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Name______________________ Mr. Clark’s Chapter 4 World History Notes Section 1: The Egyptian and Nubian Empires - Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River and united into a kingdom around __________. Less than 600 miles south, a major kingdom had developed in the region of _______. For centuries, the Nubian kingdom of ________ traded with Egypt. Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt - After prosperity of ________ _________, Egypt descended into war and violence. Caused by a succession of weak _________ and power struggles among nobles. Weakened country fell to invaders who swept across the Isthmus of Suez in __________, a weapon unknown to Egyptians. These invaders, called __________, ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 BC. Hebrews Migrate to Egypt - During Hyksos rule, the __________, settled in Egypt. Hyksos encouraged Hebrews to settle there because they were __________ similar. Egyptians resented prescence of Hyksos in their land, but were __________ to ________ them. Expulsion and Slavery - Warlike rulers began to restore Egypt’s power. One of these was Queen ___________. Pharaoh ___________ won a great victory over the hated Hyksos. They drove them out of Egypt The ___________ remained in Egypt and were enslaved until the time of the Exodus. The New Kingdom of Egypt - After overthrowing the Hyksos, the pharaohs of the _____ _________ built an empire. During this era, Egpyt was ___________ and more ____________ than ever before. Equipped with __________ weapons and two wheel __________, the Egyptians became ______________. Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule - _____________, who declared herself ruler around 1472 BC, was unique. - She took over because her stepson was just a ___________ at the time. She spent her reign encouraging __________ rather than waging _________. The trading expedition to the Land of __________ was particularly _____________. She sent a fleet of ________ ships down the Red Sea in search of _________, ___________, and fragrant ___________ used for __________ ceremonies. Her fleet also brought back ________, _________, and unusual plants and _________. Thutmose the Empire Builder - Hatshepsut’s stepson, _____________, proved to be a much more __________ ruler. In his eagerness to get the throne, he may have even ___________ Hatshepsut. Led a number of invasions into _____________ and ___________. His armies also pushed into ___________, a region of Africa. Egypt was now a mighty _________. It controlled lands around the _______ and beyond. Egypt had never before—nor has it since—commanded such ________ and _________ as during the reigns of the New Kingdom ____________. The Egyptians and the Hittites - - The Egyptians conquest of parts of __________ and ___________ brought them into conflict with the ____________. After several smaller battles, the Egyptians and Hittites clashed at ____________ around 1285BC. The pharaoh _____________ and a Hittite ________ later made a _________ that promised _________ and _______________ between them forever. Their alliance lasted for the rest of the ______________. An Age of Builders - Like the rulers of the ______ Kingdom who built towering ___________, rulers of the New Kingdom erected grand _____________. For protection from grave robbers, they hid their splendid _________ beneath desert _________. Besides royal tombs, the ___________ of this period also built great __________ and magnificent ___________. ___________ stood out among the great _____________ of the _______ ___________. At ____________, he added to a monumental ___________ to _________ ___, Egypt’s chief god. He had temples decorated with enormous statues of ___________. The _____ of these statues alone measured more than _________ feet. The Empire Declines - The empire that ______________ had built and _____________ had ruled slowly came apart as other strong civilizations rose to ___________ Egypt’s _____________. After ________ died, the entire eastern ________________ suffered a wave of _______ Both the __________ and __________ kingdom were attacked by invaders called the _______ __________. They included the ______________. They caused great ________ The Egyptians faced other _________. In the east, the tribes of ____________ often rebelled against their Egyptian ___________. In the west, the vast ___________ no longer served as a ___________ against ___________ raids on villages. Egypt’s Empire Fades - Egypt never recovered its previous ____________. The empire broke apart into _________ units. Smaller __________ arose and were eager to protect _____________. Almost _____________, Egypt soon fell to its neighbors’ __________. ____________ crossed the desert to the Nile _________. They established independent ___________. Instead of posing their own ___________, the ___________ adopted the Egyptian way of life. The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region - For centuries, Egypt dominate Nubia and the Nubian Kingdom of _________, which lasted for about a ___________ years. As Egypt fell into ____________during the ___________ period, Kush began to emerge as a regional ____________. The People of Nubia - Nubia lay south of __________ between the first _____________ of the Nile, an area of churning __________. Despite several cataracts around which _________ had to be _____________, the Nile provided the best North- South _________ route. Kush served as a trade ____________. They linked Egypt and the Mediterranean world to the interior of ______________. The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia - - With Egypt’s ___________ during the New Kingdom, pharaohs forced Egyptian rule on ________. Egyptians strongly _________ the Nubians. Kush’s capital, _____________, became center for the spread of Egyptian ____________. Princes went to ____________. They learned the Egyptian _____________ and worshipped Egyptian _________. They adopted ___________ style of upper class. - With Egypt’s decline, Kush regained its ___________. Kushites viewed themselves as more suitable ______________ of Egyptian values than the ____________. They sought to guard these values by ________________ Egypt. Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne - In 751 BC, a Kushite king named ____________ overthrew the Libyan ____________. He __________ the entire Nile Valey and became Egypt’s __________ dynasty. Dynasty was ______________. In 671, the ____________, a war like people conquered __________. Kushites retreated south along the ___________ where they would experience a _________ ________. The Golden Age of Meroe - - Kushite royal family moved to ____________. It lay closer to Red Sea than ___________ and became active in the flourishing __________ among Africa, Arabia, and _________. Kush used ___________ ___________ around Meroe and thrived. Unlike ____________ cities along the Nile, Meroe had significant _____________. They also boated abundant supplies of __________ _______. Meroe became a major center for the ______________ of iron __________ and __________. Ambitious ____________ transported goods to the ________ Sea, where they exchanged them for _____________ and _____________. As the _____________ wealth of the central Nile Valley flowed out of Meroe, _____________ goods flowed in. The Decline of Meroe - After ________ centuries of prosperity, __________ began to decline. __________, another kingdom located to SE, _____________ to Meroe’s fall. With a ___________on the Red Sea, Aksum came to _________ North African _________. HOMEWORK - Pg 94 #3-5 and #8 Section 2: The Assyrian Empire Setting the Stage - For more than two _____________, the __________ army advanced across SW Asia. It overwhelmed foes with its ___________ strength. A Mighty Military Machine - Beginning around 850 BC, _____________ acquired a large __________. Accomplished this by means of a highly advanced ______________organization and state of the art ___________. For a time, Assyria was the ___________ power in SW Asia The Rise of a Warrior People - The Assyrians came from the northern part of ________________. Their flat, _________ land made them easy for others to ___________. They developed their _____________ behavior in response to these ______________. Through constant ______________, Assyrian kings built a huge ______________. One Assyrian king, _______________, bragged that he destroyed 89_________ and 820 ____________, burned _____________, and ordered its inhabitants ___________. Military Organization and Conquest - - Assyria was a ____________ that glorified _____________ strength. Its soldiers were well ___________ for _____________ an empire. Making use of the ________________ technology of the time, soldiers covered themselves in stiff _____________ and metal __________. They wore __________ iron helmets, padded ________________, and leather skirts layered with _________ scales. Their weapons were iron __________ and iron-pointed __________. Advance _____________ and technical _________ allowed Assyrians to lay ________ to enemy cities. When deep _________ blocked them, engineers would span rivers with _________. Before attacking, Assyrians _________ beneath the city’s ________ to _____________ them. Foot soldiers would march ___________ to shoulder and shot wave upon wave of ____________. Meanwhile, another group of troops hammered the city’s _________ with massive iron tipped ___________ _________. When the gates finally _____________, Assyrians showed no ___________. They _________ or __________ their victims. The Empire Expands - - The Kings of ___________ defeated Syria, Palestine, and _______________. Eventually, the Assyrians ruled lands that extended far beyond the ___________ ____________ into Anatolia and ___________. At its peak, Assyrian ____________ governed lands closest to Assyria as ___________ and made them dependent _____________. Assyrian ____________ controlled these regions by choosing their ___________ or supporting kings who aligned themselves with ___________. This system of having local ____________ report to a central ___________ became fundamental system of government ______________. - In addition _____________ campaigns added new ___________ to the empire. These brought __________ and __________ to the treasury. If a conquered people refused to _______, Assyrians destroyed their __________ and sent people into __________. Assyrian Culture - - Some of Assyria’s most fearsome _____________ were also great _____________. King Sennacherib, who had burned _____________, also established capital at ____________ along the ___________ River. It was the ______________ city of its day. In the ruins, archaeologists found finely _________ sculptures. Two subjects particularly fascinated the Assyrians: brutal ____________ campaigns and the _________ hunt. Nineveh also held one of the ancient world’s largest _____________. King _______________ collected more than 20,000 __________ tablets. It included the ancient ___________ poem. The library was the _________ to have many of the features of a ___________ library. The collection was ______________ into many rooms according to ____________ matter. It was also _____________. The Empire Crumbles - - Ashurbanipal proved to be one last of the might Assyrian ___________. The __________ displayed by the Assyrians had earned them many _____________. Shortly after _____________ death, ___________ fell. In 612 BC, a combined army of ___________ and ___________ and others burned and leveled ___________. The clay writing ____________ in the library had been _________ in a pottery oven so they survived the ____________. Rebirth of Babylon Under the Chaldeans - After defeating the ___________, he Chaldeans made ____________ their capital. Babylon became the center of a new ___________. A Chaldean king named _________________ restored the city. The most impressive part was the __________ ______________. Greek scholars listed them as one of the __________ wonders of the ancient ___________. At night priests observed the _________ from the top of the tower. Chaldean ______________ kept detailed records of how the _________ and ____________ seemed to change position in the night sky. They concluded that the sun, _______, ___________, and five other planets belong to same __________ _________. This formed the basis for both _____________ and ______________. Nebuchadnezzar’s empire fell shortly after his ___________. The ___________ who next came to power followed many of the same customs of the ______________. HOMEWORK - Pg. 98 #3-6 Section 3: The Persian Empire The Rise of Persia - - The ______________ employed ____________ force to control a vast empire. In contrast, the ____________ based theirs on ______________ and ______________. They relied on a strong ____________ to back up their policies. Persia included modern day __________. Indo-Europeans first migrated from ____________ Europe and southern __________ to the east of the ___________ crescent around 1000BC. In addition to ________ farmland, ancient Iran boasted a wealth of ____________. These included copper, ________, gold, ___________, and gleaming blue lapis lazuli. A thriving __________ helped them contact their neighbors in both directions. At first, dozens of tiny ____________ occupied the region. Eventually, _______ major powers emerged: the ___________ and the __________. In time, a remarkable __________ would lead __________ to dominate _________. Cyrus the Great Founds an Empire - - In 550B, ___________, Persia’s _________, began to conquer several neighboring ____________. Cyrus was a _____________ genius. In time, Cyrus controlled an ____________ that spanned 2,000 miles, from the __________ river in the east to _____________ in the west. Cyrus’s most enduring legacy was his method of _____________. His ____________ toward conquered peoples revealed a ________ and ____________ view of empire. Cyrus would not allow his generals to _________ or _____________. He would honor local ___________ and ___________. He also allowed the __________ to return to their homelands. Under Persian rule, the Jews rebuilt their _________ and ____________. There were forever ______________ to Cyrus. Cyrus was ___________ fighting _____________ nomadic invaders on the eastern border of his empire. Persian Rule - The task of _______________ conquered territories fell to rulers who followed ______. They succeeded by combing Persian ___________ with local ______-_____________. When __________ died, his son ____________ expanded the empire by conquering ___________. The son __________ to follow his father’s wise example. He ___________ the Egyptian ____________. When Cambyses died, _____________ broke out across the empire. - - Cambyses’s successor, ___________, had begun his career as a member of the king’s _____________. An elite group of Persian soldiers, the _______ _________ __________, helped Darius seize the ___________ around 522 BC. He spent first three years putting down ___________. He spent next few establishing a well-organized and ____________ administration. Having brought __________ and stability to empire, he turned his attention to ______. Darius’s only failure was his inability to conquer ______________. Provinces and Satraps - - Although Darius was a great _____________, his real genius lay in _______________. Darius divided his empire into 20 ________________. These provinces were roughly similar to the ______________ of the different people. The people still practiced their own ___________, spoke their own ________________, and followed many of their own ___________. This administrative policy of many groups—sometimes called “______________”—living by own laws within one empire was _____________ practiced in SW Asia. Although tolerant, Darius still ruled with _____________ power. In each province he installed a governor called a __________ who ruled locally. He also appointed a __________ leader and a _______ collector. Two other ________ helped Darius hold together his __________. An excellent system of __________ allowed Darius to communicate quickly. The famous _______ _________ ran from Susa in Persia to ________ in _____________. Darius borrowed the second tool, ___________ metal __________, for the Lydians. For the first time, ________ of a standard _________ circulated throughout and extended empire. People no longer had to ________ and measure odd pieces of gold or silver to pay for things. The network _________ and the wide use of standardized _______ promoted _______, which helped hold together the ___________. The Persian Legacy - - During the time a question arose: Why should so much ______________ and chaos exist in the world? A prophet named _______________ offered an answer. He taught that the earth is a ______________ where a great struggle is fought between the spirit of __________ and the spirit of _________. Each person is expected to take part in the ___________. Teaches that the god ________ ___________ will judge everyone according to how well he or she fought the battle for ___________. Traces of Zoroastrianism—such as the concept of ___________ and a belief in _________--can be found in Judaism, _____________, and Islam. - Through their _____________ and good government, the Persians brought political _________ to SW Asia. They ___________ ideas from earlier ______________ and found new ways to live and rule. Their respect for other cultures helped to _____________ those cultures for the future. The powerful dynasty __________ established in Persia lasted 200 years and grew into a huge __________. HOMEWORK - Pg 103 #3-5 and #7 Section 4: The Unification of China Confucius and the Social Order - - - - Toward the end of the __________ dynasty, China moved away from its ancient values of social __________, ___________, and __________ for authority. Chinese scholars and _____________ developed different solutions to restore these values. China’s most influential scholar was ______________. He lived in a time when the ______ dynasty was in decline. He led a scholarly life, studying and teaching __________, music and __________ character. He was born in a time of crisis and __________ in China. He believed that social __________, harmony, and good _____________ could be restored in China if society were organized around ____ basic relationships. They are _________ and subject, father and _________, husband and _________, older brother and younger _________, and friend and __________. A code of proper __________ regulated each of these. For example, rulers should practice __________ and virtuous living. In return, subjects should be _______ and law-abiding. _________ of his five relationships were based upon the __________. Children should practice __________ _________, or respect for their __________ and ancestors. To him, it meant devoting oneself to one’s ____________ during their lifetime. It also required honoring their ____________ after __________. He wanted to _________ Chinese society by showing rulers how to govern __________. Impressed by his wisdom, the duke of _____ appointed him minister of ______________. According to legend, _________ vanished almost overnight. Confucius spent remainder of his life ______________. His works were collected in a book called the ______________. Confucian Ideas about Government - Confucius said that _____________ could transform a humbly born person into a ______________. He laid the groundwork for _______________, a trained civil __________, or those who run the _____________. _______________ became very important to ____________ advancement in the bureaucracy. Confucianism was never a ____________, but it was an _____________ system, a system based on accepted principles of __________ and wrong. It became the _____________ for Chinese government and social __________. Other Ethical Systems - - Other scholars and philosophers developed __________ systems. Some stressed the importance of _____, others, the power of the ____________. A Chinese thinker named ___________ believed only the natural _________ was important. The natural order involves ____________ among all ___________ things. He said a _____________ force called the ________, meaning “the Way”, guides all __________. According to him, of all the creatures of __________, only _________ fail to ____________ the Dao. They __________ about questions of right and wrong, good ___________ or bad. Such arguments are ___________. The philosophy of Laozi came to be known as ____________. Its search for __________ and understanding of __________ led Daoism’s followers to pursue ____________ studies. Daoists made many important contributions to sciences of alchemy, ___________, and medicine. Legalists Urge Harsh Rule - - There was also a group of ______________ thinkers called the ____________. They believed that a highly ___________ and _______________ government was key to restoring order in society. Government should use the ________ to end civil ____________ and restore ___________. Hanfeizi and ____ ____ were among founders of ______________. The Legalists taught that a __________ should provide rich __________ for people who carried out their duties well. Likewise, the ______________ should be _____________. They stressed _______________ more than __________. They believed in controlling ideas as well as _________. They suggested that a ruler _________ all writings that might encourage people to ____________ the government. I Ching and Yin and Yang - Others found answers to life’s _____________ elsewhere. Some consulted a book of oracles call ___ __________ to solve ethical or ______________ problems. Readers used the book by throwing a set of __________, interpreting the __________, and then reading the appropriate _________, or _____________. It helped people lead a _________ life by offering good __________ and simple __________ sense. - Others turned to the ideas of ancient thinkers, such as the concept of _______ and _________ ---two powers that together represented the __________ rhythms of ________. _________ represents all that is cold, _________, soft, and mysterious. Yang is the opposite---warm, ___________, hard, and clear. The symbol of yin and yang is a ___________ divided into __________. The circle represents the ____________ of yin and yang. Both forces represent the rhythm of the ____________ and complement each other. The Qin Dynasty Unifies China - - - In the 3rd century BC, the _______ Dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty. It emerged from the western state of ______. The ruler who founded the Qin Dynasty employed _________ ideas to subdue the ___________ states and ___________ his country The Qin ruler assumed the name _______ ______________ which means “First Emperor.” The new emperor had begun his reign by halting the __________ battles that had sapped China’s strength. Then he turned his attention to defeating ____________ and crushing resistance within China to his rule. Shi Huangdi’s armies attacked the invader north of the ________ _____ and south as far as what is now ____________. He was determined to unify ____________. He acted decisively to crush ___________ opposition at home. To do this, he ordered all the __________ families to live in the capital city under his _____________ gaze. Seizing their ____________, the emperor carved China into 36 administrative ___________. He sent Qin officials to ___________ them. To prevent criticism, Shi Huangdi had hundreds of Confucian scholars _____________. They also ordered “___________” books to be burned. They did spare ____________ books about medicine and farming. They established an ________________, a government that has ______________ power and uses it an arbitrary manner. A Program of Centralization - - His sweeping program of centralization included the building of a ___________ network of more than 4,000 miles. He set the same standards throughout China for writing, law, currency, and weights and ________________. Irrigation projects increased __________ production. Trade _______________, thanks to the new road system. Trade pushed a new class of _____________ into prominence. Despite these social advances, harsh _____ and repressive government mad the Qin regime ______________. Shi Huangdi had unified China at the expense of human ____________. Scholars hated him for his __________ burning. Poor people hated him because they were forced to work on the building of a huge ______________ wall. Zhou rulers had erected ____________ walls to discourage attacks, but Shi was determined to close the _________ and extend the ___________ almost the length of the empire’s ________. The Great ____________ of __________ arose on the backs of hundreds of thousands of ___________. The wall builders worked neither for _____________ nor for love of ____________. They faced a terrible choice: work on the wall or __________. The Fall of the Qin - The Qin Dynasty lasted a ___________ time. Though fully as __________ as his father, Shi Huangdi’s son proved less ___________. Peasants ________________ just 3 years after the second ___________ emperor took office. The harsh Qin Dynasty gave way to the __________ Dynasty, one of the longest in ______________ history. REVIEW TOMORROW