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Chapter 3: Pavlovian Procedures
Multiple Choice
1. Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around ________.
a. 1870
b. 1900
c. 1920
d. 1927
Ans: B
Ref: 57
2. Pavlov’s main interest initially was ______.
a. psychology
b. learning
c. physiology
d. the philosophy of mind
Ans: C
Ref: 57
3. Pavlov was a ________.
a. Lithuanian
b. Russian
c. Swede
d. Pole
Ans: B
Ref: 57
4. ________ said that Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time.
a. H. G. Wells
b. G. B. Shaw
c. C. P. Snow
d. I. M. Guessin
Ans: A
Ref: 58
5. George Bernard Shaw said that Pavlov was __________.
a. the biggest fool he knew
b. the greatest genius of all time
c. another Pygmalion
d. Shaw never commented on Pavlov
Ans: A
Ref: 58
6. Many people think of scientists as dull people without feelings, but Pavlov said that science requires
______________.
a. the energy of a wailing baby
b. supreme passion
c. absolute objectivity
d. absolute integrity
Ans: B
Ref: 58
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7. Pavlov is best described as ________.
a. the father of learning research
b. the father of modern psychology
c. an American from Russia
d. an experimenter from head to foot
Ans: D
Ref: 58
8. Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.
a. psychic reflex
b. partition complex
c. operant response
d. digestive process
Ans: A Ref: 59
Note: Most of Pavlov’s work was physiological, and this, not his conditioning research, is what won him
a Nobel Prize, but it is not what he is known for today.
9. The author of your text uses the terms unconditional reflex and conditional reflex, but he notes that
most authors use the terms _______ and _______ reflexes.
a. innate and learned
b. natural and contrived
c. conditioned and unconditioned
d. primary and secondary
Ans: C
Ref: 59
10. Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had ________.
a. reason
b. an instinct
c. intelligence
d. free will
Ans: C
Ref: 59
11. What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that _________.
a. the behavior of the dogs never changed
b. the behavior of the dogs changed erratically
c. the dogs began to salivate before receiving food
d. some dogs salivated and others did not
Ans: C
Ref: 59
12. In studying “psychic secretions,” Pavlov focused his attention on the ________.
a. dog’s thoughts and feelings
b. events in the dog’s environment
c. genetic history of the dog
d. behavior of the dog before and after feeding
Ans: B
Ref: 59
13. Pavlov called reflexes present at birth ________.
a. innate
b. unconditional
c. unconditioned
d. fixed
Ans: B
Ref: 60
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14. The term ___________ response refers to an innate reflex response to a stimulus.
a. conditional
b. instinctual
c. spontaneous
d. unconditional
Ans: D
Ref: 60
15. __________ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.
a. Unconditional
b. Conditional
c. Maintenance
d. Second-order
Ans: A
Ref: 60
16. The notation that best describes the Pavlovian procedure is _______
a. S-->R
b. CS-->UR
c. CS-->CR
d. CS-->US
Ans: D
Ref: 61
17. John, "Mr. Anxiety," finally musters up the courage to ask the beautiful and popular Carole to go to
the movies. She finds the idea so ridiculous that she laughs out loud the instant he has gotten the
question out. John's face turns the color of a steamed lobster. In classical conditioning terms, John's
experience is an example of ________.
a. trace conditioning
b. delayed conditioning
c. simultaneous conditioning
d. backward conditioning
Ans: A
Ref: 61
18. A week later John (see above item) bumps into Carole on campus, feels his face turn red and recalls
with embarrassment their earlier encounter. Carole has become a _______.
a. CS for blushing
b. US for blushing
c. CR to John
d. good candidate for training as a career diplomat
Ans: A
Ref: 61
Note: Some instructors may object to option D, but in my experience students appreciate a little humor in
test items.
19. Pavlovian conditioning is also called ________ conditioning.
a. classical
b. simple
c. basic
d. unconscious
Ans: A
Ref: 62
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20. J. M. Graham and Claude Desjardins established a(n) ______ as a CS for sexual arousal in rats.
a. odor
b. color
c. sound
d. tactile stimulus
Ans: A
Ref: 63
21. The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been
paired with a CS for salivating is an example of _________ conditioning.
a. second-tier
b. higher-order
c. signal
d. second-signal
Ans: B
Ref: 63
22. The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ____________
conditioning.
a. second-tier
b. higher-order
c. signal
d. second-signal
Ans: B
Ref: 63
23. Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ___________.
a. rats
b. dogs
c. cats
d. humans
Ans: D
Ref: 63
24. One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation
is called a(n) ______ trial.
a. extinction
b. experimental
c. test
d. pseudoAns: C
Ref: 65
25. Of the following conditioning procedures, the one that is least like the others is ________.
a. trace
b. delayed
c. simultaneous
d. backward
Ans: D
Ref: 67
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26. Oafish Bill (John's twin brother; see items above) has heard nothing of John's unfortunate encounter
with Carole, and he decides to ask her out. Just as he approaches her she bursts into laughter,
apparently in response to a joke someone just told. Bill immediately pops the question and she
politely declines, having decided to join a convent at the end of the semester. A week later Bill
bumps into Carole on campus but feels no particular embarrassment. The pairing of Bill’s request for
a date and Carole’s laughter is most likely an example of ________.
a. trace conditioning
b. delayed conditioning
c. simultaneous conditioning
d. backward conditioning
Ans: D
Ref: 68
27. Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a
buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in the electrical conductivity of their skin
called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry
for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that _______
a. the CR is stronger in Edward
b. the CR is stronger in Edwina
c. there is no difference in the CRs produced by Edward and Edwina
d. Edward salivates at the sight of Edwina
Ans: A
Ref: 69
28. The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is ___________ the occurrence of
the CS.
a. bi-pendant on
b. contracted to
c. contingent on
d. ipsilateral to
Ans: C
Ref: 69
29. In Pavlovian conditioning, ISI refers to ______.
a. ideal stimlus index
b. incipient satiation index
c. interstimulus interval
d. Intergalactic Space Invoice
Ans: C
Ref: 69
30. In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the ________.
a. time between CS and US
b. interval between CS-US trials
c. space between CS and US
d. interval between training sessions
Ans: A
Ref: 69
31. A _________ stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously.
a. conjugal
b. complex
c. concordant
d. compound
Ans: D
Ref: 72
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32. In general, the more intense a US, the __________.
a. faster conditioning proceeds
b. slower conditioning proceeds
c. more intense the CS
d. less intense the CS
Ans: A
Ref: 72
33. An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning
proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and bell separately, he finds that
the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated _______
a. counterconditioning
b. latent inhibition
c. blocking
d. overshadowing
Ans: D
Ref: 72
34. When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon
is called ________.
a. latent inhibition
b. overshadowing
c. blocking
d. higher-order conditioning
Ans: A
Ref: 74
35. Of the following, the one that does not belong with the others is ________.
a. latent inhibition
b. overshadowing
c. blocking
d. higher-order conditioning
Ans: D
Ref: 74; 83
36. In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those
that come _________.
a. at the beginning of training
b. in the middle of training
c. toward the end of training
d. at the very end of training
Ans: A
Ref: 75
37. The time between conditioning trials is called the _______.
a. inter-stimulus interval
b. intertrial interval
c. contiguity gap
d. trace period
Ans: B
Ref: 76
38. Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _______.
a. infants
b. children
c. young adults
d. older adults
Ans: D
Ref: 76
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39. If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called
________.
a. higher-order conditioning
b. latent inhibition
c. extinction
d. preconditioning
Ans: C
Ref: 78
40. In the figure below, the data point at the extreme right illustrates _________.
a. extinction
b. a lack of conditioning
c. spontaneous recovery
d. blocking
Ans: C
Ref: 80
41. Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.
a. higher-order conditioning
b. latent inhibition
c. extinction
d. preconditioning
Ans: C
Ref: 80
42. Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the
buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an
advocate of ________.
a. stimulus substitution theory
b. exchange theory
c. preparatory response theory
d. stimulus-response theory
Ans: A
Ref: 81-84
43.The equation, ΔVn = c (λ- Vn -1), is associated with the _______________ of Pavlovian
conditioning.
a. Rescorla-Wagner model
b. preparatory response theory
c. stimulus substitution theory
d. valence theory
Ans: A
Ref: 88
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True/False
44. Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning. F (57)
45. Pavlov's work paved the way for Darwin's theory of evolution. F (58)
46. A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the
animal or person does. T (62)
47. The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order
conditioning. T (63)
48. One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials. T (65).
49. If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning
proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone. F (74)
50. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is
presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been “used up” by the first CS. T (89)
51. The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain latent inhibition. T (90)
Completion
52. Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________. Ans: depend on many conditions (60)
53. Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______. Ans: trial (62)
54. In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap. Ans: delayed (67)
55. In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time. Ans: simultaneous (68)
56. A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus. Ans: compound (72)
57. Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus, the faster conditioning occurs. Ans: more (73)
58. If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it
otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________. Ans: preconditioning (75)
59. The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials. Ans: more (75)
Short Essay
60. Explain why Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes. (57-59)
Answers should mention that Pavlov was puzzled when dogs began to salivate before receiving food.
61. Explain the differences among trace, delay, simultaneous, and backward procedures. (66-69)
Answers should identify the differences in CS-US presentation.
62. Explain why Pavlovian conditioning is not really a simple form of learning. (63; 66-78)
Most students will probably discuss some of the variables that affect conditioning, but some may
discuss the distinction between standard and higher-order conditioning or focus on the subtleties of
the conditioning procedures.
63. Pavlov reported that repeatedly pairing a mild acid and a particular odor, in that order, failed to
produce a CR. The experimenter then got a CR by presenting an odor followed by the mild acid. This
time, however, he used a different odor. Explain why he used a different odor. (68)
Repeated presentation of the first odor probably caused latent inhibition. Had the experimenter used
that odor again, learning would have been slow. (This question might lead to a useful discussion of
research methods. For instance, it is possible that the second odor was merely a better stimulus for
use as a CS.)
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64. Explain how extinction of a CR can be viewed as the acquisition of a behavior. (79)
This is a reference to the discussion of extinction as a decrease in the salivary response or as an
increase in the not-salivating response.
65. Most people believe that when conditioning occurs, there must be an awareness of the connection
between the CS and US. For example, when Pavlov sounded a buzzer, this made the dog think of
food, and thinking of food made the dog salivate. What is wrong with this view? (In answering this
question, you may want to mention the experiment of Kenneth Diven (1937). (86)
This deals with the role of awareness in conditioning. Students should mention that animals such as
worms and even protozoa show conditioning, yet they have not the neurological capacity for
awareness. In the Diven study, people showed conditioning without being able to specify the
connection between the word barn and the shocks that followed it.
66. How has the study of Pavlovian conditioning altered your view of human nature?
Students might point out that Pavlov’s work means that certain kinds of behavior can be attributed to
specific kinds of experiences. Further, this realization gives us some power since it means that we
can produce certain kinds of behavior by providing certain experiences.
TEST BANK CHAPTER 3
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