Download NM History End of Course Study Guide The Hurdles to Statehood

NM History End of Course Study Guide
The Hurdles to Statehood
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Protocol of Queretaro- This is a section of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that Protected Mexican land grants in
New Mexico when NM became a part of the US after the Mexican American War.
Buffalo Soldiers- African American soldiers that fought in NM during the American Civil War and Indian Wars.
Native Americans gave them this nickname during battle.
Bosque Redondo- The relocation camp for Navajo and Apache people during the Long Walk. (see #5)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- The Peace Treaty that established the end of the Mexican American War, and
established NM as official property of the United States of America. The US paid Mexico $15 Million dollars to gain
the entire modern day SW United States.
Long Walk- The forced removal of the Navajo and Apache people from their homeland by the US government. Kit
Carson was the military leader put in charge of this mission. He used a scorched earth campaign (burnt their crops,
killed their livestock and killed those that resisted) to accomplish the task of moving these people hundreds of miles
across the NM desert to Bosque Redondo.
Hurdles to Statehood- #1 Small Population- NM struggled to meet the population requirements for statehood. #2
Loyalty Concerns- The Us Government feared that NM would not be loyal to the United States because our
historical roots went back to Mexico and Spain. NM proved it’s loyalty when New Mexicans signed up to joining
President Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Rider Military Regiment during the Spanish-American War (fought against the
Spanish in Cuba). Maximiliano Luna is an example of a New Mexican that served in the US military during the
Spanish-American War. #3 Lawlessness- NM had a poor national image because of the “Wild West” atmosphere of
our state. Outlaws, like Billy the Kid, were running wild through the State during the Lincoln County War. Also,
Native American warfare gave NM a poor, and lawless image. #4 Government Corruption- New Mexico’s Territorial
Government was very corrupt because of people and organizations like the Santa Fe Ring. Men like Thomas Catron
used their political influence in the Santa Fe Ring to benefit financially. #5 Foreign Image- The large Spanish
speaking population in NM gave our state a foreign image. Our large population of Navajos, Apaches and Pueblos
also influenced this.
Lincoln County War- See #6
Jointure- This was the idea of joining Arizona and New Mexico together as one state, so that both would have a
large enough population to be a contributor to the United States. Neither state was happy with this idea.
Santa Fe Ring- See #6
Glorieta Pass- One of the two major Civil War Battles that place in NM. This was referred to as the Gettysburg of
the West because it was a major turning point in the war. If the Union (north) did not win the battle, it is very likely
that the Confederates (south) would have continued on into California and taken over the gold supply (which would
have helped fuel their war effort).
Geronimo (Indian Wars)- The last Apache Chief to surrender to the US Government during the Indian Wars/Long
Walk.
Maximiliano Luna- see #6
Stephen Elkins- “Elkins Handshake” Shook hands with Congressman Julius Burrows, which southern states saw and
assumed that all New Mexicans were against slavery in the south, so they would not support NM coming into the
United States.
Kit Carson (Indian Wars)- (see #5)
Pancho Villa and Mexican Revolution- He was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals in the
early 1900s. On 9 March 1916, General Villa ordered nearly 100 Mexican members of his revolutionary group to
make a cross-border attack against Columbus, New Mexico. While some believed the raid was conducted because
of the U.S. government's official recognition of the Carranza regime and for the loss of lives in battle due to
defective cartridges purchased from the United States, it was accepted from a military standpoint that Villa carried
out the raid because he needed more military equipment and supplies in order to continue his fight against
Carranza. They attacked a detachment of the 13th Cavalry Regiment (United States), burned the town and seized
100 horses and mules and other military supplies. Eighteen Americans and about 80 Villistas were killed.
Early Statehood Years
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16. The Enabling act of 1910- Established that NM had to create an acceptable Constitution before they could be
considered for statehood.
17. The Safe and Sane NM State Constitution- Created by a 100 delegate constitutional convention to help NM achieve
statehood. The US government accepted the Constitution because it was not radical, but the constitution protected
Hispanic Rights to ensure they did not experience Jim Crow Laws (segregation laws).
a. Iron Clad Clauses- The section of the NM constitution that protected Hispanic rights.
18. 3 Branches of Government- Executive (Governor), Legislative (State Congress and Senate) and Judicial (State
Supreme Court). Be able to explain the role of each branch also which Articles of the NM State Constitution
describes their roles.
19. Mary Pickford - One of the most famous actresses to ever work in NM History. She starred in a Pueblo Legend
(filmed at Isleta Pueblo during the early 1900s).
20. The Panama and California Exposition- A celebration of the completion of the Panama Canal that took place in San
Diego, CA. This gave NM an opportunity to attend, and show off it’s culture during early statehood years.
21. Maria and Julia Martinez- Famous Pueblo Potters that shared their Native American Culture at the Panama
California exposition.
22. Blackdom, NM- An all African American community settled by Frank and Ella Boyer in the early 1900s. The town
was created to escape the Jim Crow segregation laws that were enforced in Georgia, and was made possible by the
Homesteading Act (see 25). The town was a success for a brief period of time, until it eventually failed because of
lack of water.
23. Frank and Ella Boyer- see #22
24. William C. McDonald- The first governor of the State of New Mexico.
25. Elephant Butte- A man made water reservoir made of the Rio Grande River during the early 1900’s.
26. Homesteading Act- A National law passed that was designed to encourage Americans to settle and establish land in
the American West. For a small filing fee, citizens could have a piece of land of their own as long as they were able
to “prove up”/develop and grow the land. If they could not “prove up”, the land would be taken away.
27. Elizabeth Garrett- The woman that wrote our state song, O’Fair New Mexico.
28. Tom Mix- A part early NM Film History. He was the first Country Western movie star in NM (the original John
Wayne).
29. Solomon Luna- One of the major leaders of the Constitutional Convention.
30. George McJunkin- The African American ranch hand that faced racism in NM. McJunkin found archeological
evidence of prehistoric people in NM, but because he was an “uneducated African American” people discredited his
findings. He didn’t receive credit until after his death. The archeological evidence he found became known as
Folsom Man.
31. Harry P. Mera- The designer of the second/current NM State Flag.
32. Jack Johnson – An African American boxer that defended world championship belt against Jim Flynn in Las Vegas,
NM in 1912. This was a hotly debated issue because boxing had been outlawed in many other states, and because
NM was a new state we had not developed a law against professional boxing events. Johnson is unique story to NM
because of the racism he faced while in our state (newspapers put out racist comments, and many were offended
by the fact that he was married to a white woman).
Artists, Authors, Lungers and Dudes (Tourism Helps the State Grow)
33. Bert Geer Philips and Ernest Blumshein- (Bert and Ernie) The two men from Colorado that were credited with
settling and creating the Taos Society of Artists.
34. Mable Dodge Stern (Luhan) and Mabletown- Came to visit Taos, NM in the early 1900’s, and fell in love with the
Pueblo culture. She also met and fell in love with her eventual husband, Tony Lujan. Together they created an Art
Society of their own, called Los Gallos. Mable became the most influential artist/author advisor, and also became a
very talented writer herself.
35. Ansel Adams- A famous American landscape photographer that spent time photographing NM in the early 1900’s.
He helped to promote NM’s beauty while NM was growing as a young state. One of his most famous pieces of work
was “Moonrise of Hernandez”.
36. Georgia O’Keeffe- A famous artist best known for her landscape paintings, flower paintings, adobe gate art, and
animal skull art. She established her style when she came to visit Ghost Ranch in Northern NM, and eventually
permanently settled in Abiquiu, NM.
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37. D.H. Lawrence- The most famous author to settle in Los Gallos. Received advice from Mable Dodge Luhan, and
eventually became a very famous and controversial writer. He was an Englishman best known for his novel, Lady
Chatterley’s Lover.
38. Los Cinco Pintores (Will Shuster, Fremont Ellis, Willard Nash, JG Bakos, and WE Murch)- Members of the Santa Fe
Art Colony that became known as the “5 little nuts in 5 adobe huts”.
39. John Gaw Meem- One of the most successful New Mexican architects of all time. Helped to develop the Pueblo
Revival Architecture Movement. This brought back the traditional adobe style architecture created by the Pueblo
People. Meem used many of the same techniques, but also improved them with modern technology. This
movement made it where you still cannot make a building in Santa Fe that is not Pueblo Style w/o paying a fine.
40. RL Dodson- Purchased first New Mexican car in CO, and eventually trained himself to be NM’s most trusted
mechanic.
41. La Bajada Hill- An early dangerous highway in NM, between Santa Fe and Albuquerque. Had to drive up it in
reverse because fuel pumps did not exist yet.
42. US Route 66- Created in 1927 (extended from Chicago to LA). The original I-40 in NM (East border to West border).
Originally skipped Moriarty and went up to Santa Fe, Changed to go through the Tijeras Canyon into ABQ and
eventually to Gallup. Central Ave. in ABQ is part of Route 66 (pg 89 in your book). This highway was very important
to growth of tourism in our state, and also to overall permanent population growth.
43. Dude Ranches- A very expensive tourist attraction in NM during the 1920’s. People came from all over the United
States to have the “western experience” in NM. People would spend a week “roughing it” as a cowboy, and then go
back to their luxurious lives in the city.
44. Burma Shave Signs- Original Billboards in NM. Advertised by using jingles.
45. Jim White- The man who discovered Carlsbad Caverns, and later worked a tour guide for the world famous tourist
attraction.
46. Santa Fe Fiesta- Created in 1919 to celebrate the Spanish reconquest of Santa Fe following Pope’s Pueblo Revolt.
Will Shuster created the first burning of Zozobra (see pg 96 in your book). Zozobra is meant to Symbolize the
burning away of all your worries/Troubles.
The Great Depression and New Deal
47. The Roaring 1920’s- Greatest economic time in US history. Time where everybody was buying appliances and
luxury items on credit (Pay now, Buy later). Also, everybody invested their money in the stock market. This era
came to a screeching halt when the Stock Market Crashed on Black Tuesday (October 29th, 1929). This time period
ultimately caused the Great Depression of the 1930s.
48. The Great Depression- The worst economic time in American History (1930s). Roughly 25% of all Americans were
unemployed. American businesses and banks closed when they lost large amounts of money in the stock market.
Finally ended in the 1940s because of the financial opportunities created by WWII.
49. The New Deal- The Government program created by the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt (FDR), to help put Americans back to work during the Great Depression. This program helped FDR
become one of the most popular Presidents in American history. This created many different job opportunities for
New Mexicans. The government programs became known as President Roosevelt’s alphabet soup.
50. The Dust Bowl- This was a natural and manmade disaster that took place during the Great Depression, and made
the financial crisis worse. The farmers of the Great Plains Region (extended into the eastern third of NM) of the US
overused and misused the land, which took the nutrients out of the soil and made it impossible for vegetation to
grow. Also, drought hit the area and high winds moved in. Once the winds moved in the loose soil was picked up
and sent across the United States for hundreds and thousands of miles. These massive dust storms became known
as Black Blizzards.
51. Herbert Hoover- The President at the start of the Great Depression. He was accused of not doing anything to help
Americans during these tough times. Hoover gave billions of dollars of relief money to American Businesses, but did
nothing to help individuals. Hoover hoped that if he bailed out businesses, they would be successful and provide
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jobs for Americans. This was not the case, and Americans villainized him and began to name the homeless shelters
and shantytowns Hoovervilles.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt- see #49
Clyde Tingley- The New Mexican Governor that helped to make sure New Mexico received New Deal relief
programs. He also appointed Dennis Chavez as a Senator when Senator Bronson Cutting died in a tragic airplane
crash. Tingley and Chavez worked together to bring many different New Deal programs to NM.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)- A New Deal program that was designed to help American and New Mexican
citizens get jobs during the Great Depression. They used government money to create public building projects.
They built roads, highways, bridges, schools, libraries, community centers, parks, swimming pools, courthouses,
government buildings, etc… This created job opportunities for those that worked on the projects, and also for those
that worked in the buildings after they were finished. The WPA also created the Federal Art Project and Federal
Writers Project to help employ struggling artists and authors during the Great Depression.
National Youth Administration (NYA)- Created to help the nation’s youth during the Great Depression by creating
government funded jobs that allowed young people to work on a part time basis so that they did not have to drop
out of school.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)- was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United
States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 18–25 as part of Roosevelt’s New Deal. Robert
Fechner was the head of the agency. A part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who provided
unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned
by federal, state and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, to relieve families
who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States while at the same time
implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. Maximum enrollment
at any one time was 300,000; in nine years 3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them with
shelter, clothing, and food, together with a small wage of $30 a month ($25 of which had to be sent home to their
families).
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)- New Deal program created help Native Americans during the Great Depression.
John Collier was the man put in charge of the program. He worked to bring economic relief to Native Americans
and also help them work to become assimilated into American society. The Indian Reorganization Act was also
created to help Native Americans. This allowed for Natives to set up their own private constitutions and
governments to be enforced on their reservation lands. This allowed them to have their own law enforcement, and
is also the reason that they are allowed to build and operate their own Casinos on their reservation lands.
Taylor Grazing Act- In response to the Dust Bowl of the 1930’s, the US government decided that they needed to
enforce programs and laws that would keep it from happening again. This Act put limits on the amount of livestock
you could have, so that the land was not “overgrazed”. This was a negative event for the Navajo people of
Northwest NM because the government came in and slaughtered numerous sheep to make sure the Navajo were
adhering to the new law.
WWII Era in NM
59. Pearl Harbor- The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by the Japanese Empire on December 7th, 1941. This
event killed thousands of Americans, and served as the final motivator for President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to
declare war on Japan and their allies.
60. Bataan Death March- The Philippine Islands were a US territorial claim since 1898. However, The Japanese wanted
the Philippines and it’s Natural Resources as their own, and wanted the United States out of the Eastern
Hemisphere. Many New Mexican citizens joined the National Guard during the Great Depression of the 1930s
because it presented an opportunity for them to earn an extra $15 a month. The New Mexico National Guard was
sent to protect the Philippine Islands from the Japanese during WWII. The Japanese invaded the Islands and easily
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conquered the inferior National Guard forces. The Japanese took all survivors of the attack as Prisoners of War
(POWs) and forced them on a 65 mile death march to the Bataan Peninsula. The prisoners faced inhumane
treatment by the Japanese (not given adequate food or water, and brutally killed if they stopped walking). Those
that survived the walk were sent to Death Camps, others were picked up and put on Hell Ships to work for the
Japanese elsewhere throughout the Pacific Islands. The surviving POWS were finally rescued after 33 months on
imprisonment. This event was a violation of the Geneva Conventions.
61. The Navajo Code Talkers- The United States Government had a need to develop a military strategy communication
system that could not be translated by the Japanese people. Philip Johnston, a civil engineer for the city of Los
Angeles, proposed the use of Navajo to the United States Marine Corps in response to this problem. Johnston, a
World War I veteran, was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajos, and was one
of the few non-Navajos who spoke their language fluently. Because Navajo has a complex grammar, it is not nearly
mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na-Dene family to provide meaningful
information, and was at this time an unwritten language, Johnston saw Navajo as answering the military
requirement for an undecipherable code. Navajo was spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest,
and its syntax and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive
exposure and training. One estimate indicates that at the outbreak of World War II fewer than 30 non-Navajos
could understand the language. The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942. This first group then
created the Navajo code at Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, California.[14] The Navajo code was formally developed
and modeled on the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet that uses agreed-upon English words to represent letters.
As it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words—while in combat—
would be too time consuming, some terms, concepts, tactics and instruments of modern warfare were given
uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo (the word for "potato" being used to refer to a hand grenade,
or "turtle" to a tank, for example). Several of these portmanteaus (such as gofasters referring to running shoes, ink
sticks for pens) entered Marine Corps vocabulary and are commonly used today to refer to the appropriate objects.
The Navajo Code Talkers are now recognized for their bravery and contributions towards the success of the US
military during WWII.
62. The Manhattan Project- Was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during
World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to
1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Two
types of atomic bomb were developed during the war. A relatively simple gun-type fission weapon was made using
uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Since it is chemically identical to the
most common isotope, uranium-238, and has almost the same mass, it proved difficult to separate. Three methods
were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed
at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. Reactors were
constructed at Oak Ridge and Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into
plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium. The gun-type design proved
impractical to use with plutonium so a more complex implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design
and construction effort at the project's principal research and design laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico
(Project Y). Robert Oppenheimer was the man responsible for selecting Los Alamos as the location for the scientific
laboratory that was going to work to create the bomb. Oppenheimer was the scientific director of the project,
appointed by Groves. The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear energy
project. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines,
where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists. The first nuclear device
ever detonated was an implosion-type bomb (the Gadget) at the Trinity Test Site, conducted at New Mexico's
Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945. Little Boy, a gun-type weapon, and the implosion-type
Fat Man were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively.
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63. Hydrogen Bomb- Type of nuclear bomb that was worked in NM following WWII. This bomb was more explosive
than the uranium and plutonium atomic bombs.
64. Japanese-American Internment Camps- was the World War II internment in "War Relocation Camps" of over
110,000 people of Japanese heritage who lived on the Pacific coast of the United States. The U.S. government
ordered the internment in 1942, shortly after Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Roughly 62% of the Japanese
imprisoned were United States citizens. President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the internment with Executive
Order 9066, issued February 19, 1942, which allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas" as
"exclusion zones," from which "any or all persons may be excluded." There were 3 internment camps in NM
located in Lordsburg, Ft. Sumner, and Santa Fe.
65. Roy Nakayama (Mr. Chile)- Former Japanese-American POW in NM. Following the war, he earned a degree from
New Mexico A&M and contributed the development of Chile as a major crop in New Mexico.
Cold War Era
66. Robert H Goddard and Rocket Testing- Scientist that originally came to NM to work on the Manhattan Project.
Once the war was over he shifted his focus to rocket science. He moved to Roswell, NM and worked on creating
liquid fueled rockets for military purposes. Goddard High School in Roswell was named in honor of him.
67. Roswell UFO incident- On June 14, 1947 rancher Mack Brazel was working on a fence when he discovered a strange
crash site about 75 miles northwest of Roswell. He made the claim that he had found a “flying disc” from another
planet in outer space. The US air force put out a claim that the remains were actually from a weather balloon
launched from the White Sands Missile Range. Many said the government was just trying to cover up the possibility
alien life forms. The material found that day is still a controversy today, and has become a major tourist attraction
for the city of Roswell.
Civil Rights in NM
68. Hispanic Civil Rights and Land Grants- A Hispanic Civil Rights movement started in NM during the 1960’s. Ceasar
Chavez and Dolores Huerta worked together to create the United Farm Workers Association in 1962. This was a
group that worked to improve working conditions, wages, and housing for migrant workers. Inspired by Cesar
Chaves’s movement, Reises Lopez Tijerina came up with the idea to create a group that would work to reclaim
Hispanic Land Grants that were lost even though the Protocol of Querataro (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)
promised to protect the land grants. Tijerina created La Alianza Federal de Mercedes (The Federal Alliance of Land
Grants) to protest against the State government, in an attempt to get them to recognize Historical Land Grant
claims. Tijerina’s protests turned violent when he and 19 followers raided the Courthouse in Tierra Amarilla to
search for the Rio Arriba County district attorney, Alfonso Sanchez, and make a citizen’s arrest. During the raid, two
police officers were shot and Sanchez was not arrested. A large manhunt for Tijerina ensued, and he was eventually
sentenced to two years in prison. The FALG collapsed and no land grants were reclaimed.
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Current Issues in NM
69. NM Counties- Know the Current Counties of the State of NM (see Modern NM Map).
70. Current Issues in NM (see PowerPoint Slides)
a.
DWI
b.
Water Rights/Usage
c.
Endangered Species
d.
Mexican Immigration
e.
English Only
f.
Urbanization
g.
Tribal Gaming and Casinos (College Success)
h.
Public Art and Monuments
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