Download ch 01 Telecommunications Overview

Telecommunications
Overview
Chapter 1
Objectives
In this chapter, you will:

Define communication and telecommunication

Illustrate components of a communication system

Understand the difference between voice, video, and data

Describe how telecommunication is used in a variety of industries

Identify careers available to telecommunications professionals

Identify the organizations responsible for establishing significant
telecommunications standards and policies
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What is communication?

The Romans used the Latin word communicare when
they meant "to make common, to share, or to impart.”

Communication is the sharing of information or
messages between two or more entities.
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Elements of a Communication
System

Source - the originator of the message, whether it is a
person or machine.

Transmitter - the equipment that modifies the
message (either data or voice) into the form required
for transmission.

Communications channel - the means of carrying the
signal from the source to the destination.
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Elements of a Communication
System

Transmission media - may be physical, like
a copper wire or fiber optic cable, or
atmospheric, like radio waves.

Receiver - is the device that captures the
message from the communications channel
and converts it into a form that the person or
machine at the destination can understand.

Destination - the person or machine to
whom the message is directed
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Elements of a Communication
System
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Flow of Messages

Simplex - the type of communication in which
messages flow in only one direction, from source to
destination.

Half-duplex communication - occurs when
messages travel in both directions between the
source and the destination, but in only one direction
at a time.

Full-duplex communication - messages can travel
over the communications channel in both directions
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simultaneously.
Flow of Messages
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Relative Number of Sources and
Destinations

One-to-one communication - a single source sends
information to a single destination.

One-to-many communication - a single source
simultaneously sends information to multiple
destinations.

Many-to-many communication - occurs when many
sources issue messages to many destinations.
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Relative Number of Sources and
Destinations
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What is Telecommunication?
Communication that spans a distance.

Voice telecommunication - using electrical signals to transmit
human voice across a distance, such as telephones and radio
broadcasts.

Video telecommunication - the electrically-based transmission
of moving pictures and sound across a distance.

Data telecommunication - the use of electrical signals to
exchange encoded information between computerized devices
across a distance.
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What is Telecommunication?
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Voice
The telephony infrastructure includes cross-continental
fiber optic cable to facilitate international voice
telecommunications and national and regional cabling to
connect long distance calls.

It includes numerous local, regional, and national switching
centers where phone calls are routed to their destinations by
computerized telephone switches.

It also includes local connections (up to three miles in length) to
residences and businesses capable of greater connection speed
and volume than ever before.

Finally, it includes the sophisticated telephone equipment and
applications that users rely on.
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Data

Telegraph - one of the first data telecommunications
inventions, uses wire to convey electrical pulses that
represent letters or numbers over a distance.

Newer data telecommunications technology is not only
faster, but also ensures better accuracy due to more
reliable transmission media and techniques that enable
the receiver to monitor the integrity of the data it has
received.
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Data

Present-day data telecommunications technologies
include:

Encoded information transmitted over traditional telephone lines

Encoded information saved to fixed media, such as a hard disk,
floppy disk, or CD ROM

Encoded information exchanged between two computers that are
directly connected by a single cable

Encoded information exchanged by a group of connected
computers on a network

Encoded information exchanged by two devices over radio waves
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Types of Telecommunications
Companies

Service providers - those that supply the
communications channels for voice and data
transmission.

Equipment providers - those that supply the user and
connectivity equipment, such as telephones.
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Growth of the Telecommunications
Industry

The United States government recently released a report citing the
number of high-speed lines connecting individuals and businesses
to the Internet increased 36% during the first half of the year 2001,
for a total of 9.6 million high-speed connections.

The number of minutes Americans spend on interstate longdistance telephone calls has quadrupled in the last 25 years to a
total of 600 billion minutes.

As of July 2001, the number of computers that provide files and
Web pages to users on the Internet had grown to over 125 million,
maintaining a 63% annual growth rate.
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Financial Services

Call center - a facility dedicated to fielding customer
calls.
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Interactive voice response (IVR) system - a
method of sending information over the telephone by
pressing buttons in response to recorded voice
prompts, to answer routine questions.
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Automatic call distributor (ACD) - uses
computerized devices attached to the phone lines to
automatically route calls to specific phone
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extensions.
Financial Services
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Utilities

Recent deregulation (the introduction of competition for services) in
the utilities industry has made telecommunications even more
critical to this industry.

To persuade their customers not to choose another utility provider,
utility companies must strive harder to please their customers, in
part by answering questions as promptly as possible.

An advanced call center at a utilities company typically uses both
an ACD and an IVR.
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Manufacturing

The use of advanced voice, video, and data telecommunications in
manufacturing has resulted in faster and more efficient production
of goods and at the same time it has also increased global
competition.
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Supply chain management, an electronic means for connecting a
manufacturer with its suppliers and distributors is a notable
example of the use of telecommunications in the manufacturing
industry.
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Transportation

Examples of the transportation industry’s use of
telecommunications include:
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computerized flight control for airport traffic
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software that issues maps and directions based on a given starting
point and destination
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government-sponsored transportation hotlines that inform callers about
road construction and hazardous road conditions
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systems for suggesting the most efficient route between multiple
locations
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Retail
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E-business - the use of data telecommunications to
conduct business transactions.
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The apparel and sportswear segment of the retail
industry uses particularly sophisticated and unique
telecommunications technology for their online
business.
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Before the products even reach a retailer’s point of sale
(such as a Web site), telecommunications technology
helps with manufacturing, quality control, inventory,
distribution, and product shipping.
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Healthcare
Telemedicine - a field that brings patients and
healthcare professionals together by exchanging voice,
video, and data over distances when they can’t meet
face-to-face.
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Improves the quality of healthcare because ailments
can often be diagnosed and treated faster.
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Also streamlines the record-keeping process for
clinicians who spend a great deal of time entering
data about their cases.
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Government and Education
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Many government agencies use advanced
telecommunications to provide faster and easier access
to public services.
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Telecommunications also plays a significant role in
education. In South Carolina, a large public school
district is improving education through distance
learning.

Distance learning - the use of telecommunications technology
to inform, educate, or train students across distances.
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New Frontiers for
Telecommunications Technology
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Fiber optic cable - a transmission media that contains
thin strands of fiber in its core and uses pulses of light
to convey signals.
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Capable of carrying higher amounts of data, voice,
or video within a given time span than any other type
of media.
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New Frontiers for
Telecommunications Technology
cont’d
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Careers in Telecommunications
No matter what type of telecommunications position you
seek, the following will serve you well:

The ability to install, maintain, and troubleshoot the system of
cables and wires that carry telecommunications services
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A thorough knowledge of the public telephone network, and
the carriers and regulations that are part of it
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Familiarity with enhanced telephone services (such as IVR
and ACD)
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A mastery of the basic principles of electricity
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Careers in Telecommunications
No matter what type of telecommunications
position you seek, the following will serve you well:

A clear understanding of how computers accept and interpret
data from other computers over a network
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The ability to design, install, and troubleshoot basic networks
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An understanding of how the Internet works
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Familiarity with wireless transmission methods
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Careers in Telecommunications
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Areas within the field of telecommunications that
you might consider specializing in:
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Networked convergence of voice, video, and data
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Electronics and circuit design and engineering
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Development of telephony and computer applications
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Wireless telephony and networking

Information security
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Careers in Telecommunications
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Telecommunications Standard
Organization

Standards - documented agreements containing technical
specifications or other precise criteria that stipulate how a
particular product or service should be designed or performed.
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American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - ensures that
the test results from one manufacturer can be accurately
compared to other manufacturers’ results.
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Both ANSI and ITU are involved in setting standards for
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) communications.
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ANSI
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The ANSI (American National Standards Institute) an organization composed of over a thousand
representatives from industry and government who
together determine standards for the electronics
industry.
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ANSI does not dictate that manufacturers comply with
their standards, but requests them to voluntarily
comply.
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TIA and EIA
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The EIA (Electronics Industry Alliance) - is a trade
organization composed of representatives from
electronics manufacturing firms across the United
States.
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TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) focuses on standards for information technology,
wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and telephone
equipment.
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IEEE

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers) - an international society composed of
engineering professionals.

Its goals are to promote development and education in
the electrical engineering and computer science fields.
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ATIS
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ATIS (The Association for Telecommunications
Industry Solutions) - a North American trade
association made of thousands of companies that
provide communications equipment and services.
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Its membership reviews emerging technology and
agrees on standards and operating procedures to
ensure that services and equipment supplied by
multiple companies can be easily integrated.
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ISO
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ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
- a collection of standards organizations representing
130 countries with its headquarters located in Geneva,
Switzerland.

Its goal is to establish international technological
standards to facilitate global exchange of information
and barrier-free trade.
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ITU
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The ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
- a specialized United Nations agency that regulates
international telecommunication usage, including radio
and TV frequencies, satellite and telephony
specifications, networking infrastructure, and tariffs
applied to global communication.
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Provides developing countries with technical expertise
and equipment to advance their technological base.
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U.S. Government Regulatory and
Legislative Bodies
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Federal Communications Commission (FCC) founded in 1934 in response to the growth and need
for control over the telecommunications industry, is the
primary national regulatory agency involved in
telecommunications.
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Public Service Commission (PSC) - the states’
equivalent to the FCC.
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Summary

Communication is the conveyance and understanding of
meaningful information from one entity to another.

Data telecommunication refers to use of electrical signals to
exchange encoded information between computerized devices
across a distance.

Within the field of telecommunications, professionals typically
divide its services into three categories: voice, video, and data.
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The telephone is the primary means of transmitting and receiving
voice signals.
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Telecom – an Overview
END
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