Download Setting the Scene

WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
Setting the Scene
P1 First Mediterranean civilization was the MINOAN on the island of CRETE
P2 These people were great SAILORS who traded with civilizations across the MEDITERRANEAN such
as EGYPT
P1 The civilization that developed on the MAINLAND of GREECE was called the MYCENAEANS. This
area was often invaded, so the MYCENAEANS built fortified towns.
P2 Were not as involved in TRADE and TRAVEL as the MINOAN of CRETE
P1 The MINOAN civilization disappeared around 1450 B.C. and the MYCEANEAN civilization faded and
was absorbed by invaders from northern Greece.
P1 From about 1200 to 700 B.C. a period known as the GREEK DARK AGES existed on mainland Greece
P1 From this dark period the individual Greek CITY-STATES emerged
Italy
Aegean Sea
Dardanelles
Ionian Sea
Athens
Asia Minor
(Turkey)
Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
Crete
How did geography influence the lives of ancient Greeks?
P1 Ancient GREECE developed on a MOUNTAINOUS peninsula, BALKAN PENINSULA, located between
the AEGEAN and MEDITERRANEAN Seas
P2 A SHORTAGE of natural resources and FARMLAND caused the early Greeks to spread out across the
peninsula and onto the islands of the AEGEAN Sea and to establish COLONIES in ASIA and the
ITALIAN peninsula
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WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
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P2 The SEAS separated the COLONIES, and the many MOUNTAINS on the mainland raised even tougher
barriers between the Greek settlements.
The GREEK territory was smaller than the lands of the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations
COMMUNICATION between the settlements was extremely difficult
P2 This lack of COMMUNICATION and the MOUNTAIN BARRIERS caused the development of individual CITYSTATES, who had little interest in cooperating with each other.
P2 Greeks developed intense LOYALTY to their city state.
P3 A CITY-STATE was called a POLIS
The Greeks became masters of SEA TRADE
P2 The Greek Peninsula has many natural HARBORS
The mild climate encouraged public outdoor meeting, particularly in the marketplace or AGORA
How were Greek commerce and colonization important in the ancient Mediterranean
world?
P1 Between 750 and 600 B.C. the population of Greece INCREASED leading to COLONIZATION
P2 Greeks settled in areas around the BLACK SEA and across the Mediterranean in ITALY and SICILY to
the coast of SPAIN
P2 With the population INCREASES and MIGRATIONS came an expansion of TRADE
P2 GREEK ideas and products spread quickly around the AGEAN
P1 Due to the increased trade, a MONEY economy replaced the traditional BARTER system.
What religious beliefs were at the center of the Greek outlook on life?
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Religion was a very SERIOUS matter for the Greeks
The GREEKS worshipped MANY gods and goddesses (POLYTHEISM)
There is no sacred book, but the EPIC poems describe the gods and goddesses
Greeks believed the GODS had to be kept SATISFIED
Greek religion is often referred to as MYTHOLOGY
Greek gods are:
P2 ZEUS – leader of the gods
P2 HERA – wife of Zeus and protector of marriage
P2 ATHENA – goddess of wisdom, protector of Athens
P2 APOLLO – god of the sun and poetry
P2 APHRODITE – goddess of love
P2 POSEIDON – god of the sea
P2 Hades – god of the underworld
P1 Greeks believed their gods and goddesses lived on Mount Olympus
P1 Each CITY-STATE had a special guardian
P1 Greek gods did NOT offer human MORAL guidance or hope of a happy AFTERLIFE
P1 Greeks consulted ORACLES to help understand the will of the gods
P1 Greek gods and goddesses represented HUMAN strengths and WEAKNESSES
P1 Greek religion was expressed in EPIC poetry.
P2 Two most important were the ILIAD and ODYSSEY written by HOMER
P3 In the stories, Greeks interacted with the gods.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE, CONFLICTS, GOLDEN AGE AND CULTURAL LEGACY OF ANCIENT
GREECE.
Setting the Scene
P1 The GREEK world described by HOMER in the ILIAD was dominated by warrior kings and nobles.
P1 The Greeks spread decision-making among those who had MILITARY value to the community.
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WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
P2 First the WARRIOR-NOBLES held power, then WARRIOR-CITIZENS held power.
How did democracy emerge in the aristocratic Greek city-states?
P1 Between 1000 and 700 B.C. the city-states were MONARCHIES. (ruled by strong KINGS)
P1 Power then shifted to a GROUP of men who owned land and controlled large amounts of MONEY. This is
called an ARISTOCRACY (rule by nobles)
P1 Around 650 B.C. the Greeks developed the INFANTRY PHALANX. (soldiers grouped together and
trained to fight together.)
P2 The infantrymen were called HOPOLITES
P1 Increased TRADE and rising WEALTH among common men helped weaken the ARISTOCRACIES.
P2 Common men who could afford weapons could exert POLITICAL power.
P2 These men were often led by popular spokesmen known as TYRANTS
P3 TYRANTS held extensive power.
P3 In some city-states TYRANTS replaced the ARISTOCRATIC rule
P3 In other city-states TYRANT rule led to the development of DEMOCRACY (rule by an
ASSEMBLY of CITIZENS)
P1 The city-state of ATHENS went from a TRYANNY (rule by a tyrant) to a DEMOCRACY through the
efforts of several reformers.
P2 First of the reformers was DRACO, who created a written code of laws with HARSH punishment
P2 SOLON improved the LEGAL system and expanded participation in the ASSEMBLY
P2 DEMOCRACY reached its high point in ATHENS during the rule of PERICLES
P3 Democracy in Athens is referred to as a Direct Democracy – since every citizen could vote on each
law
P3 Many people in ATHENS had NO part in the DEMOCRACY
P4 SLAVES and WOMEN could not participate in government
P4 SLAVERY as very common in ancient GREECE
P5 Slaves did much of the BUILDING, mining, CRAFT production, and FARMING
P5 Slaves served as HOUSE servants
P5 People became SLAVES by being CAPTURED in WAR
What were the Persian Wars, and the Peloponnesian War, and what was their
significance?
P1 The GREEK colonies in IONIA (modern-day TURKEY) which was part of the PERSIAN EMPIRE
revolted against the PERSIAN rule.
P2 ATHENS sent aid to their colonies which angered DARIUS, the PERSIAN ruler
P1 In 490 B.C. DARIUS sent a huge army to MARATHON a plain twenty-six miles from ATHENS
P2 An army of mostly ATHENIANS attacked and DEFEATED the Persians
P3 A GREEK runner brought news of the VICTORY to ATHENS, then he died.
P4 This is the origin of the modern 26-mile MARATHON race
P1 In 480 B.C. XERXES, Darius’ son led another invasion of GREECE
P2 The SPARTANS attempted to stop the invasion at a mountain pass called THERMOPYLAE
P3 All 300 SPARTANS were killed and XERXES marched on ATHENS, destroying the city
P2 The ATHENIAN navy lured XERXES’ navy into a battle on SALAMIS Bay
P2 The final battle of the PERSIAN wars was fought at PLATAEA. This resulted in a DEFEAT of the
PERSIANS
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WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
P1 After the Persian Wars, many of the Greek city-states formed the DELIAN LEAGUE with ATHENS as the
leader.
P2 This DEFENSIVE league was formed to prepare defenses against future ATTACK by PERSIA
P1 The PERSIAN WARS served to UNITE the Greek city-states for the DURATION of the wars
P1 The Persian Wars left the GREEKS in control of the AEGEAN Sea
P1 After the PERSIAN Wars, there was a period of tremendous accomplishments in ARCHITECTURE,
SCULPTURE, DRAMA and PHILOSOPHY in ATHENS.
P2 This period of time is known as the GOLDEN AGE. It lasted from 479 to 431 B.C.
P2 The leader of Athens during this time was Pericles
P1 Rivalry between ATHENS and SPARTA led to another conflict which ended the Golden Age
P2 The PELOPONNESIAN war started over ATHENS’ growing power and influence.
P2 Athens’ opponents joined with SPARTA to form the PELOPONNESIAN League
P3 Athens strengthened its NAVY, while SPARTA strengthened its LAND (Army) forces
P2 SPARTA repeatedly invaded ATHENIAN lands but could not defeat the Athenian walled cities
P2 Athens attacked SYRACUSE a powerful member of the PELOPONNESIAN League. Athens was
defeated.
P3 SPARTA then paid the PERSIANS for a fleet of SHIPS to attack the Athenian navy.
P2 Eventually SPARTA and the Peloponnesian League DEFEATED Athens and the Delian League
P3 The long period of war weakened all the Greek city-states, leading to continued warfare.
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WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
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P1 Unlike the PERSIAN Wars, which UNITED the Greeks; the PELOPONNESIAN Wars DIVIDED the
Greek city-states against each other.
Contrast between Athens and Sparta.
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P1 Sparta
P2 Sparta was located on the PELOPONNESUS portion of the BALKAN Peninsula
P2 Known as a TOUGH, military state
P3 Spartans were ruled by an OLIGARCHY
P3 All men in Sparta trained for and served in the ARMY
P3 Women had more RIGHT because they managed the estates while the men were at war
P3 Spartans had very FEW liberties
P3 Spartans had a very simple and common lifestyle
P3 DISCIPLINE and STRENGTH mattered most.
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WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
P1 Athens
P2 ATHENS was located on the ATTICA portion of the BALKAN Peninsula
P2 Athens was ruled by a DEMOCRACY
P2 Women had few rights and had to remain in the HOME
P2 ART, ARCHITECTURE, and PHILOSOPHY flourished in Athens
What was life like in Athens during the Age of Pericles?
P1 The GOLDEN AGE OF ATHENS lasted from the end of the Persian Wars to the beginning of the
Peloponnesian Wars
P1 Athens was led by PERICLES during this time. PERICLES brought DEMOCRACY in Athens to its
greatest level.
P2 All government DECISIONS had to be approved by the POPULAR ASSEMBLY
P2 Government OFFICIALS were chosen by LOTTERY
P2 Only adult MALES who owned a BUSINESS or other PROPERTY were CITIZENS
P3 WOMEN and SLAVES had NO say in the GOVERNMENT
How did the Greeks contribute to science, philosophy, and the arts?
P1 Greeks made many ADVANCES in SCIENCE
P2 Greek scientists studied how objects MOVED and CHANGED.
P2 Did not worry about making MACHINES because they had SLAVES to do the hard WORK
P3 PYTHAGORAS developed the Pythagorean Theorem
P4 A2+B2=C2
C
A
B
P3 EUCLID developed principles of EUCLIDEAN Geometry which showed how mathematics
explained SHAPES and FORMS
P3 HIPPOCRATES described two fundamental principles of MEDICINE
P4 SYMPTOMS should be used to IDENTIFY illness and PRESCRIBE the cure
P4 ALL efforts by physicians should BENEFIT the patient
P4 Known as the “FATHER OF MEDICINE”
P4 HIPPOCRATIC OATH sworn to by modern doctors
P2 Greek scientists also addressed PRACTICAL engineering ideas
P3 ARCHIMEDES developed uses of LEVERS for moving objects and screws for raising water
P1 There were three outstanding thinkers
P2 SOCRATES used questions to help people discover that what they took for granted might not be
actually true. This is called the SOCRATIC Method
P2 PLATO wrote a book, THE REPUBLIC, about how government should work.
P2 ARISTOTLE described the NATURAL world in a systematic way that helped contribute to the
development of SCIENCE
P1 Drama and Poetry
P2 The Greeks invented two forms of DRAMA-TRAGEDY and COMEDY
P3 European theater is the direct descendant of Greek drama
P2 AESCHYLUS
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WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
P2 SOPHOCLES most famous play was OEDIPUS REX – the main character does everything he can to
avoid fulfilling the prophecy that he will murder his father and sleep with his mother. (he does both)
P2 ARISTOPHANES was the most famous of the COMEDY writers
P2 Many Greeks believed that their earliest poet, HOMER, was the greatest
P3 Wrote the Iliad (story of the TROJAN war) and the ODYSSEY (story of Odysseus’ trials on his
return)
P3 Stories show how the GODS take sides and MANIPULATE the actions of humans
P1 Architecture
P2 Most famous of all Greek buildings was the PARTHENON which was dedicated to the goddess
ATHENA and built on the ACROPOLIS in ATHENS
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P3 Is the ideal for balance and symmetry
P3 Designed by the sculptor PHIDIAS
P2 Greek temples were characterized by stone columns
P3 Doric
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P3 Ionic
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P3 Corinthian
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WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
P1 History
P2 Best known of the Greek HISTORIANS were HERODOTUS who wrote about the Persian Wars and
THUCYDIDES who wrote about the Peloponnesian War
P3 Herodotus traveled widely to do RESEARCH
P3 Known as the FATHER OF HISTORY
P3 Thucydides account of the Peloponnesian War set the standard of analysis for future historians
P4 Probed deeply to expose the truth
P4 Objective approach
Who were Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great and how did their conquests
spread Greek culture?
P1 Philip was KING of Macedonia which was located north of GREECE
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P2 Philip developed a POWERFUL military using his large gold supply
P2 Created a new type of PHALANX and an armored CAVALRY to back up the infantry
P2 Conquered the WEAKENED Greek city-states after the PELOPONNESIAN war
P1 Alexander the Great was PHILIP’s son
P2 Expanded his army with solders from the Greek city-states
P2 Invaded ASIA, attacking the PERSIAN Empire
P3 Defeated the PERSIAN EMPIRE and invaded INDIA
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WHI.5 – Ancient Greece Notes
GREECE
P3
P3 His men refused to go farther so he had to end his conquest
P3 On his return from INDIA, Alexander died at the age of 33
P4 Spread GREEK culture throughout his empire through his CONQUEST
P1 Hellenistic Culture
P2 Combination of GREEK, PERSIAN, EGYPTIAN, and INDIAN cultures
P2 Many of Alexander’s men MARRIED Persian women
P2 Used PERSIAN nobles to administer conquered areas
P2 GREEK becomes the official language in Alexander’s Empire
P2 Alexander’s empire was divided among his GENERALS after his death
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