polygons

Conformal projections- maintains shape of the polygons but distort
the relative area from one part of the map to another
o Mercator projection- shape of Greenland is preserved but the
size is much bigger than it actually is

Some map projections that try to balance area and form would beo Robinson projection
o Goode’s homolosine projection (interrupted projection)
Gravity Model- used to calculate transportation flow between 2 points,
determine the area of influence of a city’s businesses, and estimate the flow
of migrants to a particular place
 (Location1Population x Location2Population)/Distance2
Geographic Information Systems- incorporate one or more data layers in a
computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping, each layer
shows a different geographic feature
Global Positioning Systems- utilizes a worldwide network of satellites to find
absolute locations
Remote sensing- the information that makes up a lot of the GIS and GPS
mapping systems
Population and Migration
Population growth is understood through the concepts of the Rate of Natural
Increase (RNI, sometimes NIR) and the demographic equation.
 birth rates and death rates as well as immigration and emigration
to show population growth or change
Crude birth rate- the total number of infants born living is counted for one
calendar year and then calculated
 formula: (Live births)/(Population √1,000)
 ex: If a country’s birth rate is 20, there are 20 live births for every
1,000 members of the population
High birth rates are characteristic of LDC’s or stage 1-2 countries (18-50)
Low birth rates are characteristic of MDC’s or stage 3-4 countries (8-17)
Crude death rate- the number of deaths for every 1,000 members of the
population
 formula: (Deaths)/(Population √1,000)
High death rates usually mean that a country is experiencing war, famine, or
disease. This is usually characteristic of a stage 1 or 2 country of the
demographic transition model.
Conditions have improved significantly through the Green Revolution
(increased food and nutrition and access to sanitation, education and health
care have increased, life expectancies have risen, and the death rate has
declined)
The Green Revolution- also known as the Third Agricultural Revolution,
occurred in the mid 20th century and resulted in advancements in
biotechnology and genetic engineering. This created a global market for
agricultural products and a massive shift from subsistence farming to
commercial farming. Artificial fertilizer, machinery, insecticides and irrigation
were just a few of the major outbreaks.
 regions: India, Indonesia, China, Vietnam, Phillipines, Mexico
The Rate of Natural Increase is (Birth rate – Death Rate)/10
Negative RNI’s are characterisitic of countries where disease, warfare, and
famine have decimated the population. Negative RNI’s are also
characterisitic of highly urbanized countries where the role of women in the
country have become to where the traditional positions of mothers and
homemakers has deteriorated significantly.
 double-income no kids household (DINK)
 ex: Swaziland, AIDS epidemic – Germany, highly urbanized
Doubling Time- the time that it will take for a country to double its
population
 70/RNI
Net Migration Rate Formula
# of Immigrants/Population÷1,000 – # of Emigrants/Population÷1,000
Total Fertility Rate- estimated average number of children born to each
female of birthing age (15-45) – not an annual statistic – you cannot have a
negative TFR
The replacement rate is a TFR of 2.1 (2 parents with a little bit of wiggle
room)
The Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1 Characteristics
 subsistence farming and transhumance (seasonal migration for food
and resources and owning livestock)
 birth and death rates fluctuate but are very high
 little population growth (low RNI)
 more kids, more work for family – feudal political system

Stage 2


overall population has a very low life expectancy
Characteristics
agriculturally based economies (agriculture for trade)
birth rates are high and death rates decline over time, RNI goes up
significantly
 life expectancy increases a little bit
 child mortality and infant mortality still an issue
many people still live in rural areas
Stage 2.5 – 3.5 Characteristics
 NIC- newly industrialized countries
 economy transitioning from agriculture to manufacturing
 largest RNI
 rapidly increasing rate of urbanization
Stage 3 Characteristics
 manufacturing beginning to shift towards service economy
 birth rates decrease because of urbanization
 access to health care and contraceptives
 educational opportunities, sanitation, nutrition increase
 life expectancy increases and decrease of death rates that
eventually bottom out (everyone dies eventually)
Stage 4 Characteristics
 birth rates and death rates converge – limited population growth
and even decline
 service based economy – finance, insurance, real estate, health
care, communications
 birth rates bottom out
 women empowerment (and almost equal to men )
 zero population growth sometimes
 aging populations
 countries sometimes become dependent on guest workers
Malthusian Theory- idea that the global population would expand to the point
where it could not produce enough food to feed everyone
This wasn't accurate because agricultural technology boosted immensely and
boosted food production several times over the coming century (internal
combustion engine, artificial fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation pumps)
GMO’s didn't come along until the 1950s
Neo-Malthusians- theorists who warn that the Malthusian catastrophe could
still happen.
 Sustainability- soil erosion, soil nutrient loss, desertification,
damaged farmland – can this keep up with the increasing
population?
 Increasing Per Capita Demand- First World country citizens eat
multiple times more than the Third World country citizens – can the
planet provide enough food when 10 billion people eat like a First
World citizen?
 Natural resource depletion- overconsumption of resources such as
timber, minerals, energy, and other nonrenewables
Population Pyramids
The population center has continuously moved west each decade in the
United States since 1790.
Step migration- when people move up in hierarchy of locations, with each
move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place
Intervening opportunities for work and economic improvement will increase
the further migrants travel
Chain migration- when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new
place, establishing a new migrant foothold and encourages others to migrate
to the location
Cyclic movement- migration for purely employment purposes, sometimes
periodic movement, migrants send remittances home to their families and
can create a positive strong impact in the migrant’s home country
!!! If you are asked about access to service in Third World cities, clean water
is not a valid answer, especially when talking about rural-to-urban migration
factors!!!
Cultural Geography
Culture- the shared experience, traits, and activities of a group of people
who have a common heritage
Cultural landscape can be shown through art, architecture, language, music,
film and television, food, clothing, social interaction, religion, folklore, and
land use.
Cultural synthesis or syncretism – the blending together of two or more
cultural influences
 ex: country music in the United States and Canada, influences of
Scots-Irish, German, and African immigrants and slaves in the
American interior south and Appalachia following the American
Revolution
Architecture Types
 Modern- architecture developed during the twentieth century,
geometric, ordered forms (1950s), glass
 Postmodern- category within contemporary, wavy, crystalline, or
bending shapes, can incorporate green energy, recycled materials,
or non traditional materials like metal sheeting on the exterior
 Housing Types
o New England- one story, pitched roof, “Cape Cod” or “Salt
Box” style
o Federalist or Georgian- housing styles of late 1700s and early
1800s, 2-3 story urban townhomes
o I-house- loose form of Federalist/Georgian house, simple,
rectangular, fireplaces on each end
Religious Buildings
 Christian: cathedrals, churches with steeples and bell towers
 Hindu: temples, shrines, elaborately carved and decorated
 Buddhist: stupa, pagoda, winged roofs, thin pointed spires
 Islamic: mosques, minarets, central domes, main prayer area
facing Mecca
 Judaic: synagogues (not a common architectural design style)
Languages
 U.S. doesn't have an official language
 Canada has 2 official languages, English and French and therefore is
bilingual
 Dialect is the variation in word sounds or vocabulary within a
language
 “posh” English is linguistically known as received pronunciation
(basically the super high class sounding English is called British
Received Pronunciation)
 Cockney English is the language of the working class areas of
London
 Pidgin languages are simplified forms of the language that uses key
vocabulary words and limited grammar
 Creole is an individual language that incorporates sounds and
vocabulary from other languages
 Lingua franca is a language used to bridge the linguistic gap
between people of different national heritage (ex: English)
Kurgan (Conquest Theory)
 hearth: Ukraine
 made way through central Asia and migrated across Eurasian Steps
 purpose: conquest
Anatolian Theory (Agricultural Theory)


hearth: Anatolia (Turkey)
made way through continental Europe and spread outward, went
around Caspian Sea
purpose: agriculture

Religions
 Animist- ethnic, tribal, worship of nature and inanimate objects
(Native Americans and Voodoo in Africa, Brazil, and the Caribbean)
 Hinduism- ethnic, polytheistic (not really, but according to this
test), reincarnation and nirvana
o caste system – Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Dalits
 Jainism- ethnic, fundamentalist interpretation of Hinduism
 Buddhism- universalizing, following that rejected caste system in
India, middle way towards enlightenment
 Judaism- ethnic, Israel, Jewish Diaspora, Holocaust
 Christianity, multiple denominations, hierarchical diffusion
 Islam- Mecca, 5 pillars of faith, Sunni – biggest, Shia – smallest
o 5 Pillars of Faith
 5 daily prayers
 Islamic creed
 Alms to the poor
 Observance of Ramadan
 The Hajj to Mecca
o Theocracy- religious leaders hold governance – Iran
Sharia- laws based on Islamic holy books – Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait, Yemen
o Secular- state is not directly governed in a religious manner
appellations- culturally specific farm product of high value
nation- population represented by a singular culture, culture group
ethnicity- complex of genetic heritage and political allegiance
race- physical characteristics of a common genetic heritage (curly hair,
straight hair, black, white, BROWN)
state-less nations
 Gypsies
 Kurds
In many parts of the world, identity is based on a single race being the
indigenous population vs. multiple mixed races in other parts of the world
Mestizos- European and Native American
Mulattos- African and European (derogatory)
Creole- European, Native American, and African
Environmental Determinism and Racism – ex: people from hot, tropical
regions are lazy because they don't want to work in the midday heat
Possibilism- cultures to a partial degree are shaped by their environments
and the material resources available to them, but people can modify the
environment
Indonesia is the world’s largest Muslim state.
Sequent occupance- in a single place or region, different dominant cultures
replace each other over time
Christian distribution in the United States
 Texas to Virginia, South east- Baptist
 Great Lakes region- Lutheran
 Utah and surrounding areas- Mormon
 Upper North East and South West- Catholic
 Central Ohio, Indiana scattered about- Methodist
To combat negative effects of cultural globalization, a number of national
governments around the world have instituted laws and regulations that
lessen the impact of foreign influence
Ethnic Conflict of Yugoslavia
 created as a state during the post-World War I Treaty of Versailles
 this region contained multiple different ethnic groups such as Serbs,
Croats, Bosnian Muslims, Slovenians, Macedonians, etc.
 Serbs and Croats fought despite sharing the same language and
religion (not denomination) (and also they had very different
religious traditions)
 resolved with Dayton Peace Accords
Genocide
 Hutu and Tutsi
 Holocaust
Darfur, Christians and Animists killed by Muslim militia
Political Geography
Nation-state examples Japan
 Iceland
 Tonga
 Ireland
 Portugal
 Lesotho
State-less nation examples Kurds- spread across N Iraq, W Iran, E Syria, and SE Turkey, semiautonomous
 Basques- ethnic group in N Spain and SW France who do not have
Celtic or Latin cultural roots, granted little autonomy by Spain
 Hmong- mountain people who have existed in rural highlands
isolated from Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and S China – alliance with
the U.S. against Communists during the Vietnam War caused many
families to leave their traditional homeland
Supranationalism- concept of 2 or more sovereign states aligned together
for a common purpose
 trade alliances
 military cooperation
 diplomacy
United Nations- diplomatic, provides a number of services internationally
European Union
 free-trade union
 open-border policy
 monetary union
 judicial union
 legislative and regulatory bodies
North Atlantic Treaty Organization- military
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- oil pricing cartel
North American Free Trade Agreement- free-trade zone
Organization of African Union- regional diplomacy
World Bank and International Monetary Fund- government loans
United Nations Conference on the Law of the Seas- proposed standard
oceanic boundaries for all UN states
 12-nautical miles, all of the laws of the country apply
 200-nautical miles, state controls resource extraction and
exploration
frontier- open and undefined territory (Antarctica)
Conference of Berlin- diplomatic meeting between European colonial powers
to set the internal political boundaries in Africa
Compact State ex: Poland, Nigeria
Fragmented: Philippines, Malaysia
Elongated: Chile
Prorupted: India, Italy
Perforated: South Africa
Landlocked: Switzerland (HAHA SWISS NAVY LOLOLOLOL THEY DON'T HAVE
A NAVY CUZ THEYRE LANDLOCKED OMG HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA OXYMORON
LOL)
States with multiple national capitals
 South Africa
 Bolivia
 Netherlands
 Ivory Coast
Gerrymandering is reapportionment mapping to stack voting guaranteeing
congressional support for one particular party
Absolute Monarchies that exist today Saudi Arabia
 Brunei
 Morocco
 Emirates within the UAE
Constitutional Monarchy examples Great Britain
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Japan
 Norway
 Denmark
 Sweden
 Spain
Commonwealth country examples (independent former parts of the British
Empire)- claim British monarch as head of state
 Canada
 Jamaica
 New Zealand
 Australia
 Fiji
 Guyana
 Grenada
don't claim British monarch as head of state
 India
 Kenya
 Nigeria
 Sri Lanka
Marxism goal <3 luv communism – create a class free society where there
were no inequalities in terms of wealth or power
 planned economy that set quotas
Josip Tito- Croatian president who fought alongside Serbs – centripetal
His death was centrifugal
Examples of Balkanization:
 Yugoslavia
 Czechoslovakia
 Austro-Hungarian Empire
 USSR
Irredentism- when a minority ethnic group desires to break away from a
multi-ethnic state and form its own nation-state
 Chechens from Russia
Mackinder’s Heartland-Rimland Model
 Heartland- Eastern European Steppe, mineral rich region across
Urals too
 Rimland- German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Romania
Shatterbelt Theory- conflicts are most likely to occur in the inner crescent of
Europe, North Africa, East Asia, and South East Asia
 idea from Heartland-Rimland but instead, inner crescent and pivot
area
Containment Theory
 anytime any communist state would try to expand outwards, NATO
would be deployed to stop them and build a containment wall
 basically made USSR and communist states fall apart because
people in them were angry and so much money was being spent
and wasted on Communist and military based ordeals
State terrorism occurs when governments use violence and intimidation to control their own
people