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Chapter 8
The Eastern
Mediterranean, 5001000
Learning Objectives: Questions to
Consider
• In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to
codify Christian belief?
• How did the spread of Islam in the eighth
century change the religious and political
landscape of the Mediterranean?
• What concerns did Byzantine emperors have
about the use of icons in religious worship?
• What factors contributed to the growing
divide between the two halves of the old
Roman Empire?
Justinian and the Revival of Empire
in the East, 500-650
• The Ambitions of Justinian I (r. 527-565)
– Reconquest
• The Campaigns of Belisarius (505-565)
– Success in North Africa and the Italian Peninsula
• Eastern Threats: Persia and the Slavs
• The Costs of Empire
– Ceremony
• Imperial Dignity
• Empress Theodora (497-548)
– The Nika Riot, 532
Justinian and the Revival of Empire
in the East, 500-650
• The Search for Christian Unity
– Authority
• The Mystery of the Mass
• The Limitations of Laity
– Belief
• The Debate over the Nature of Christ
– The Condemnation of the Monophysites
Justinian and the Revival of Empire
in the East, 500-650
• The Codification of Roman Law
– The Body of Civil Law
– Family Law
• The Governance of the Patria Potestas
– Commerce
• The Regulating Power of Contracts
Justinian and the Revival of Empire
in the East, 500-650
• Constantinople: The New Rome
– The Grandeur of the Hagia Sophia
– The Epicenter of Commerce
• Bazaars
– The Ravages of Bubonic Plague
Justinian and the Revival of Empire
in the East, 500-650
• The Empire after Justinian
– New Pressures
• Lombards in the West
• Avars in the East
– Heraclius (r. 610-641)
• Reforms and Stabilization
• Victory against the Persians
The Rise of Islam, 600-700
• The Setting: the Arabian Peninsula
– Trade and the Caravans
– The Coastal Plain and the Towns
• Mecca and the Importance of the Kaaba
– The Domination of the Quraysh Tribe
The Rise of Islam, 600-700
• The Life of Muhammad (570-632)
– Conversion
• The Recitations (Sura; the Basis for the Quran)
• The Spread of Muhammad’s Message
– Hostility in Mecca and Invitation to Medina
• The Hejira, 622
– Muhammad’s Leadership and Death
The Rise of Islam, 600-700
• Religious Beliefs
– Submission and Obedience to God’s Will
– The Five Pillars of Islam
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•
•
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One God—Allah
Prayer
Fasting During Ramadan
Charity
The Hajj, Pilgrimage to Mecca
The Rise of Islam, 600-700
• Christians and Jews: People of the Book
– Contrasts in Ideas and Practices of Authority
– Treatment of the Dhimmi
• Muslim Families
– The Practice of Polygamy
– Privacy, Protection, and Restrictions for
Women
• The Harem, Seclusion, and Veiling
• Opportunities: Property Management and Moral
Authority
The Expansion of Islam, 700800
• The First Caliphs and Territorial Expansion
• The Umayyad Dynasty
– The Schism between Shi’ites and Sunnis
– The New Capital in Damascus, 661
• Conquest of Persia and Byzantine Lands
The Expansion of Islam, 700800
• Conquest in the West
– The Conversion of the Berbers
– Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. 720) and the Conquest of
Gibralter
– Settlement in Africa and Iberia
• Defeat by the Franks at Tours, 732
• The Abbasid Dynasty and the New
Capital at Baghdad
• The Creation of the Caliphate at Cordoba
The Expansion of Islam, 700800
• Islamic Civilization
– The Influence of Older Cultures and Traditions
– Art and Literature
• The Poetry of Abu Nuwas (ca. 747-813)
– Commerce and Urban Life
• The Promotion of Trade
– Cultural Unification and the Arabic Language
Middle Byzantine Period, 6001071
• Losses and Reforms
– Territorial Decline in the South and West
• The Loss of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt
– Military and Administrative Policies
• Constans II (630- 668) and the Creation of
Themes
• Strengthening Defenses
– The Navy and Greek Fire
– The Cataphracts
• Creating Dissension
Middle Byzantine Period, 6001071
• The Waning of Byzantine Society
– Plague and Population Collapse
– The Decline of Education and Literacy
• The Controversy over Icons
– Leo III (r. 717-741) and the Initiation of Iconoclasm
Middle Byzantine Period, 6001071
• Irene (ca. 752-803): From Regent to
Empress
– Consolidating Power and Ending Iconoclasm
• A Reorientation to the North
– The Threat of the Rus
• Conversion through Missionaries Cyril (ca. 827869), Methodius (ca. 825-885), and the Cyrillic
Alphabet
– The Growing Muslim Threat in the South
• The Seljuk Turks and Manzikert, 1071