Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Unit 6
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Imperialism & World War I Alaska Atlantic Ocean Caribbean Sea Cuba Hawaii Japan Midway Island Pacific Ocean Panama Canal Zone Philippines Puerto Rico South America 1. 2. 3. Why does the United States become involved in imperialist activity? Where does the United States become involved in imperialist activity? What impact does imperialism have on the United States? Imperialism Sphere of influence Yellow journalism Protectorate Central Powers Allied Powers Propaganda Reparations Communism Anarchists Causes Economic – Desire for new markets and raw materials Military – Desire for naval bases and coaling stations Ideological – Desire to spread American culture (Christianity, democracy, capitalism, etc.) Consequences U.S. Expansion Acquired Alaska and Midway (1867) Annexed Hawaii (1898) Spanish-American War Annexed Puerto Rico and the Philippines Exerted influence in China and Japan Intervened in Mexico, Caribbean, and Latin America American imperialism had 3 goals Need to improve military strength 1. ◦ Wanted to establish new foreign military bases Need for new economic markets and resources 2. ◦ Large businesses needed raw materials to manufacture goods, and needed new markets to sale those goods Desire for cultural expansion 3. Americans felt a responsibility to spread American culture By the 1890s, the once vast Spanish Empire had been reduced to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines For decades, some Cubans had been fighting for independence Jose Marti, a Cuban revolutionary, was exiled in 1878 ◦ He moved to New York City, where he continued to promote independence through newspaper articles and poetry In February 1895 another rebellion began ◦ Jose Marti joined the rebellion in April, but died in the fighting ◦ Marti instantly became a national hero and a martyr for Cuban independence The Spanish sent military forces to Cuba to put down the rebellion ◦ The Spanish put thousands of Cubans into camps where many died of disease and starvation ◦ Many Americans became outraged at the Spanish ◦ Supported Cubans struggle for independence Many American newspapers, which practiced yellow journalism, created support for U.S. involvement in Cuba ◦ New York Journal – published by William Randolph Hearst ◦ New York World – published by Joseph Pulitzer These newspapers published sensationalized, biased, and sometimes untrue stories about the treatment of Cubans by the Spanish Two events led to war between the U.S. and Spain 1. The ‘de Lôme’ letter ◦ Letter from Spanish minister (Enrique Dupuy de Lôme) ridiculing President McKinley for being ‘weak’. ◦ The letter had been intercepted by a Cuban spy and sold to William R. Hearst, who published it The destruction of the USS Maine just off the coast of Cuba 2. ◦ A battleship sent to protect American lives and property New York World New York Journal Spanish-American War – 1898 • • War lasted only 4 months Fighting took place in the Philippines and the Caribbean Fighting in the Philippines The U.S. used its more modern navy and assistance from Filipino rebels to defeat the Spanish at Manila There was not a single American casualty at the Battle for Manila Bay Fighting in the Caribbean Led by Buffalo Soldiers and the famous ‘Rough Riders’ (organized by Teddy Roosevelt) Americans won the ‘Battle of San Juan Hill’ Later they would sink the Spanish fleet Spanish forces in Cuba surrendered a few weeks later On the map, label: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ United States Cuba Puerto Rico South America In box 2 print: ◦ The “Yellow Press” stirs American sympathies for the Cuban people In box 3 print: ◦ President William McKinley orders the battleship Maine to Cuba ◦ Explosion destroys the Maine in Havana In box 1 print: ◦ 1895: Cubans rebel against Spanish rule Inside the U.S. print: ◦ “Remember the Maine!” In box 4 print: ◦ April 25, 1898: Congress declares war on Spain Trace arrow 1 from Hong Kong to the Philippine Islands. ◦ Rough Riders capture San Juan Hill, Spanish fleet destroyed. ◦ Print ‘Dewey’ next to the arrow Next to Manila, print: ◦ Dewey destroys Spain’s Pacific fleet Trace arrow 2 to Santiago: Print U.S. Navy next to it Next to Santiago, print: Trace arrow 3 to Puerto Rico, print: ◦ Miles captures Puerto Rico In box 5 write: Results of Spanish American War Spain gave Cuba its independence Spain ceded (gave up) Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines to the U.S. U.S. gave aid and protection to Cuba U.S. became more involved in world affairs Army and Navy were strengthened, and the U.S. became a military power The Panama Canal was built Consequences of the war Islands of Puerto Rico and Guam were handed over to the United States ◦ The U.S. would appoint a governor of Puerto Rico, and manage all foreign affairs After a long struggle, the Philippines were annexed by the U.S. Cuba became independent…kind of Cuba was forced to accept the ‘Platt Amendment’ in their new constitution ◦ Gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuba’s foreign affairs ◦ U.S. established a naval base at Guantanamo Bay Cuba became an U.S. protectorate In the 1880s the French tried to build a canal across Panama, but failed ◦ Disease ◦ Cost U.S. had interest in building the canal ◦ Columbia, which controlled Panama, would not allow it Panamanian revolutionaries were wanting to break away from Columbian rule ◦ The United States supported this, but Columbia was a much stronger nation ◦ When Panama declared independence, U.S. battleships and marines were there to support them ◦ Shortly after the revolution, Panama gave the U.S. permission to build the Panama canal Building the canal was a massive project, with many obstacles ◦ Built from 1904 – 1914 ◦ Approx. 44,000 people working at one time ◦ Construction included a dam, man-made lake, water chambers called ‘locks’, and tunneling the earth ◦ Approximately 50 miles long ◦ Workers faced malaria, yellow fever, extreme heat ◦ Estimated 30,000 deaths When completed, the Panama canal cut 5-7 thousand miles of traveling Crossing the canal United States was too late to acquire a sphere of influence in China ◦ European powers claimed them all United States suggested an ‘Open Door Policy’ ◦ All nations would have equal trading rights in China ◦ When none of the other nations declined this idea, the United States claimed it was accepted Led to the ‘Boxer Rebellion’ ◦ Led by a secret organization called ‘The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists’ ◦ Captured Beijing before being put down The U.S. helped put down the rebellion In 1854 Japan opened trade with the United States ◦ Russo-Japanese War in 1904 ◦ Teddy Roosevelt negotiated a peace treaty Roosevelt sent out the ‘Great White Fleet’ to show Japan, and the world, U.S. naval power Buying Alaska Annexing Hawaii Bayonet Constitution Spanish American War Rough Riders US Navy Maine explosion Taking over Puerto Rico Annexing the Philippines Building Panama Canal Open Door Policy Great White Fleet U.S. Expansion U.S.A. Japan China Australia South America Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Cuba Puerto Rico Alaska Hawaii Midway Islands Wake Islands Philippines 1867 – Purchased Alaska and the Midway Islands 1898 – Annexed the islands of Hawaii 1898 – Received the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam following Spanish-American War 1899 – Annexed the Philippines 1901 – Cuba became a protectorate of the United States 1914 – Completed the Panama Canal 1914 – 1916 – intervened in Mexican Revolt. 1793 – President Washington urges American neutrality – U.S. practices isolationism policy 1823 – President Monroe adopts the ‘Monroe Doctrine’ – warned European nations to not interfere in ‘American affairs’ and the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs In 1904 President Roosevelt issues the ‘Roosevelt Corollary’ ◦ An addition to the ‘Monroe Doctrine’ ◦ The U.S. will use military force to keep European nations out of American affairs ◦ the U.S. had “the right to exercise ‘an international police power’ in the western hemisphere” The U.S. used the military to enforce this policy in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Haiti Roosevelt Corollary kept other nations out of Latin America, but created tensions with the U.S. Effects of U.S. imperialism The United States became a world power The United States began moving away from isolationism 1. 2. 3. What is imperialism? Describe the goals of United States imperialism in the late 1800s and early 1900s Describe three places where the U.S. states imperialized, how they intervened, and which goal(s) of U.S. imperialism they accomplished Throughout our history, the United States has claimed to be a ‘Champion of Democracy,’ that is to say we promote and support democracy around the world. Explain one example of when the United States did not champion democracy around the world during the Era of Imperialism. Try to be specific in your answer. 4. 5. 6. Why does the United States get involved in World War I? What impact did the United States have on the outcome of World War I? How did Americans react to the rise of communism following World War I? The causes for World War I had begun in the late 1800s There are 4 causes ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliance System Nationalism is an extreme pride or devotion to one’s country or culture ◦ Nationalism led to ethnic groups struggling for freedom ◦ Also led to a competition for power between countries Led to increased imperialism Imperialism also created conflict as nations competed over limited land and resources A strong military was required to create and maintain oversea colonies ◦ Led to militarism To compete with the French and British empire, Germany began to build up their military ◦ Used new technology ◦ Made plans for war European countries began building up militaries to counter Germany European countries formed alliances for protection ◦ Created to maintain peace ◦ Actually made the war larger than it may have been otherwise Central Powers (Triple alliance) = Germany, (Italy), Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers (Triple entente) = Britain, France, Russia France Russia Great Britain Serbia Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey Bulgaria Romania Albania Italy Belgium Allied Powers Central Powers June 28th, 1914 – The Arch-Duke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary Germany declared war on Russia and France Great Britain declares war on Germany Italy breaks alliance with Germany, declares war on Austria-Hungary During the fighting, ‘trench warfare’ quickly developed and the war became a stalemate When the war in Europe began (1914), President Wilson issued a Proclamation of Neutrality ◦ Following the long held policy of isolationism However, President Wilson and most Americans supported the Allies ◦ Americans blamed Germany and Austria-Hungary for starting the war ◦ Most news of the war came from Britain In 1915, Germany began practicing ‘unrestricted submarine warfare’ ◦ Tried to block goods going to Britain ◦ In May 1915 the British luxury ship, Lusitania, was sunk 1,200 dead; 128 Americans ◦ In March 1916 the French ship, Sussex, was attacked, killing 80 Germany then issued the ‘Sussex Pledge’ ◦ Promise to not sink merchant/passenger ships without warning President Wilson won re-election, promising he would keep the U.S. out of war In 1917 Germany sent the ‘Zimmerman Note’ to Mexico ◦ A secret telegram decoded by Britain ◦ Proposed an alliance with Mexico and asked them to attack the U.S. U.S. declared war 2 months later, April 6 1917 In May, 1917, Congress passed the ‘Selective Service Act’ – military draft ◦ Men between 21-30 (increased to 18-45) ◦ 2 million volunteered ◦ 2.8 million drafted The U.S. government used propaganda to build public support for the war ◦ Propaganda is not impartial, it is biased ◦ Selectively uses facts, omits info that is not supportive ◦ Able to influence an audience’s emotions ◦ Posters, speeches, newspapers, pamphlets ◦ Encouraged Americans to contribute in many ways: Volunteer Conserve food Buy war bonds Oppose Germany Russia was performing very poorly in the war ◦ Poor military leaders ◦ Shortage of weapons/ammunition ◦ Outdated military equipment ◦ Poor transportation system Russian citizens became very upset with the war ◦ Food and other goods were scarce ◦ Millions of soldiers were killed or wounded ◦ Government was corrupt March 1917 citizens overthrew Czar Nicholas ◦ Russian soldiers also rebelled against their officers ◦ A ‘provisional’ government took control, which decided to stay in the war ◦ This was very unpopular A new group, the Bolsheviks, gained popularity While the United States was preparing for war, the situation for the Allies was worsening ◦ November, 1917, Russia experienced a communist revolution ◦ Led by Vladimir Lenin and the ‘Bolsheviks’ ◦ The new government withdrew from the war and signed peace with the Central Powers With Russia out of the war, Germany could focus on France ◦ March 1918, Germany launched a massive offensive on the Allies ◦ Just 70 miles from Paris in May 1918 The U.S. had a major impact on the outcome of WWI ◦ Quickly learned trench warfare ◦ American troops were fresh and dedicated ◦ U.S. had no shortage of bombs or bullets Within weeks, American forces were forcing Germans to retreat ◦ By late 1918 Central-Powers were surrendering ◦ An armistice, cease fire, was signed in November President Wilson had a plan for World Peace Called for: ◦ Diplomacy ◦ Free trade ◦ Self-determination (or selfgovernment) ◦ A League of Nations Wilson’s plan is called the ‘Fourteen Points’ The Treaty that ended the war is called the ‘Treaty of Versailles’ ◦ Some of Wilson’s Fourteen Points were included in the treaty ◦ Many were left out The Treaty of Versailles Restricted German military ◦ Army: 100,000 men, no tanks/artillery ◦ Navy: 15,000 men ◦ Not allowed to have an air force Forced Germany to give up land and colonies Forced Germany to pay heavy reparations Created a League of Nations Created 9 new nations ◦ Created Poland, and other nations from Austria-Hungary and Russia ◦ Damages resulting in $269 billion dollars ◦ But, the United States would not join, and it would fail Russia – 9,300,000 Germany – 7,200,000 France – 6,200,000 Austria-Hungary – 4,600,000 Great Britain – 3,400,000 United States – 325,000 Political ◦ Helped ratify 19th Amendment ◦ African-Americans migrated to northern cities ◦ Monarchies overthrown ◦ Russian revolution ◦ Colonial revolutions Economic ◦ European economies in shambles ◦ U.S. emerge as world economic leader Social In Europe ◦ Entire generation mostly killed ◦ France in ruins, G.B. and Germany in debt ◦ Many issues left unresolved Imperialism Nationalism Alliances Militarism Land and businesses owned by individuals Production determined by opportunities for profit Social classes exist (some are rich, many poor) People have opportunity to improve themselves Competition sets prices and wages Land and businesses owned by government Production determined by the government Social classes do not exist (to each according to need) Everyone should remain equal The government sets prices and wages Capitalism Communism According to Karl Marx and ‘Bolshevism’ , a ‘worldwide’ revolution was necessary for communism to be truly successful. Following WWI the American economy faced setbacks ◦ Demand declined ◦ Returning soldiers couldn’t find work ◦ Labor union members went on strikes in great numbers ◦ 1919 – 3,000 strikes involving 4 million workers Communist parties did form in the U.S. after WWI ◦ Some promoted violent revolution ◦ Anarchist bombings targeted politicians, judges, and business leaders Communists wear black shoes. Communists wear long sleeves. Communists have straight hair. As a result, a widespread fear and paranoia of communism swept through the U.S. ◦ Known as a ‘Red Scare’ ◦ Based on real and imagined threats Consequences of the Red Scare: Limits on free speech and press ◦ Gitlow vs. New York Deportation of aliens (foreigners) The ‘Palmer Raids’ ◦ Attacks on suspected radicals Decline of labor unions Decline of the ‘Socialist Party of America’ Anti-immigration feelings and laws Unit 6 vocab. Taking Control of Hawaii Q&A Wilson and the Mexican Revolt. Q&A The Home Front Q&A
