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Human Geography – Outline of 2014 Princeton Review book Space- the geometric surface of the earth Thinking spatially means understanding the pattern and distribution of objects and analyzing their relationships, connectedness, movement, growth, and change across space and over time. Place- area of bounded space with human importance attached to it, name is called a toponym Regions are a type of place Formal region- area of bounded space that possesses some homogenous characteristic or uniformity (at least one thing the same) ex: Texas state border, linguistic region (language) Functional region- also known as nodal regions, areas that have a central place or node that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose (region that uses a center point) ex: market area, professional sports team fan base o distance decay- the farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place Vernacular region- also known as perceptual region, based uponperception or mental map of the region’s residents (the opinion of the region and those who live in it) ex: the Bible belt, Texans ride their horses to school wearing a hat Absolute location is defining a location using latitude and longitude (notation- ex: 38° 53 23 N, 77° 0 32 W) o part of the International Date Line lies on 180° latitude o The Prime Meridian runs through the Royal Naval Observatory in London Time zones are divided into 15° wide zones around the world (360° divided by 24 hours a day equals 15°) Relative location is defining a location in relation to other locations Site- the physical characteristics of a place ex: New York City is located on a deep water harbour Situation- the place’s interrelatedness with other places, how it is related to other places ex: prominent trade and finance center due to its position as a terminal for trade goods on the ship-navigable Hudson River Euclidean distance is the same thing as absolute distance, the distance from point A to point B Tobler’s Law- all places are interrelated but closer places or more related than farther ones when the length of distance inhibits interaction between 2 points, this is called friction of distance Space-time compression- technology, new modes of transportation and more can reduce the relative distance between places making it easier to travel in physical distances and communicate from across the globe Central places- nodes that are often centers of economic exchange markets Central Place Theory by Christaller- spatial model made of hexagonal market areas which overlap at different scales Wallerstein’s World Systems Model- core, semi-periphery, periphery model that shows the interrelatedness between these countries, shows dependency and is criticized that the countries in the periphery and semi-periphery are unable to leave this stage CBD, central business district- the core of the urban landscape--- core doesn't have to be exactly in the center of the peripheral region ex: core of Mormon culture in the United States is Salt Lake City, Utah, periphery would be the rest of Utah, eastern Nevado, southwesterm Wyoming, northern Arizona, southern Idaho, and eastern Oregon Agglomeration- when clustering occurs purposefully around a central point or an economic growth pole When there is no rhyme or reason to the pattern of a spatial phenomenon, this is called random pattern. Land Survey Patterns- effect boundaries of states and provinces and property lines metes and bounds- boundaries by natural landscaping such as rivers or mountains township and range- boundaries based upon latitude and longitude, block shaped long-lot patterns- boundaries with narrow frontage and wider backs to give each piece of land small access to a road or waterway Density arithmetic- number of things per square unit of distance agricultural- refers to number of people per square unit of land actively under cultivation physiologic- number of people per square unit of arable land (land that is farmed and has the potential to farm) Diffusion hearth- place of origin or place of innovation expansion- originates at a central place and then expands outwards in all directions hierarchical- originates in a first-order location then moves down to second-order locations and so on relocation- begins at point of origin and then crosses significant physical barrier (ocean, mountain range) and then relocates to the other side stimulus- diffuses and then stimulates creation of new products or ideas Types of Maps Topographic maps show contour lines of elevation, as well as urban vegetation surface with roads, builidings, rivers, and other natural landscape features, highly accurate in location and topography, used for engineering surveys nd land navigation especially in wilderness regions Thematic maps each express a particular subject and do not show land forms or other features o ex: dot density map showing distribution of a population throughout a country, weather maps o Chloropleth- shows some geographic variability through color o Isoline- calculates data values between points across a variable surface with contour lines o Dot density- use dots to express volume and density of a particular geographic feature o Flow-line- uses varying thicknesses of arrows to indicate the direction and particular theme that the map is showing o Cartogram- use simplified geometries to represent real-world places (political boundaries bcome polygons and linear features become lines with basic angles) more about data instead of landscape Map Scales large scale covers a small space (everything is zoomed in and more detailed) small scale covers a large space (everything is smaller and less detailed) 1:250,000 is the general break point between large and small scale maps Map Projections a map projection’s level of accuracy is based upon 2 concepts: area preservation and shape preservation Equal-area projections- maintain relative spatial science and areas on the map but distort the shape of polygons Conformal projections- maintains shape of the polygons but distort the relative area from one part of the map to another o Mercator projection- shape of Greenland is preserved but the size is much bigger than it actually is Some map projections that try to balance area and form would beo Robinson projection o Goode’s homolosine projection (interrupted projection) Gravity Model- used to calculate transportation flow between 2 points, determine the area of influence of a city’s businesses, and estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place (Location1Population x Location2Population)/Distance2 Geographic Information Systems- incorporate one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping, each layer shows a different geographic feature Global Positioning Systems- utilizes a worldwide network of satellites to find absolute locations Remote sensing- the information that makes up a lot of the GIS and GPS mapping systems Population and Migration Population growth is understood through the concepts of the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI, sometimes NIR) and the demographic equation. birth rates and death rates as well as immigration and emigration to show population growth or change Crude birth rate- the total number of infants born living is counted for one calendar year and then calculated formula: (Live births)/(Population √1,000) ex: If a country’s birth rate is 20, there are 20 live births for every 1,000 members of the population High birth rates are characteristic of LDC’s or stage 1-2 countries (18-50) Low birth rates are characteristic of MDC’s or stage 3-4 countries (8-17) Crude death rate- the number of deaths for every 1,000 members of the population formula: (Deaths)/(Population √1,000) High death rates usually mean that a country is experiencing war, famine, or disease. This is usually characteristic of a stage 1 or 2 country of the demographic transition model. Conditions have improved significantly through the Green Revolution (increased food and nutrition and access to sanitation, education and health care have increased, life expectancies have risen, and the death rate has declined) The Green Revolution- also known as the Third Agricultural Revolution, occurred in the mid 20th century and resulted in advancements in biotechnology and genetic engineering. This created a global market for agricultural products and a massive shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming. Artificial fertilizer, machinery, insecticides and irrigation were just a few of the major outbreaks. regions: India, Indonesia, China, Vietnam, Phillipines, Mexico The Rate of Natural Increase is (Birth rate – Death Rate)/10 Negative RNI’s are characterisitic of countries where disease, warfare, and famine have decimated the population. Negative RNI’s are also characterisitic of highly urbanized countries where the role of women in the country have become to where the traditional positions of mothers and homemakers has deteriorated significantly. double-income no kids household (DINK) ex: Swaziland, AIDS epidemic – Germany, highly urbanized Doubling Time- the time that it will take for a country to double its population 70/RNI Net Migration Rate Formula # of Immigrants/Population÷1,000 – # of Emigrants/Population÷1,000 Total Fertility Rate- estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15-45) – not an annual statistic – you cannot have a negative TFR The replacement rate is a TFR of 2.1 (2 parents with a little bit of wiggle room) The Demographic Transition Model Stage 1 Characteristics subsistence farming and transhumance (seasonal migration for food and resources and owning livestock) birth and death rates fluctuate but are very high little population growth (low RNI) more kids, more work for family – feudal political system Stage 2 overall population has a very low life expectancy Characteristics agriculturally based economies (agriculture for trade) birth rates are high and death rates decline over time, RNI goes up significantly life expectancy increases a little bit child mortality and infant mortality still an issue many people still live in rural areas Stage 2.5 – 3.5 Characteristics NIC- newly industrialized countries economy transitioning from agriculture to manufacturing largest RNI rapidly increasing rate of urbanization Stage 3 Characteristics manufacturing beginning to shift towards service economy birth rates decrease because of urbanization access to health care and contraceptives educational opportunities, sanitation, nutrition increase life expectancy increases and decrease of death rates that eventually bottom out (everyone dies eventually) Stage 4 Characteristics birth rates and death rates converge – limited population growth and even decline service based economy – finance, insurance, real estate, health care, communications birth rates bottom out women empowerment (and almost equal to men ) zero population growth sometimes aging populations countries sometimes become dependent on guest workers Malthusian Theory- idea that the global population would expand to the point where it could not produce enough food to feed everyone This wasn't accurate because agricultural technology boosted immensely and boosted food production several times over the coming century (internal combustion engine, artificial fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation pumps) GMO’s didn't come along until the 1950s Neo-Malthusians- theorists who warn that the Malthusian catastrophe could still happen. Sustainability- soil erosion, soil nutrient loss, desertification, damaged farmland – can this keep up with the increasing population? Increasing Per Capita Demand- First World country citizens eat multiple times more than the Third World country citizens – can the planet provide enough food when 10 billion people eat like a First World citizen? Natural resource depletion- overconsumption of resources such as timber, minerals, energy, and other nonrenewables Population Pyramids The population center has continuously moved west each decade in the United States since 1790. Step migration- when people move up in hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place Intervening opportunities for work and economic improvement will increase the further migrants travel Chain migration- when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold and encourages others to migrate to the location Cyclic movement- migration for purely employment purposes, sometimes periodic movement, migrants send remittances home to their families and can create a positive strong impact in the migrant’s home country !!! If you are asked about access to service in Third World cities, clean water is not a valid answer, especially when talking about rural-to-urban migration factors!!! Cultural Geography Culture- the shared experience, traits, and activities of a group of people who have a common heritage Cultural landscape can be shown through art, architecture, language, music, film and television, food, clothing, social interaction, religion, folklore, and land use. Cultural synthesis or syncretism – the blending together of two or more cultural influences ex: country music in the United States and Canada, influences of Scots-Irish, German, and African immigrants and slaves in the American interior south and Appalachia following the American Revolution Architecture Types Modern- architecture developed during the twentieth century, geometric, ordered forms (1950s), glass Postmodern- category within contemporary, wavy, crystalline, or bending shapes, can incorporate green energy, recycled materials, or non traditional materials like metal sheeting on the exterior Housing Types o New England- one story, pitched roof, “Cape Cod” or “Salt Box” style o Federalist or Georgian- housing styles of late 1700s and early 1800s, 2-3 story urban townhomes o I-house- loose form of Federalist/Georgian house, simple, rectangular, fireplaces on each end Religious Buildings Christian: cathedrals, churches with steeples and bell towers Hindu: temples, shrines, elaborately carved and decorated Buddhist: stupa, pagoda, winged roofs, thin pointed spires Islamic: mosques, minarets, central domes, main prayer area facing Mecca Judaic: synagogues (not a common architectural design style) Languages U.S. doesn't have an official language Canada has 2 official languages, English and French and therefore is bilingual Dialect is the variation in word sounds or vocabulary within a language “posh” English is linguistically known as received pronunciation (basically the super high class sounding English is called British Received Pronunciation) Cockney English is the language of the working class areas of London Pidgin languages are simplified forms of the language that uses key vocabulary words and limited grammar Creole is an individual language that incorporates sounds and vocabulary from other languages Lingua franca is a language used to bridge the linguistic gap between people of different national heritage (ex: English) Kurgan (Conquest Theory) hearth: Ukraine made way through central Asia and migrated across Eurasian Steps purpose: conquest Anatolian Theory (Agricultural Theory) hearth: Anatolia (Turkey) made way through continental Europe and spread outward, went around Caspian Sea purpose: agriculture Religions Animist- ethnic, tribal, worship of nature and inanimate objects (Native Americans and Voodoo in Africa, Brazil, and the Caribbean) Hinduism- ethnic, polytheistic (not really, but according to this test), reincarnation and nirvana o caste system – Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Dalits Jainism- ethnic, fundamentalist interpretation of Hinduism Buddhism- universalizing, following that rejected caste system in India, middle way towards enlightenment Judaism- ethnic, Israel, Jewish Diaspora, Holocaust Christianity, multiple denominations, hierarchical diffusion Islam- Mecca, 5 pillars of faith, Sunni – biggest, Shia – smallest o 5 Pillars of Faith 5 daily prayers Islamic creed Alms to the poor Observance of Ramadan The Hajj to Mecca o Theocracy- religious leaders hold governance – Iran Sharia- laws based on Islamic holy books – Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen o Secular- state is not directly governed in a religious manner appellations- culturally specific farm product of high value nation- population represented by a singular culture, culture group ethnicity- complex of genetic heritage and political allegiance race- physical characteristics of a common genetic heritage (curly hair, straight hair, black, white, BROWN) state-less nations Gypsies Kurds In many parts of the world, identity is based on a single race being the indigenous population vs. multiple mixed races in other parts of the world Mestizos- European and Native American Mulattos- African and European (derogatory) Creole- European, Native American, and African Environmental Determinism and Racism – ex: people from hot, tropical regions are lazy because they don't want to work in the midday heat Possibilism- cultures to a partial degree are shaped by their environments and the material resources available to them, but people can modify the environment Indonesia is the world’s largest Muslim state. Sequent occupance- in a single place or region, different dominant cultures replace each other over time Christian distribution in the United States Texas to Virginia, South east- Baptist Great Lakes region- Lutheran Utah and surrounding areas- Mormon Upper North East and South West- Catholic Central Ohio, Indiana scattered about- Methodist To combat negative effects of cultural globalization, a number of national governments around the world have instituted laws and regulations that lessen the impact of foreign influence Ethnic Conflict of Yugoslavia created as a state during the post-World War I Treaty of Versailles this region contained multiple different ethnic groups such as Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, Slovenians, Macedonians, etc. Serbs and Croats fought despite sharing the same language and religion (not denomination) (and also they had very different religious traditions) resolved with Dayton Peace Accords Genocide Hutu and Tutsi Holocaust Darfur, Christians and Animists killed by Muslim militia Political Geography Nation-state examples Japan Iceland Tonga Ireland Portugal Lesotho State-less nation examples Kurds- spread across N Iraq, W Iran, E Syria, and SE Turkey, semiautonomous Basques- ethnic group in N Spain and SW France who do not have Celtic or Latin cultural roots, granted little autonomy by Spain Hmong- mountain people who have existed in rural highlands isolated from Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and S China – alliance with the U.S. against Communists during the Vietnam War caused many families to leave their traditional homeland Supranationalism- concept of 2 or more sovereign states aligned together for a common purpose trade alliances military cooperation diplomacy United Nations- diplomatic, provides a number of services internationally European Union free-trade union open-border policy monetary union judicial union legislative and regulatory bodies North Atlantic Treaty Organization- military Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- oil pricing cartel North American Free Trade Agreement- free-trade zone Organization of African Union- regional diplomacy World Bank and International Monetary Fund- government loans United Nations Conference on the Law of the Seas- proposed standard oceanic boundaries for all UN states 12-nautical miles, all of the laws of the country apply 200-nautical miles, state controls resource extraction and exploration frontier- open and undefined territory (Antarctica) Conference of Berlin- diplomatic meeting between European colonial powers to set the internal political boundaries in Africa Compact State ex: Poland, Nigeria Fragmented: Philippines, Malaysia Elongated: Chile Prorupted: India, Italy Perforated: South Africa Landlocked: Switzerland (HAHA SWISS NAVY LOLOLOLOL THEY DON'T HAVE A NAVY CUZ THEYRE LANDLOCKED OMG HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA OXYMORON LOL) States with multiple national capitals South Africa Bolivia Netherlands Ivory Coast Gerrymandering is reapportionment mapping to stack voting guaranteeing congressional support for one particular party Absolute Monarchies that exist today Saudi Arabia Brunei Morocco Emirates within the UAE Constitutional Monarchy examples Great Britain Belgium Netherlands Japan Norway Denmark Sweden Spain Commonwealth country examples (independent former parts of the British Empire)- claim British monarch as head of state Canada Jamaica New Zealand Australia Fiji Guyana Grenada don't claim British monarch as head of state India Kenya Nigeria Sri Lanka Marxism goal <3 luv communism – create a class free society where there were no inequalities in terms of wealth or power planned economy that set quotas Josip Tito- Croatian president who fought alongside Serbs – centripetal His death was centrifugal Examples of Balkanization: Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia Austro-Hungarian Empire USSR Irredentism- when a minority ethnic group desires to break away from a multi-ethnic state and form its own nation-state Chechens from Russia Mackinder’s Heartland-Rimland Model Heartland- Eastern European Steppe, mineral rich region across Urals too Rimland- German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Romania Shatterbelt Theory- conflicts are most likely to occur in the inner crescent of Europe, North Africa, East Asia, and South East Asia idea from Heartland-Rimland but instead, inner crescent and pivot area Containment Theory anytime any communist state would try to expand outwards, NATO would be deployed to stop them and build a containment wall basically made USSR and communist states fall apart because people in them were angry and so much money was being spent and wasted on Communist and military based ordeals State terrorism occurs when governments use violence and intimidation to control their own people