Download Key Base Terms - johnmichalski

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1
Term
Christopher
Columbus
Category
Arts &
Sciences
Date
1451-1506
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2
Amerigo
Vespucci
Arts &
Sciences
1454-1512
3
Treaty of
Tordesillas
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1493
4
New Spain
Economy
and
Business
1400s and
1500s
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5
Mercantilism
Economy
and
Business
1500s1700s
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6
Queen
Elizabeth I
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1533-1603
7
The Spanish
Armada
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1588
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8
Types of
Colonies in
the New
World
Society and
Culture
1600s
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9
English
Puritanism
Society and
Culture
1500s and
1600s
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Information
Italian-born navigator who found fame when he landed in the Americas (October 12,
1492)
Set sail on behalf of Spain with three ships: the Nina, Pinta, and his flagship, the
Santa Maria.
Originally, he had sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find a water route to Asia
He was convinced that he had found the waterway that he sought and that the
Americas were actually an extension of China
Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration
Italian member of a Portuguese expedition
Explored South America
Discovery suggested that the expedition had found a “New World”
After an account of his 1497 expedition was published, a cartographer mistakenly
thought that he had led the expedition and had landed in the New World before
Christopher Columbus; the cartographer named the continent America
Commitment between Spain and Portugal
Created a Papal Line of Demarcation which divided the New World: east of the line
for Portugal and west of it for Spain
Later, the Papal Line affected colonization in Africa and Asia
Spain’s tightly controlled empire in the New World
To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards developed a system of large manors
(encomiendas) using Native American slaves under conquistadors
With the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African slaves
to supply their labor needs.
Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that colonies existed to serve
the mother country
Founded on the belief that the world’s wealth was sharply limited and, therefore, one
nation’s gain was another nation’s loss
Each nation’s goal was to export more that it imported in a favorable balance of trade;
the difference would be made up in their possession of gold and silver, which would
make the nation strong both economically and militarily
Believed economic activity should be regulated by the government
Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England)
Popular leader and he first woman to successfully hold the throne
Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World
Brought on a war response from Spain in the form of the Spanish Armada
Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business
Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England
Was defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the
assault
England’s victory over Spanish forces established England as an emerging sea power;
it was one of her great achievements
Defeat helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire
In a charter colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation and, based
on a agreed-upon charter, electors among the colonists would control the government
A royal colony had a governor selected by England’s king; he would serve in the
leadership role and choose additional, lesser officers
Proprietary colonies were owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the
king; the proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the
property
Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line
with their ideology
Were Calvinist in their religious beliefs; they believed in predestination and in the
authority of Scripture over papal authority
Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate from papal authority in favor of his
own church of England, many roman Catholic traditions and practices remained
They rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers because of their Calvinist ideology;
they sought to make the English Church “pure”
Would echo throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude,
and an emphasis on intellectualism
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
10
11
Dutch West
India
company
Economy
and
Business
1500s and
1600s
Sir Walter
Raleigh
Society and
Culture
1587
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12
St. Augustine,
Florida
Society and
Culture
1598
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13
14
Charter
Colonies
(Joint-Stock)
and “Starving
Time”
Jamestown
Society and
Culture
1600s
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Society and
Culture
1607
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15
Indenture
System
Economy
and
Business
1600s
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16
John Rolfe
Society and
Culture
1585-1622
17
House of
Burgesses
Domestic
Policies
1619
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18
First Families
of Virginia
Society and
Culture
1600s
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19
Headright
System
Economy
and
Business
1618
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Society and
Culture
1620
20
The
Separatists
and Plymouth
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The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in for Orange and in New Amsterdam,
which later became New York
Carried on a profitable fur trade with the native American Iroquois
Instituted the patron system, in which large estates were given to wealthy men who
transported at least fifty families to New Netherland to tend the land; few took on the
opportunity
Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement
Returned to England to secure additional supplies; on his return, he found the colony
deserted; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settlers
After the failure here, he abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia
Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English interest in
American colonization was submerged for fifteen years
French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their
religion; they formed a colony near this modern-day place
Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were
trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic church
Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort’s inhabitants
The settlement at this place is considered to the first permanent European settlement in
what would become the United States
Were associations that sought trade, exploration, and colonization overseas
Jamestown was the first colony of this type
A period in the 1600s during which many colonists died and others considered
returning to England
Named for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth’s first successor in England
James I granted charters for charter colonies in the new World
In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent
English settlement
Swampy location led to disease and contaminated water sources
Despite location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith’s harsh,
charismatic leadership of the colony kept it from collapsing
In 1619, African slaves arrived here, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a
British settlement
Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees
in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company
Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights
However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living
arrangements; system led to harsh and brutal treatment
English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia
Married Pocahontas
Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown
Representative assembly in Virginia
Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first
was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote
First representative house in America
Instituted private ownership of land; maintained rights of colonists
Wealthy and socially prominent families in Virginia by 1776 had been in America for
four to five generations
Included the Lees, Carters, and Fitzhughs
System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists; it promised them parcels of
land (roughly fifty acres) to emigrate to America
Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the
wealthy to obtain large tracts of land
Were Puritans who believed the church of England was beyond saving and felt that
they must separate from it
One group suffering government harassment fled to Holland, then to America
Members of this group raveled on the Mayflower, they became known as the Pilgrims,
a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission
The Mayflower set sail from this place Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and
landed in Provincetown Harbor, settling in what became _______, Massachusetts
Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact,
which provided for a government guided by the majority
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
21
Massachusetts
Bay Company
Society and
Culture
1629
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22
Delaware
Society and
Culture
1631
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23
The
Proprietors
and Maryland
Society and
Culture
1630s
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24
Anne
Hutchinson
Society and
Culture
1638
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25
Roger
Williams and
Rhode Island
Society and
Culture
1603-1683;
Rhode
Island
established
in 1644
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26
English Civil
War
Wars &
Foreign
Relations
1642-1648
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27
Maryland Act
of Toleration
Society and
Culture
1649
28
Connecticut
Society and
Culture
1662
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William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Colony’s first governor
Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping King James I
Led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should e a model Christian
society
These Puritans carefully organized their venture and , upon arriving in Massachusetts,
did not undergo the “starving time” that had often plagued other first-year colonies
The government of Massachusetts developed to include a governor and a
representative assembly
Dutch patrons established the first settlement at this place
That settlement was destroyed by Native American attacks
The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to
trade and settle in this place during the mid-to-late 1630s
Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership,
ending with English ownership in 1674
Owned colonies, with direct responsibility to the king
Were supposed to provide opportunity to Royal control and to decrease the practice of
granting charters for charter colonies
In practice, these types of colonies turned out much like the charter colonies because
settlers insisted on self-government
In 1632, under George Calvert (Lord Baltimore), Maryland became the first _______
colony as a refuge for English Catholics
To protect the Catholic minority, Calvert’s son encouraged religious toleration and
established a representative assembly
Claimed to have had special revelations from God that superseded the bible, contrary
to Puritan doctrine
The leadership of New England accused her on antinomian teachings; antinomianism
is the belief that salvation is attained through faith and divine grace and truth through
strict adherence to rules or moral laws
Was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
With her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638);
Aquidneck is now known as Rhode Island
was a Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious
observance became too extreme for the colonists
Bought land from the Native Americans and founded Providence in 1636; it was soon
populated by his many followers
Formed as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had
sprung up in the area
Through Roger Williams, the colony granted complete religious toleration
Tended to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes called
“Rogue’s Island”
Suffered constant political turmoil
Conflict was based in the struggle between King Charles I (son of King James I) and
the English Parliament
Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament argued that its membership had
rights that were separate from those granted to the king
Parliament’s members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class
and lesser land owners
Wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of
religion
Led to outright conflict between Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I
Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland
Granted after a Protestant became governor
Important precedent for later characterization of the United States and its Constitution
Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley;
they had slight religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachusetts
The major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the ______
colony
In 1639, the colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders’ these
laws provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote
When the corporate colony was established and recognized by England, its charter was
founded on the Fundamental Orders
The Fundamental Orders are an important example of the growth of political
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
29
The Carolinas
Society and
Culture
1663
30
New York
and New
Jersey
Society and
Culture
1664
31
Quakers
Society and
Culture
1680
32
William Penn
Society and
Culture
1644-1718
33
Black Slaves
in the 1600s
Society and
Culture
1600s
34
John Locke
and Natural
Law
Arts and
Sciences
1632-1704
35
Triangular
Trade
(Atlantic
Trade)
Economy
and
Business
1600s
36
Navigation
Acts
Domestic
Policies
1650-1673
37
Effects of the
Domestic
1650-1673
democracy
King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the twenty-year
Puritan revolution in England
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In hopes of attracting settlers, the proprietors planned for a hierarchical society
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Experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo; this
proved unworkable and the
______ grew slowly
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Large groups of colonists in the ______ came from Barbados; the form of slavery that
this group employed proved to be very harsh
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Last Dutch governor of _____ was Peter Stuyvesant
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After the British conquered Dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the
title to the lands to his brother, James, Duke of York
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James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies
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Residents continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this
promise when he became James II, King of England
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______ believed human religious institutions were, for the most part, unnecessary
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They believed they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little
importance on the Bible
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They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social
superiors
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Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in
both Britain and America
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They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans
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Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United
States that valued independence and social equality
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Founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers
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______ advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land
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Guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom
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Settlers flocked to _______ from all over Europe
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Because slaves were only a small percentage of the population, they began at almost
the same level of indentured servants
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Later in the century, African-Americans came to be seen as lifelong slaves whose
status would be inherited by their children
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Increased importation and population of African-Americans in the southern colonies
began
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_____ was a major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment
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Isaac Newton theorized _______ in the realm of science; ______ followed him, trying
to identify _______ in the human realm
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_____ included the rights of life, liberty, and property
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His assertion of ________ changed the perspective of the social contract theory; he
believed that if the above rights were not protected, governments could be overthrown
justly
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Prior to _____, there existed a theory of social contract – people accept certain
restrictions on themselves for the benefit of their society; these restrictions are upheld
by a sovereign power
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His ideas became the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders such as
Benjamin Franklin
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European merchants purchased African slaves with goods manufactured in Europe or
imported from Asian colonies
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These merchants sold slaves in the Caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco)
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Caribbean commodities were later sold in Europe and North America
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Useful for all parties because it was an exchange of goods, not money
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Certain goods shipped from a new World port were to go only to Britain or to another
New World port
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Enumerated goods from he colonies, like sugar, cotton, and tobacco, were to be
provided only to England
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Served as the foundation of England’s worldwide commercial system
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Though for the benefit of all subjects of the British Empire, its provisions benefited
some New World colonies at the expense of others
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Intended as a weapon in England’s ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland
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Let to increased tension between Britain and the colonies
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Boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding
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Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
Navigation
Acts


Policies
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38
Bacon’s
Rebellion
Society and
Culture
1676
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39
New
Hampshire
Society and
Culture
1677
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40
Glorious
Revolution
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1688
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41
Half-Way
Covenant
Society and
Culture
1690s
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42
Salem Witch
Trials
Society and
Culture
1692
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43
Wool Act
Domestic
Policies
1699
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44
The
Enlightenmen
t
Arts and
Sciences
1700s
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45
Georgia
Society and
1732
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Hurt the residents of the Chesapeake by driving down the price of tobacco
Transferred wealth from America to Britain by increasing the prices Americans had to
pay for British goods and lowering the prices Americans received fort eh goods they
produced
Mercantilism also helped bring on a series of wars between England and Holland in
the late 1600s
Virginia’s Royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to run the
colony for the benefit of Britain
______ _______ was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia
______ objected to the rights granted to Virginia’s wealthy inner circle and was
angered by governor Berkeley’s inability to protect Virginia from attacks by the
Native Americans
______ commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes, increasing his
popularity; Berkeley had him arrested
Soon after, ______ gathered his forces, opposed the royal governor, and set fire to
Jamestown to defend his forces’ position
With British military, Berkeley ended the rebellion
After ______’s rebellion, American colonies turned increasingly away from
indentured servants and toward slave labor
King Charles II established it as a Royal colony
The colony remained economically dependent on Massachusetts; Britain continued to
appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741
Weeks before the signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Second
Continental Congress, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution for itself
that proclaimed its independence from Britain
Internal British struggle that replaced the Catholic King James II with his Protestant
daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange
Inspired colonial uprisings in New York and Maryland against ruling Royal governors
who pressed for more control
Led to the overthrow of the Dominion of New England, the central authority imposed
by Britain on colonists
William and Mary’s new government generally accepted these actions, permitting the
growth of colonial institutions and culture
Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who had the
personal experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs
Previously, only the children of those who had experience conversion could
participate
Reflected the decline of piety and zeal among new Englanders
Several young girls in Salem Village claimed to be tormented by the occult activities
of certain neighbors
Some twenty persons were executed
Puritan ministers finally intervened stop the executions
Writer Arthur Miller produced The Crucible (1953), a retelling of the Salem Witch
Trials and a reflective commentary on the witch-hunts of Joseph McCarthy
All wool that was produced in the colonies could only be exported to Britain
Act restricted Ireland in its wool manufacturing, resulting in many Irish immigrants
moving to the American colonies
The Act was meant to protect Britain’s own exports of wool at the expense of both the
colonies and Ireland
Connects to the idea of Deism, in which the universe was created by God and then
abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerted and all things were explainable
by reason
_________ philosophy dictated that human reason was adequate to solve mankind’s
problems and, correspondingly, much less faith was needed in the central role of God
as an active force in the universe
Idea moved from Europe to become the New World’s seed of culture, intellectualism,
and society
Some important _________ writers include John Locke (Principia Mathematica,
1687), Isaac Newton (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689), and Rene
Descartes, whose basic tenet of philosophical theory existed in the phrase “I think,
therefore, I am.”
James Oglethorpe, and English philanthropist and soldier, chartered the colony
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
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Culture
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46
John Peter
Zenger
Legal
Issues
1697-1746
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47
The First
Great
Awakening
Society and
Culture
1720s1740s
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48
Effects of the
Great
Awakening
Society and
Culture
1703-1758
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49
Jonathan
Edwards
Society and
Culture
1703-1758
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50
Albany Plan
Domestic
Policies
1754
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51
French and
Indian War
War and
Foreign
Relations
1748-1763
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52
William Pitt
War and
Foreign
Relations
1708-1778

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53
Treaty of
Paris, 1763
War and
Foreign
Relations
1763
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54
George
Grenville
War and
Foreign
Relations
1712-1770


Settlers included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants
Some settlers were financed by the colony’s board of trustees, including bands of
prisoners from British jails
After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a buffer
between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida
Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement
German American newspaper publisher and printer
His acquittal of libel charges in New York City (1735) established a legal precedent
for freedom of the press
The Supreme court under chief Justice Warren reinvigorated free press rights; the case
of New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) strengthened the protection of the press against
libel cases brought by public figures
A series of emotional religious revivals occurring throughout the colonies and
prevalent in New England
Preachers proclaimed a message of personal repentance and faith to avoid hell
Suggested an equality between an authority (God) and a fixed standard (the Bible)
Helped lay the foundation for a written “contract,” which would be important to the
establishment of the future United States Constitution
George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards became the most dynamic preachers of the
Great Awakening
America’s religious community came to be divided between those who rejected the
Great Awakening and those who accepted it
More denominations of Christianity were formed
While the Awakening created conflict among those who argued the points of religion,
its ideas helped build connections between people living in different colonies
A number of colleges were founded by those who accepted the Great Awakening,
including Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers
Preacher of the Great Awakening who emphasized personal religious experience,
predestination, and dependence of man upon God and divine grace
One of his well-read sermons was “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
While ______ is known for being on e of the most prominent Calvinists, the Great
Awakening was partially responsible for spreading the idea that salvation was possible
without predestined election, an important Calvinist belief
Delegates of seven colonies met in new York to discuss plans for collective defense
Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial
government; the plan was later rejected by the colonial legislatures as demanding too
great a surrender of power
While the other colonies showed no support for the idea, it was an important precedent
for the concept of uniting in the face of a common enemy
Rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over land in the
Ohio region
It was one of a series of wars fought between France and England throughout the
world at the time
Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain gained control of
Canada
It was in these conflicts that George Washington first appeared as an able military
leader
Britain’s capable and energetic prime minister
After several humiliating defeats, he led Britain to virtually destroy the French empire
in North America by focusing on the French headquarters in Canada
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended hostilities
Ended Seven Years War
From France, Britain took Canada and some of what would become the United States
east of the Mississippi River
France lost all of its North American holdings
Spain took the Louisiana Territory
Treaty marked the end of salutary neglect, a relationship in which the British
Parliament had somewhat ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop their
character without interference
British Prime Minister who set out to solve the large national debt incurred in recent
English wars
Created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods, leading to rebellious
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

55
Benjamin
Franklin
Society and
Culture
1706-1790
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56
Writs of
Assistance
Legal
Issues
1750s1770s
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
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57
Proclamation
of 1763
Domestic
Policies
1763




58
59
Sugar Act
Quartering
Act
Domestic
Policies
Domestic
Policies
1764

1765





60
Stamp Act
Domestic
Policies
1765



61
Declaratory
Act
Domestic
Policies
1766
62
Samuel
Adams
Society and
Culture
1722-1803
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





1765


Townshend
Acts
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
Domestic
Policies
1767


Virtual
Representatio
n
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1770s
63
Stamp Act
Congress
64
65
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66
Boston
Massacre
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
March 5,
1770



activities
Grenville’s act included the Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act (1763), Stamp Act
(1765), and Quartering Act (1765)
Was a colonial writer, scientist, diplomat, printer, and philosopher
Published the Pennsylvania Gazette and wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac
Served in the Second Continental Congress and was a drafter and signer of the
Declaration of Independence
Court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non-specific searches to stop
colonial smuggling
Allowed for the searching of homes, warehouses, and shops
James Otis served as a prosecutor in a failed Massachusetts legal case; he argued that
these searches were contrary to natural law
Later, the Fourth amendment would protect citizens against “unreasonable searches
and seizures”
Was a result of Pontiac’s Rebellion, a Native American uprising against the British for
their mistreatment
Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians to reduce friction between Native
Americans and the settlers
States that Native Americans owned the land on which they were residing
Outraged colonists believed that the successful outcome of the French and Indian War
should have allowed settlement in the Ohio Valley
It taxed goods imported to America to raise revenue for England after it incurred debt
during the French and Indian War
Strictly enforced, unlike the Molasses Act of 1733
Taxed goods included imports such as wine, cloth, coffee, and silk
Act that required the colonies in which British troops were stationed to provide
soldiers with bedding and other basic needs
Colonists reacted negatively, fearing a standing army and disliking the additional costs
After the emergence of the United States Constitution, the Third Amendment
protected citizens against the stationing of troops in their homes
An internal tax, the sole purpose of which was to raise revenue
Required Americans to use “stamped” paper for legal documents, newspapers, and
playing cards, among other goods
Revenue from this tax was to be used solely for the support of the British soldiers
protecting the colonies
Act giving Britain the power to tax and make laws for the Americans in all cases
Followed repeal of the Stamp Act
Colonists ignored the wording of the Declaratory Act
Revolutionary resistance leader in Massachusetts
Along with Paul Revere, he headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts
Worked with the committees of correspondence, which provided communication
about resistance among colonies
Attended both the First and Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration
of Independence
Delegates of seven colonies met in new York to discuss plans for defense
Adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that freeborn
Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent
Created by British Prime minister Charles Townshend (Grenville’s replacement)
Formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead,
glass, and tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act
Led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre
English principle stating that the members of parliament represented all of Britain and
the British Empire, even though members were only elected by a small number of
constituents
This idea was meant to be a response to colonial claim of “no taxation without
representation,” meaning that parliament was itself a representation of those being
taxed
Occurred when the British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts
British soldiers killed five Bostonians, including Crispus Attucks, and American
patriot and former slave
John Adams provided the legal defense for the soldiers
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

67
Tea Act and
Boston Tea
Party
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1773



68
69
70
71
72
73
74
The
Intolerable
Acts and the
Coercive Acts
Domestic
Policies
Methods of
Colonial
Resistance
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1770s
First
Continental
Congress
Domestic
Policies
SeptemberOctober
1774
Battles of
Concord and
Lexington
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
April 1775
The Second
Continental
Congress
Domestic
Policies
May 1775
Battle of
Bunker Hill
Common
Sense
1774















Wars and
Foreign
Relations
June 17,
1775
Arts and
Sciences
January
1776











75
Lee’s
Resolutions
Domestic
Policies
1776





76
Declaration of
Independence
Domestic
Policies
July 4,
1776




77
Articles of
Confederation
Domestic
Policies
Submitted
July 1776;
ratified
1781




Though the British soldiers acted more or less in self-defense, anti-Royal leaders used
the massacre to spur action in the colonies
Concession allowed he British East India Company to ship tea directly to America and
sell it at a bargain; cheap tea undercut the local merchants
Colonists opposed these shipments; they turned back ships, left shipments to rot, and
held ships in port
Led to the Boston Tea party in December of 1773, where citizens, dressed as Naïve
Americans, destroyed tea on the British ships
Name given by colonists to the Quebec Act (1774) and to a series of acts by the
British in response to the Boston Tea Party
Acts closed the Port of Boston to all trade until citizens paid for the lost tea
Acts increased the power of Massachusetts’ Royal governor at the expense of the
legislature
Allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tried elsewhere
Americans reacted first with restrained and respectful petitions, suggesting “taxation
without representation is tyranny”
Colonial merchants then boycotted British goods (non-importation)
Colonists of the Revolution finally turned to violence
Crowds took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated the
boycotts
Some colonists continued to follow British command and became English “Loyalists”
Meeting in Philadelphia of colonial representatives to denounce the Intolerable Acts
and to petition the British Parliament
A few radical members discussed breaking from England
Created Continental Association and forbade the importation and use of British goods
Agreed to convene a Second Continental Congress in May 1775
Concord- Site suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial
weaponry
Paul Revere and William Dawes detected movement of British troops toward Concord
and warned militia and gathered Minutemen at Lexington
Lexington- Militia and Royal infantry fought; the colonial troops withdrew
Colonial representative meeting in Philadelphia, presided over by John Hancock
Group torn between declaring independence and remaining under British power
Moderates forced the adoption of the Olive Branch Petition, a letter to King George III
appealing one final time for a resolution to all disputes; the king refused to receive it
The Congress sent George Washington to command the army around Boston
American ports were opened in defiance of the Navigation Acts
Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Bunker Hill was an American post overlooking Boston; the stronghold allowed
Americans to contain General Gage and his troops
The colonists twice turned back a British frontal assault; they held off the British until
the Bunker Hill force ran out of ammunition and was overrun
American’s strong defense led to strengthened morale
Pamphlet published by Thomas Paine that called for immediate independence from
Britain
Sold largely and carried favor in the colonies
Weakened resistance in the Continental Congress toward independence
Presented to Second Continental Congress by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia
Urged Congress to declare independence; accepted July 2, 1776
Said, “That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent
States”
Document restating political ideas justifying the separation from Britain
Thomas Jefferson and his committee had the duty of drafting for the Continental
Congress
John Locke’s influences served as a foundation for the document
The final product lacked provisions condemning the British slave trade and a
denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had contained
Framework for an American national government; states had the most power
Empowered the federal government to make war, treaties, and create new states
No federal empowerment to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce
Congressional revision of the articles created a weak national government
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
78
George
Washington’s
Leadership in
the American
Revolution
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1775-1781




79
Battle of
Saratoga
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1777





80
John Paul
Jones
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1747-1792



81
Charles
Cornwallis
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1738-1805



82
Western Land
Cessions
Domestic
Policies
1781-1787;
GA in 1802






83
Treaty of
Paris, 1783
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1783
84
Land
Ordinance of
1785;
Northwest
Ordinance of
1787
Domestic
Policies
1785; 1787














85
John Jay
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1745-1829
86
Shay’s
Rebellion
Society and
Culture
1786-1787





Signed
September
17, 1787;





87
The
Constitution
of the United
Domestic
Policies
Named Commander-in-Chief of Continental Forces in June 1775 by the Second
Continental Congress
Forced British to evacuate Boston in March 1776
Defeated British at Trenton, New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware on December 25,
1776
Survived tough winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778); Washington strengthened his
troops during the winter and gained respect
General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19, 1781
American Revolution battle fought in northern New York
The British planned to end the American Revolution by splitting the colonies along the
Hudson River, but they failed to mobilize properly
The British ended up surrendering, allowing for the first great American victory
Demonstrated that the British could more easily hold the cities, but that they would
have trouble subduing the countryside
Considered a turning point, as French aid began after this battle
Famous American naval leader
Carried on maritime raids against the British throughout the Revolution, debilitating
their ability to receive supplies
States, “Surrender? I have not yet begun to fight.”
British military and political leader
Was a member of Parliament and even opposed the tax measures hat led to the
American Revolution
Led British forces during the American Revolution
The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis’s surrender at Yorktown in 1781
The original thirteen states ceded their western land claims to the new federal
government
The states that lacked western land claims feared hat states with claims could grow in
size, skewing representation in the federal government
Before signing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with
claims cede the land
Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the
ceded areas in preparation for statehood
New states were organized and admitted to the Union
This policy strengthened the ties of he western farmers to the central government
Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War
The United States was represented by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay
Britain recognized the United States’ independence and outlined its borders
The United States received all lands east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida,
and south of the Great Lakes
The United States agreed that Loyalists to Britain were not to be persecuted
Act of Congress to assist in settlement of the West; the sale of land provided federal
revenue
Organized distribution of land into townships, setting aside a section of each in
support of public education
Described how the land north of the Ohio River could become sectioned into states;
five states created
States would be admitted to the Union when free inhabitants reached 60,000
Slavery and involuntary servitude not allowed in these states
Set a precedent of how states could join the Union
The ordinances were a successful accomplishment by a federal government that before
had been seen as ineffective
Member of First and Second Continental Congress
Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay’s Treaty
First Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Wrote portions of The Federalist Papers
During a period of economic depression, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop
the courts from seizing a farmer’s land and enacting debt collection
Citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels
Americans felt pressure to strengthen the government and avoid future violence
Drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787
Included a preamble and sever articles
Created a stronger federal government
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
States
88
Elastic Clause
and the Tenth
Amendment
Domestic
Policies
ratified
June 21,
1788
1791

Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments; they protect individual rights and freedoms

Restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the Constitution
and gives all other powers to the states, or the people
Article I, Section 8 grants the federal government the power to make all laws “which
shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers”
The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal
government or the states and their people, has the right to exercise powers that have
not been expressly delegated to the central government
Virginia plan-Presented by Edmund Randolph and written by James Madison
Virginia Plan-Called for bicameral legislature based on population and both the chief
executive and judiciary to be chosen by legislature
New Jersey Plan-Presented by William Patterson
New Jersey Plan-Called for unicameral legislature with equal representation
Plans were united in the great Compromise; the plans form the basis of the modern
American legislative structure
Called for bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would
be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress
Combined pieces of the New jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals
Included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a
person for purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the
states
Americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification
Used The Federalist Papers to demonstrate how the constitution was designed to
prevent the abuse of power
Supporters of Federalist platforms included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison,
John Jay, and northeastern business groups
Federalists believed that the government was given all powers that were not expressly
denied to it by the Constitution; they had a loose interpretation of the Constitution
Those against the adoption of the Constitution because of suspicion against centralized
government ruling at a distance and limiting freedom
George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton were Anti-Federalists
Many of the _______ would come to oppose the policies of Alexander Hamilton and
the Federalist Party
The Jeffersonian Republican Party absorbed many of the ________ after the
Constitution was adopted
First President
Was unanimously elected president
Served two terms
His leadership led to a standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy
and the power to veto Congress’s legislation
Declared Proclamation of Neutrality in April 1793, keeping the United States neutral
in the European wars
His Farewell Address in 1796 warned against entangling alliances, suggested
isolationism, and warned of political party factions
Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates
Established office of Attorney General
Created federal district courts and circuit courts
First Secretary of Treasury
Proposed the federal assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank,
and federal stimulation of industry through excise tax and tariffs
Opponents, including Jefferson, saw program as aiding a small, elite group at the
expense of the average citizen
_______ died from wounds sustained in a pistol duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s
vice president
Political party that absorbed members of the Anti-Federalist Party
Proponents included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Favored states’ rights and power in the hands of commoners; supported by southern
agriculture and frontiersmen
Believed that the federal government was denied all powers that were not expressly
given to it by the Constitution (a “strict interpretation” of the document)


89
90
91
The Virginia
Plan and The
New Jersey
Plan
Domestic
Policies
Great
Compromise
(Connecticut
Compromise)
Domestic
Policies
Federalist
Party
Domestic
Policies
1787





1787



1788




92
AntiFederalist
Party
Domestic
Policies
1780s1790s




93
George
Washington
Presidential
Matters
1789-1797






94
Judiciary Act
of 1789
Domestic
Policies
1789
95
Alexander
Hamilton
Domestic
Policies
1757-1804







96
Jeffersonian
Republicans
(DemocraticRepublicans)
Domestic
Policies
1792-1860




Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
97
Eli Whitney
Arts and
Sciences
1765-1825




98
Jay’s Treaty
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1794




99
Whiskey
Rebellion
Domestic
Policies
1794



100
Pinckney
Treaty
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1795







101
Colonia
Painting
Arts and
Sciences
1760-1800



102
John Adams
Presidential
Matters
1797-1800
103
XYZ Affair
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1798
104
Alien and
Sedition Acts
Domestic
Policies
1798-1799















105
Kentucky and
Virginia
Resolutions
Domestic
Policies
1798-1799




Inventor and manufacturer
Invented the cotton gin in 1793, revolutionizing the cotton industry and increasing the
need for slaves
Established first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts
His innovations led to an “American system” of manufacture, where those laborers
with less skill could use tools and templates to make identical parts; also, the
manufacture and assembly of parts could be done separately
Attempt at settling the conflict between the United States and England over
commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris in 1783
Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest, but it
allowed them to continue their fur trade
Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle Unite States-Canada border
disputes and United States-Britain losses during the Revolutionary War
The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had
been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty of Paris in 1783
Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on which Hamilton’s revenue program
was based
A group of farmers terrorized the tax collectors; Washington responded with a
federalized militia
George Washington and Alexander Hamilton rode out to Pennsylvania themselves to
emphasize their commitment
First test of federal authority
Established federal government’s right to enforce laws
Signed by the United States and Spain
Free navigation of the Mississippi River was given to the United States
United States gained area north of Florida that had been in dispute (present-day
Mississippi and Alabama)
Gave western farmers the “right of deposit” in New Orleans, enabling them to use the
port for their goods, making it easier for them to get their goods to the East
The United States would later make the Louisiana Purchase, which would cement this
right of deposit
Copied European styles, but featured portraits of important Americans
Famous artists included John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjamin West, and John
Copley
Gilbert Stuart painted the portrait of George Washington that is now on the one-dollar
bill
Second President
First Vice-President
Diplomat and signer of the Declaration of Independence
Led the country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia
and Kentucky Resolutions
Kept nation from war during tenure as president
The United States wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping
To settle the issue, French representatives demanded a bribe from the United States
just to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand
The United States refused the bribe and suspended trade with the French
Led to the creation of the American Navy
Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their
power
New hurdles to citizenship were established
Broadened power to quiet print media critics
The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists
and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two parties
These Acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the
press
The Federalist Party gained a reputation as being a less democratic party, quickening
its demise as a political organization
Response by Jeffersonian Republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts
Included text written by Jefferson and by Madison
Suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law
Stated that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically
delegated to it
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

106
The
Napoleonic
Wars
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1799-1815





107
108
Judiciary Act
of 1801
Thomas
Jefferson
Domestic
Policies
Presidential
Matters
1801
1801-1809











109
John Marshall
Legal
Issues
1755-1835









110
Marbury v.
Madison
Legal
Issues
1803





111
Louisiana
Purchase
Wars and
Foreign
Affairs
April 30,
1803







112
Lewis and
Clark
Arts and
Sciences
1803-1806


The resolutions represented a future argument that would be used when secession and
Civil War threatened the country
Called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment
War between Napoleon’s France and the other European powers, led by Britain
Both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, especially the United States, from trading
with their enemy
American ships were seized by both sides and American sailors were “impressed,” or
forced, into the British navy
The United States was angered by this violation of the “freedom of the seas” principle,
which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over
the seas
These violations would escalate and lead to the War of 1812
Created new judgeships to be filled by the president
John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters (“Midnight Judges”) before he
left office
Led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party
Act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison
Third President
Author of the Declaration of Independence
Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State
First president to reside in Washington, D.C.
Jefferson’s taking of office was called the “Revolution of 1800” as it was the first time
America changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian
Republican)
His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength,
while weak leadership in the Federalist Party was a reason for its demise
His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807
He presided over the Louisiana Purchase
His politics were characterized by support of states’ rights
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835)
He was a Federalist installed by Adams
His decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the judicial branch and asserted
the power of judicial review over federal legislation
His Court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts
His Court’s decisions advanced capitalism
Significant cases included Marbury v Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College
v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden
William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in DC by President
John Adams
His commission was part of Adams’ “midnight appointments” during his last days in
office
Marbury’s commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson’s Secretary
of State, James Madison
Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission,
the statute which allowed Marbury’s remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the
Supreme Court powers beyond what Constitution permitted
This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to
declare statutes unconstitutional
Purchased for $15 million from France
Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of purchasing land without having
this authority granted by the Constitution; to make the purchase, he employed the
presidential power of treaty-making
United States’ territory was doubled
The purchase helped remove France from the western borders of he United States
Farmers could now send their goods (furs, grains, tobacco) down the Mississippi River
and through New Orleans, facilitating transportation to Europe
Opened land to agrarian expansion, helping fulfill one of the tenets of Jefferson’s
social ideology
The expansion westward created more states with Jeffersonian Republican
representation to the point that the Federalists became a marginalized party
Expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and the West
Departed form St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
Expedition
113
Burr
Conspiracy
Legal
Issues
1806






114
Embargo of
1807
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1807-1809



115
James
Madison
Presidential
Matters
1809-1817






116
NonIntercourse
Act
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1809




117
Fletcher v.
Peck
Legal
Issues
1810






118
119
120
Expansion of
Electorate,
1810-1828
Tecumseh
Causes of the
War of 1812
Society and
Culture
1810-1828
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1811
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1812-1815










121
War of 1812
Events
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1812








Yellowstone River, and the Rockies
Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey
Opened up new territories to America
Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and establish a new nation in the West
Burr, a fugitive in politics after Alexander Hamilton’s death, was arrested in Natchez
and tried for treason
Under John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Burr was acquitted
Marshall determined that the charge of treason required more than just proof of
conspiracy to commit treason; this helped narrow the legal definition of treason
American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign
destination
Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the
Napoleonic Wars
The result was economic depression in the United States; this angered the Federalists,
who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the
depression
Fourth President
His work before becoming president led him to be considered the “Father of the
Constitution”
Participated in the writing of The Federalist Papers
In Congress, he wrote the Virginia Plan
Was a Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress
Faced pressure from “War Hawks” like Henry clay and John C. Calhoun to get
involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end damaging embargo
Led the United States into the War of 1812 and concluded the war in 1814
Congress opened trade to all nations except France and Britain
Trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression
stemming from the Napoleonic Wars
Though the Embargo Act was a protective measure, the Non-Intercourse Act reengaged the United States in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with
either France or Britain
The__________ ______ was repealed in 1810
Marshall Court decision
The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the
United States Constitution
The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal
A legislative session repealed hat action because of the corruption
The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the
corruption
Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts
Most states had already eliminated the property qualifications for voting
Blacks were still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North
The political parties established national nomination conventions
Native American chief who was encouraged by British forces to fight against
pressured removal from Western territories
William Henry Harrison destroyed the united Native American Confederacy
Tippecanoe
British impressments of American sailors
American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native
Americans and the British
The United States suspected the British were encouraging Native American rebellion
“War Hawk” Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun pressed fro
intervention
War Hawks desired annexation of Canada and Florida
Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled
The United States sided with France against Britain
Early victories at sea by the United States, then overcome by British
The United States’ Admiral Perry took lake Erie with the navy
Opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada and defeat the British
and Native American forces
Andrew Jackson led the American charge through the Southwest
Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict where Andrew Jackson defeated the
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122
Washington
Burned
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1814



123
After the War
of 1812
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
Post 1814
124
Rush-Bagot
Agreement
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1817









125
James
Monroe
Presidential
Matters
1817-1825





126
127
Convention of
1818
McCulloch v.
Maryland
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1818
Legal
Issues
1819








128
Dartmouth
College v.
Woodward
Legal
Issues
1819





129
Adams-Onis
Treaty
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1819





130
Cotton in the
Early 1800s
Economy
and
Business
Early
1800s





British; battle fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent
During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned
the White House
Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto
The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America’s Fort McHenry held firm through
bombardment
Inspired Francis Scott Key’s “Star Spangled Banner”
Increased American nationalism
High foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco
Turn from agrarian origins towards industrialization
Depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; the Bank of the United States
responded by tightening credit to slow inflation
Business slump
The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the
groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study
boundary issues between the United States and Canada
__________ was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop
maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes
Served as the first “disarmament” agreement and laid the foundation for future
positive relations between Canada and the United States
Fifth President
Led during the “Era of Good Feelings,” which was marked by he domination of his
political party, the Democratic-Republicans, and the decline of the Federalist Party
National identity grew, most notably through the westward movement of the country
and various public works projects
Monroe Doctrine- The United States would not allow foreign powers to lead new
colonies in the western hemisphere or allow existing colonies to be influenced by
outside powers
America feared international influence because of a period of world-wide
revolutionary fervor after Napoleon’s fall
The “Era” saw the beginnings of North-South tensions over slavery
Provided for boundary between the United States and Canada at the forty-ninth
parallel
Allowed joint occupancy of Oregon Territory by Americans and Canadians
Permitted American fisherman to fish in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador
Marshall Court decision
Determined that no state can control an agency of the federal government
Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its
own state banks
Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress’s “implied powers” to
operate a national bank
Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case
Marshall Court decision
Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were
the emerging form of business
New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public
institution by having its charter revoked
The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract
and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties
Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts
Helped define the United States-Mexico border
The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two
countries
Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States and drew the boundary
of Mexico to the Pacific
United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New
Mexico region
United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants
Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion
The new invention of the cotton gin separated seeds from the fibers
New states, such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, produced cotton
Led to a boom in the cotton market; its global effects crowned the staple as “King
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131
Transportatio
n Revolution
Arts and
Sciences
First half of
the 1800s




132
Utopian
Communities
Society and
Culture
1820-1850



133
134
Antebellum
Reform
The Lowell
System
Society and
Culture
Economy
and
Business
1820-1860
1820s











135
Slave Codes
Domestic
Policies
1650s1860s




136
Washington
Irving
Arts and
Sciences
1783-1859





137
138
Transcendent
alism
Romanticism
Arts and
Sciences
Arts and
Sciences
1820-1850

1800s





139
Missouri
Compromise
Domestic
Policies
1820







Cotton”
Need for cotton encouraged westward expansion in farming
Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion
of the railroads
Robert Fulton built the modern-day steamboat, transforming river transportation
The transportation revolution cheapened the market for trade and encouraged
population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains
Movement that copied early European efforts at utopianism
Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing
industrialism
Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their
radicalism
Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism
Two examples of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida
Explosion in the number of colleges; Oberlin College in Ohio became the first coed
college
Expansion of state-supported elementary schools
Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums for humane treatment of the insane
Prison reform
Oratory became the common form of entertainment and information
A popular way of staffing New England factories
Young women were hired from the surrounding countryside, brought to town, and
housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period
The owners called these “factories in the garden” to spread the idea that these facilities
would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mils in English towns
The rotating labor supply benefited owners, as no unions could be formed against
them
The system depended on technology to increase production
A series of laws that limited slave rights
Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment and to control
their slaves in any fashion they sought, without court intervention
Prohibited slaves from owning weapons, becoming educated, meeting with other
African-Americans without permission, and testifying against whites in court
Severely limited the rights of slaves
In his time, he was the best-known native writer in the United States an done of the
first American writers to gain fame throughout Europe
His satire is considered some of the first great comic literature written by an American
Stories included Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (both in 1820)
His writings reflected an increasing American nationalism, as the stories were based in
American settings
Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity
with God
Capable of unity without the help of the institutional church
Saw church as reactionary and stifling to self-expression
A belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, and traditional values, rooted in turnof-the-century Europe
Emphasized emotions and feeling over rationality
Reaction against the excesses of the Enlightenment led to a growing push for social
reform
Henry Clay’s solution to deadlock over the issue of the acceptance of the proposed
new state, Missouri
At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states
A slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power
John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment meant to prohibit the growth of
slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they had reached a
certain age
The Tallmadge Amendment caused the Senate to block the Missouri Compromise; it
sparked heated debate about the future of slavery
To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts became a new free state (Maine)
The legislative section prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating
that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of thirty-six-thirty north latitude would
prohibit slavery
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
140
Denmark
Vesey
Society and
Culture
1767(?)1822
141
Gibbons v.
Ogden
Legal
Issues
1824








142
Hudson River
School
Arts and
Sciences
1825-1875







143
James
Fennimore
Cooper
Arts and
Sciences
1789-1851





144
John James
Audubon
Arts and
Sciences
1785-1851
145
“Corrupt
Bargain” of
1824
Presidential
Matters
1824









146
John Quincy
Adams
Presidential
Matters
1825-1829





147
“Tariff of
Abominations
”
Domestic
Polices
1828



148
John Calhoun
Domestic
Policies
1782-1850



As a slave, he won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom
Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina
Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt
Vesey and thirty-four other slaves were hanged
Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real
Marshall Court decision
Determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including
navigation
Gibbons received a monopoly by New York to operate a steamboat between New
York and New Jersey
Ogden received the same rights through Congress
Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void
Use of judicial review over state law made this a division off powers case
Group of American landscape painters
Part of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812
The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to
paint their homeland
Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky
Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley
Artists included Thomas Doughty, Thomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse
American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey
His writing was influenced by the American frontier and America’s landscapes
His works include The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Water-Witch (1830), and The
American Democrat (1838)
His work, along with that of writers like Washington Irving, helped form the
foundation for distinctive American literature
Romantic-era artist
Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters
Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals
In 1886, a nature organization took his name
Four presidential candidates- Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams
(Secretary of State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford
(Secretary of the Treasury)
Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote; as a
result, the election went to the House of Representatives
Henry Clay, in the House of Representatives vote, threw his support to John Quincy
Adams
In exchange for Adams winning he presidency over Jackson, Adams gave Clay the
post of Secretary of State
Accusations of a “corrupt bargain” were made by Jackson, but are considered to be
largely untrue
Sixth President
Supporters called themselves National Republicans; Jackson supporters called
themselves Democratic-Republicans
Led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and Native
American affairs
Policies proved unpopular amidst increasing sectional interest and conflicts over
states’ rights
After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he forced
debates against slavery and against removal of certain Native American tribes, a
Jacksonian policy
Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by Southern planters
John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams’ Vice President, anonymously protested his own
leadership’s bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be
declared void within that state
This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other sates and would escalate
hostilities, leading to the Civil War
Vice President to both John Q. Adams and to his political rival, Andrew Jackson, who
defeated Adams in 1828
Champion of states’ rights
Author of an essay, “The South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” advocating
nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of the states to nullify federal
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
149
Andrew
Jackson
Presidential
Matters
1829-1837






150
Jacksonian
Politics
151
Spoils System





Domestic
Policies
1828





152
153
Alexis de
Tocqueville
The Second
Great
Awakening
and Protestant
Revivalism
Arts and
Sciences
Early
1830s






Society and
Culture


154
Mormonism
Society and
Culture
1830





155
WebsterHayne Debate
Domestic
Policies
1830





156
Nat Turner
Society and
Culture
1800-1831







laws
Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slaver and
states’ rights, digging deeply into the ideas that would drive the country to the Civil
War
Seventh President
After War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell Native American rebellions
After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, he defeated a British
force that had invaded New Orleans, safeguarding the Mississippi River
Popular president due to his image as the self-made Westerner
Implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service
Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove
Native American tribes west of the Mississippi
Was against the Bank of the United States
Called for a strong executive who liberally used the veto
Relied on the party system
Emphasized states’ rights
Politics came to rely on emotional appeals, with meetings in mass conventions to
nominate national candidates for office
Andrew Jackson’s method exchanging government official with new civil servants
“Rotation in office” was supposed to democratize government
This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because
he endorsed its usage
In general, officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration; they were
not always the most qualified for the positions
Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and
inefficiency; it was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act
French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States
Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic
process
Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality
Provided an outsider’s objective view of the Age of Jackson
A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals
The “Burnt Over District” was an area in Upstate New York that was the center of the
movement
Protestant Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing personal salvation,
strong nationalism, and the improvement of society through social reform
Revivalism included participation by women and blacks, demonstrating the influence
and growth of democracy
Created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment
Religion founded by Joseph Smith. Jr.
Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter Day Saints
Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of
Christianity to be abominations
Because of these claims and unusual practices such as polygamy, Mormons were
shunned
Eventually, formed community near Great Salt Lake under Brigham Young
Settlement became the State of Utah
Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that
focused on sectionalism and nullification
Came after the “Tariff of Abominations” incident
At issue was the source of constitutional authority- Was the Union derived from an
agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?
Webster states, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”
Slave who led insurrection in Southampton, Virginia in 1831
Influential among local slaves as a preacher
Believed it was his destiny to lead slaves to freedom
Led approximately six in revolt, killing the family of his owner and running rampant
through the nearby neighborhood, killing fifty-five white
The revolt was put down and Turner, some of his conspirators, and several free blacks
were executed
Led to stricter slave laws in the South and an end to the Southern organizations
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157
Tariff of 1832
and the Order
of
Nullification
Domestic
Policies
1832





158
Biddle’s
Banks
Economy
and
Business
1832




159
Texas,
Leading to the
Battle of the
Alamo
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1800s







160
Battle of the
Alamo
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
February
24-March
6, 1836






161
Sam Houston
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1793-1863
162
Gag Rule
Domestic
Policies
1836-1844



163
The Panic of
1837 and
Specie
Circular
Economy
and
Business
1837

Legal Issues
The
Charles
River
Bridge
Case
Society and
Culture
1837
164
165
Trail of Tears






1838-1839




advocating abolition
The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones
Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared
the tariff laws void; South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the
tariffs
Jackson, through a supporter of states’ rights, defended the Union above all, and asked
Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect tariffs by force
Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal
government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could back
down from nullification
Henry Clay presented this Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew
the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew
Andrew Jackson objected to the Bank of the United Sates created by Alexander
Hamilton
Jackson felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to
the will of working and rural class people
Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential
election in 1832 against Andrew Jackson
Nicholas Biddle, chairman of the Bank, worked with Clay to recharter the Bank four
years earlier than it due
Jackson vetoed the measure, increasing his popularity
Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to
Texas in the Adams-Onis treaty
Texas had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following a revolution
against Spain
Mexico offered land grants for immigration to the area; many Americans responded
and came to Texas, increasing population and revenue
Southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave masters; the presence of
slavery angered the Mexican government
When he population changed, Mexico’s power began to erode
Stephen Austin worked to first make Texas a Mexican sate and later independent of
Mexico
During Texas’s revolution against Mexico, Ft. Alamo was attacked by the Mexican
Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious
“Remember the Alamo” was the garrison’s battle cry its fight for independence
Leader of Texas independence
Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence
Houston requested both President Jackson and President Van Buren to recognize
Texas as a state, which was denied out of the fear that a new slave state would be
formed
Forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of Representatives
Stemmed from Southern members’ fear of slave emancipation
Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern
economic and political hegemony
Recession caused by President Jackson’s drastic movement of federal bank deposits to
state and local banks
Led to relaxed credit policies and inflation
Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, stating that land must be paid for in hard money,
not paper or credit
Recession lasted into 1840s
Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare
Jackson’s chief justice, Roger Taney, suggested that a state could cancel grant money
if the grant ceased to be in the interests of the community
Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Worcester v. Georgia was a response to Jackson’s Indian Removal Act
Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity
Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court, Andrew Jackson refused to
enforce the court’s decision
By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government’s demands to assimilate in to
Western-style democratic institutions
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

166
Horace Mann
Society and
Culture
1796-1859




167
Whig Party
Domestic
Policies
1840s





168
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Arts and
Sciences
1803-1882
169
Abolitionism
Society and
Culture
1830s
through
Civil War
170
William
Lloyd
Garrison
Society and
Culture
1805-1879














171
Frederick
Douglass
Society and
Culture
1817(?)1895
172
Population
Growth and
Change, Early
1800s
Society and
Culture
1800s
Society and
Culture
Women in
the Early
1800s
173









1800s






174
Martin Van
Buren
Presidential
Matters
1837-1841


Still, Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel
to an area in present-day Oklahoma
The migration’s effects were devastating as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed
about 4,000 Cherokee
American educator who was first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
Suggested reforms in education
Made available high-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling; the public
school system has lasted to present day
Mann has been called the father of the American public school
Group stemmed from the old Federalist Party, the old National Republican Party, and
others who opposed Jackson’s policies
Cultivated commercial and industrial development
Encouraged banks and corporations
Cautious approach to westward expansion
Support came largely from Northern business and manufacturing interests and from
large Southern planters
Included Calhoun, Clay and Webster
Transcendental essayist and lecturer
Self-Reliance (1841), one of his essays, promoted independence
Through the themes in his writing and through the independent life he lived, Emerson
strongly influenced American thought and culture
Began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states, which
had little success
Anti-slavery societies founded; some faced violent opposition
Movement split into two- radical followers and those who petitioned Congress
Entered politics through the Liberty Party, calling for non-expansion of slavery into
new western territories
Liberty Party would combine with the larger Free Soil Party membership
His newspaper, The Liberator, espoused his views that slaves should be immediately
emancipated
Many other anti-slavery advocates of the 1830s and 1840s recommended a gradualist
approach
Because of his inflexible position and the fiery language he used in his paper,
opposition to his policy developed within abolitionist groups
Garrison also advocated an unpopular position in favor of equal rights for women
After the Civil War, he promoted free trade, suffrage for women, and fair treatment for
Native Americans
An escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist
Escaped from his Maryland owner and published his own newspaper, The North Star
Favored the use of political methods of reform
In the Civil War, he helped put together regiments of African-Americans from
Massachusetts and urged others to join the Union Army
Known as the father of the American civil rights movement
Labor shortage meant more opportunity for work
Influx of immigration included German skilled labor and Irish Catholics, who faced
discrimination
Growth of population in the West and in rural areas
Urbanization outgrew public services, leading to inadequate security and clean water
for city-livers
Race riots, religious riots, and street crime became part of city society
Women participated in limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform
in nature, such as abolition
Employment was limited mostly to school-teaching
Still lived in a “cult of domesticity,” in which a woman’s role in marriage was to
maintain the home for her husband and to raise the children
A woman’s property became her husband’s
In future years, the women’s rights movement would rise to confront this “cult of
domesticity”
Eighth President
Democrat from New York who had served as Jackson’s vice president after Calhoun
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
175
William
Henry
Harrison
Presidential
Matters
1841
176
John Tyler
Presidential
Matters
1841-1845









177
Dorothea Dix
Society and
Culture
1802-1887






178
U.S.-British
Tension and
WebsterAshburton
Treaty
War and
Foreign
Relations
Treaty
signed in
1842



Irish and
German
Immigration
Society and
Culture
179


1800s





180
Manifest
Destiny
Wars and
Foreign
Relation
Phrase
coined in
1844





181
182
Transportatio
n in the 1840s
and 1850s
Four classes
in the South
Arts and
Sciences
1840s and
1850s
Society and
Culture
1800s





183
Slave Labor
System-
Society and
Culture
1800s



left the position
Established independent treasury, a system maintaining government funds
independently of the national banking systems; it existed in one form or another until
1921
Panic of 1837 hampered attempts to follow Jackson’s policies, and he was
unsuccessful in re-election
Ninth President
A westerner who fought against Native Americans
Nicknamed “Old Tippecanoe”
Vice President was John Tyler
Harrison died of pneumonia a month after inauguration
Tenth President
President following the death of William Henry Harrison
States’ righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist
Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn
against him
Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain
Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845
Social reformer who worked to help the mentally ill
Northeastern jails housed both criminals and the mentally ill in the same facilities
Dix became determined to change this
Her memorandum to the Massachusetts state legislature in 1842 led to the
establishment of state hospitals for the insane
American ship was burned by Canadian loyalists
Canada and the United States disputed the boundary of Maine
British ships sometimes stopped American ships to suppress American slave
smuggling
The treaty settled the boundary of Maine and border disputes in the Great Lakes
Created more cooperation between the United States and Britain in curbing the slave
trade
1840s saw dramatic increase in Irish immigration due to potato famine in Ireland
Poverty of the Irish immigrants caused settlement in eastern cities and competition for
jobs
1850s had increased in German immigration due to the failed revolution in 1848
Many Germans settled in Wisconsin because they had money and other resources;
helped to cultivate the upper-Midwest portion of the United States
The five points neighborhood of New York City included Irish immigrants, AfricanAmericans, and Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures; it encapsulated the melting-pot
phenomenon in the United States
Belief that America was destined to expand to the Pacific, and possibly into Canada
and Mexico
John O’Sullivan, an American Journalist, wrote an article pushing for the annexation
of Texas and coined the phrase “Manifest Destiny”
Came out of post-1812 War nationalism, reform impulse of the 1830s, and the need
for new resources
Those Whigs who supported Manifest Destiny favored more peaceful means; other
Whigs feared American expansion, concerned about raising the slavery issue in new
territories
Manifest Destiny was an engine of both discovery and destruction; while America
pushed westward, the ideas behind Manifest Destiny fueled the Mexican War and the
displacement of Native Americans
Tremendous expansion of railroad lines, creating a national market for goods
Railroads linked the Midwest to the Northeast
Steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel
Yeomen- Largest group; worked land independently, sometimes along with slaves, to
produce their own foods, like corn
Planters- Owned large farms and groups of slaves; exercised political and economic
control with cotton exports
Poor whites- Lived in squalor, often worse than the slaves
Slaves- worked land; three-fourths of whites in the South did not own slaves
On large farms, white overseers directed black drivers, who supervised groups in the
fields as they performed gang labor
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

Three
Categories

184
Slaves in
Southern
Urban Areas
Society and
Culture
1800s



185
Elements of
Slavery
Society and
Culture
1700s1800s




186
Southern
Response to
Slavery
Society and
Culture
187
The
Underground
Railroad and
Harriet
Tubman
Society and
Culture
188
James K. Polk
Presidential
Matters
1790s1860s





1840s1860s
(Railroad);
1820(?)1913
(Harriet
Tubman)
1845-1849
189
Edgar Allen
Poe
Arts and
Sciences
1809-1849
190
Causes of the
Mexican War
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1844-1846



















191
Mexican War
War and
Foreign
Relations
1846-1848








On smaller farms, a slave was assigned specific tasks, then given the remainder of the
day to himself
House servants were spared physical labor, but they enjoyed less privacy and had
direct responsibility to the master
Slaves served as factory workers or in construction
Some purchased their freedom with their savings or disappeared into society
As sectional troubles rose, fewer slaves were able to buy freedom or work in urban
areas
Slaves suffered varying degrees of repression, although most received adequate
housing and diet
Slaves did commit some violent uprisings
Many slaves tried to run away into bordering free states
Injustice created quiet revolt as slaves sabotaged their facilities, found ways to become
unproductive for their masters, and ridiculed their owners
Despite their repression, slaves created their own common culture
Defense of slavery shifted from an early view (1790) that slavery was a “necessary
evil” to being a “positive good”(after 1840)
Used scientific arguments, biblical texts, and historical examples to justify slavery
Both this defensive position and abolitionist sentiment increased
Some Southerners, like George Fitzhugh, a Virginia lawyer, defended slavery by
condemning Northern “wage slavery”; he used the idea of Africa-American inferiority
to suggest that whites were protecting slaves from a world of fierce competition in
which, on their own, they would not survive
Method used to move slaves to free territory in the United States and Canada
Harriet Tubman was a slave smuggler and “conductor” of the Underground Railroad
A freed slave herself, Tubman led over 300 to freedom
The Underground Railroad led to tension between states
Eleventh President
“Dark Horse” Democratic candidate who became president
Introduced a new independent treasury system
Lowered the tariff with Walker Tariff
Settled Oregon boundary dispute with the Oregon Treaty (Treaty of Washington1846) at forty-ninth parallel rather than fifty-four forty
Big believer in Manifest Destiny
Acquired California
He led the United States into the Mexican War
Southern Romantic Era writer
Author of The Raven (1845) and many tales of terror and darkness
Explored the world of the spirit and the emotions
The new Mexican republic would not address grievances held by United States
citizens, who claimed property losses and personal injuries resulting from conflicts
during the Mexican revolution
Due to sentiment arising form the idea of Manifest Destiny, there was an increased
American interest in Mexican-held Western territory
The United States had aided Texas in its revolt against the Mexican government and
there was growing momentum toward a United States annexation of Texas
When the United States Congress annexed Texas, Polk sent John Slidell to negotiate a
settlement for the land, for California, and for western Mexico territory
The Mexican government rejected Slidell
John C. Fremont (United States) won attacks by land and sea in California
Zachary Taylor defeated large forces in Mexico
Mexicans refused to negotiate, so President Polk ordered forces led by Winfield Scott
into Mexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ended the war, giving the United States land
originally sought by Slidell (New Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, and parts of
Colorado, Utah, and Nevada)
Border set at Rio Grande
Raised questions of slavery in the new territory
Henry David Thoreau and a young Whig, Abraham Lincoln, opposed the war
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
192
Wilmot
Proviso
War and
Foreign
Relations
1846




193
Popular
Sovereignty
Legal
Issues
1840s

1847-1848




194
Free Soil
Party
Legal
Issues

195
Mexican
Cession and
Slavery
War and
Foreign
Relations
1848





196
Gold Rush
Economy
and
Business
1848-1850s
197
Zachary
Taylor
Presidential
Matters
1849-1850









198
Industry by
1850
Economy
and
Business
Pre 1850




199
Agriculture
by 1850
Arts and
Sciences
Pre 1850
200
Northern
Blacks, 1850
Society and
Culture
1850









201
The North,
1850
Society and
Culture
1850




202
The South,
1850
Society and
Culture
1850







Amendment to a Mexican War appropriations bill
Proposed that slavery could not exist in any territory to be acquired from Mexico
The amendment was defeated several times in Congress
Represented the looming question of slavery’s future, which would be decided in the
Civil War
Doctrine under which the status of slavery in the territories was to be determined by
the settlers themselves
Doctrine was first put forward by General Lewis Cass
Promoted by Stephen A. Douglas
Meant as a resolution to the looming crisis of the slavery question
Party created by those Democratic Republicans opposed to slavery; included antislavery Whigs and former Liberty party members
Opposed extension of slavery into new territories; supported national improvement
programs and small tariffs to raise revenue
Zachary Taylor defeated Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren for president in 1848
Argument existed about slavery in the newly-acquired Mexican Cession
States-righters believed that the territory was the property of all states and that the
federal government had no right to prohibit property ownership in territories
Many anti-slavery and federal government supporters contended that congress had the
power to make laws for the territories
Argument in favor of federal power was based on the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
and the Missouri Compromise of 1820
Miners who rushed to California after the discovery of gold were called “Forty-niners”
Over 80,000 prospectors “rushed” to San Francisco
Increased population led to California joining the Union as a free state
Connected to the idea of Manifest Destiny
Twelfth President
Famous general in Mexican War
Whig President
Opposed the spread of slavery
Encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly as states to avoid the
issue of slavery
Died suddenly in 1850; replaced by Millard Fillmore
Mostly located in the North
Industry’s value surpassed agriculture
United States technology exceeded Europe in such areas as rubber, coal power, mass
production, and the telegraph
Cheap immigrant labor threatened the established workers’ jobs
Agriculture technology increased harvest sizes, saved on labor, and made selling farm
goods to international markets possible
Demand for agricultural land grew
Railroad was used to help transport goods
John Deere, an American manufacturer, pioneered the steel-plow industry
Cyrus McCormack invented the mechanical reaper
Organized churches and groups
200,000 free blacks lived in the North and West, although their lives were restricted
by prejudicial laws
Immigration and new sources of labor for employers threatened the economic security
of northern blacks
Wages were increasing and the economy was growing
Railroad competition began to harm the canal business
Large numbers of Irish and German immigrated to the United States
Urbanization increased as the population grew, bringing problems such as slums,
impure water, rats, and foul sewage
Plantation system: cash crops grown by slave labor
Agrarian slave labor was more profitable than using slaves in factories
Capital funds were tied up in land and slaves, so little was left for investing in new
growth or industry
Value system put emphasis on leisure and elegance
Unlike the North, the South remained agrarian and its population was less dense
Due to the rise of cotton, the influence of the Gulf States in the South grew
Cotton became the largest export of the United States
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

203
Stephen
Douglas
Legal
Issues
1813-1861





204
205
Compromise
of 1850 (
Omnibus Bill)
Fugitive
Slave Act
Legal
Issues
1850



Legal
Issues
1850










206
Millard
Fillmore
Presidential
Matters
1850-1853







207
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
Arts and
Sciences
1811-1896




208
Franklin
Pearce
Presidential
Matters
1852-1856







209
Henry David
Thoreau
Arts and
Sciences
1817-1862




Slave importation continued through the 1850s into southwestern states, despite the
federal outlaw
Senator from Illinois dubbed the “Little Giant”
Was an expansionist and a supporter of the Mexican War
Broke the Compromise of 1850 into smaller, more acceptable pieces of legislation and
pushed it through using various allies in Congress
During a Senate campaign, participated in debates against Abraham Lincoln (dubbed
the Lincoln-Douglas debates)
He believed popular sovereignty was the appropriate way to handle the slavery
question
Introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854
Proposed by Henry Clay and handled by Stephen Douglas to assure passage by both
Northerners and Southerners
Douglas broke the legislation into various pieces, which helped assure that each of its
parts would pass
The compromise led to sectional harmony for several years
California admitted as a free state
New Mexico and Utah territories would be decided by popular sovereignty
Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia
Tough Fugitive Slave Act passed
Federal payment to Texas ($10 million) for lost New Mexico Territory
Part of the Compromise of 1850
This new Act reinvigorated enforcement of some guidelines that had already been
established in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which had been mostly ignored in
Northern states
Created a federal commissioners who could pursue fugitive slaves in any state; paid
$10 per returned slave
Blacks living in the North and claimed by slave catchers were denied portions of legal
due process
Some Northern states passed personal liberty laws that contradicted the Act
Led to riots in the North and increased the rift between the North and the South
Thirteenth President
Became President after Zachary Taylor died
As a congressman, he revealed his opposition to both the expansion of slavery and the
various abolitionist activities, driving away supporters
Supported the Compromise of 1850
Failed to obtain a nomination in 1852, but was nominated by both Whigs and the
Know-Nothing Movement in 1856
Know-Nothing Party (Nativists)(1840s-1850s) was anti-immigrant and anti-catholic
Worked with Grimke Sisters. Elizabeth Stanton, and other leaders to pursue activist
goals
Early activist in the feminist movement and author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851), a
novel about slavery
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was denounced in the South and praised in the North; it turned
many toward active opposition to slavery and helped bolster sympathy for abolition by
Europeans who had read it
Fourteenth President
Democratic president from New Hampshire
Supported Manifest Destiny despite Northern concerns that it would lead to the spread
of slavery
Signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Sent Commodore Matthew Perry into Japan to open the country to diplomacy and
commerce (Treaty of Kanagawa)
Opened Canada to greater trade
Pierce’s diplomats failed in their attempts to purchase Cuba from Spain; leading to the
drafting of the Ostend Manifesto
Transcendental writer
His Walden (1854) repudiated the repression of society and preached non-violent civil
disobedience
He protested unjust laws, slavery, and the Mexican War
To demonstrate against these issues, Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax and was
forced to spend one night in jail
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

210
Ostend
Manifesto
War and
Foreign
Relations
1854




211
Evolution of
the Major
Political
Parties to preCivil War
Domestic
Policies
1787-1854






212
KansasNebraska Act
Domestic
Policies
1854





213
1854


Creation of
Lincoln’s
Republican
Party
Domestic
Policies
214
Walt
Whitman
Arts and
Sciences
1819-1892



215
James
Buchanan
Presidential
Matters
1857-1861






216
Causes of the
Panic of 1857
Economy
and
Business
1857






217
Dred Scott v.
Sandford
Legal
Issues
1857




Thoreau’s ideology was reflected in future advocates like Gandhi and Martin Luther
King Jr.
Drafted by James Buchanan, John Mason, and Pierre Soule after Soule failed to
purchase Cuba from Spain
Suggested that the United States should take Cuba from Spain by force if Spain
refused to sell it
Abolitionists saw Ostend as a plot to extend slavery
Southerners supported the manifesto, as they had feared Cuba would be a free “black
republic”
Key Moment: Debate over the adoption of a federal constitution
Parties: Federalists and Anti-Federalists- who disagreed about the power and influence
of the central government
Evolutionary Point: After the Constitution was adopted, the Jeffersonian Republicans
absorbed the Anti-Federalist Party and by 1800 the Federalist Party declined
Key Moment: Disagreement over John Q. Adam’s defeat of Andrew Jackson
Parties: Whig Party and Democratic-Republicans- Whigs were a combination of those
who opposed President Jackson’s policies and those who had supported John Q.
Adams
Evolutionary Point: After death of Whig President William Henry Harrison, issues
became more about sectional unrest
Legislation introduced by Stephen Douglas to organize the area west of Missouri and
Iowa
One goal was to facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad that ran west from
Chicago
Called for two territories to be created (Kansas and Nebraska) and the issue of slavery
to be decided by popular sovereignty
Nebraska became a free territory
Kansas’ status was impacted by fighting between pro- and anti-slavery groups who
moved to the area; the conflict was termed “Bleeding Kansas”
The Democratic Party divided along North-South lines
The Whig Party disintegrated, with its members either joining the Know-Nothings or
the newly-created Republican Party
The Republican Party’s unifying principle was that slavery should be banned from all
the nation’s territories and not permitted to spread any further to established states
Northern Romantic era poet
Wrote a volume of poems, Leaves of Grass (1855)
Celebrated the importance of individualism and is considered the poet of American
democracy
Fifteenth President
Presided over the country when the Dred Scott decision was announced
Backed the Lecompton Constitution to appease the South
Buchanan, still acting as president after Lincoln’s election, denied the legal right of
states to secede but believed that the federal government could not legally prevent
them
Before leaving office, Buchanan appointed Northerners to federal posts and helped to
prepare Fort Sumter with reinforcements
Failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. in New York
Over speculation in railroads and lands
Decrease in flow of European capital for United States investments because of
Europe’s own wars
Surplus of what hurt Northern farmers
Panic spread to Europe, South America, and the Far East
The Panic fueled sectional tensions as Northerners blamed it on the low tariff policies
of the Southern-dominated Congress
Supreme Court case involving a slave, Scott, who was taken by his master from
Missouri, a slave state, to Illinois, a free state
After Scott had been returned to Missouri, he sued for freedom for himself and his
family, stating that by residing in a free state he had ended his slavery
President Buchanan meant for the case’s decision to serve as the basis for the slavery
issue
Pro-Southern Judge Taney ruled that Scott did not have the right of citizenship, which
he would need to be able to bring forth a suit
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377


218
Lecompton
Constitution
Domestic
Policies
1857



219
LincolnDouglas
Debates
Domestic
Policies
1858





220
John Brown
Society and
Culture
1809-1859




221
222
223
Transportatio
n from 18601900
Arts and
Sciences
Election of
1860
Presidential
Matters
Abraham
Lincoln
Presidential
Matters
1860-1900
1860
1861-1865

















224
Secession
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
Began
1860




225
Civil War
Conscription
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1860s



226
Civil War
Advantages
Wars and
Foreign
1860s



Ruled further that the Missouri Compromise itself was unconstitutional because
Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, as slaves were property
The Scott decision would apply to all African-Americans, who were regarded as
inferior and, therefore, without rights
Document submitted by pro-slavery leaders in territorial Kansas that put no
restrictions on slavery
Free-soilers boycotted the constitutional convention in Lecompton because the
document would not leave Kansas a free territory
Though President Buchanan supported the constitution as the basis for Kansas’
statehood, Congress voted against it
The constitution was turned down and Kansas remained a territory
Came out of the Illinois senatorial campaign between Stephen Douglas and Abraham
Lincoln
Slavery was a major issue in the debates, as Douglas maintained that popular
sovereignty was supported by the basic elements of democracy
Douglas’ “Freeport Doctrine”- despite the Dred Scott case, slavery could be prevented
by the refusal of the people living in a territory to pass laws favorable to slavery
Lincoln had a moral opposition to slavery’s spread and demanded constitutional
protection where it existed
Lincoln lost the Senate election to Douglas, but he stepped into the national limelight
Brown and his sons killed five pro-slavery settlers in Kansas in an incident known as
the “Pottawatamie Creek Massacre”
He was supported by some northern abolitionists to start a countrywide revolution
He led followers to seize a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, hoping to start
the rebellion (1859)
Brown was arrested and hanged
Brown was often referred to as “God’s Angry man”
Railroad transportation provided opportunities for movement of goods and people to
the West and raw materials to the East
Affected population movements
Made Chicago one of he most populous cities in the nation by 1900
Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln
Major plank of his campaign- containment of slavery and encouragement of
transcontinental rail
The Democratic vote was split between Douglas and several other strong candidates
Lincoln won the election, and after his inauguration, the South seceded
Sixteenth President
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates won him high national regard and, eventually, the
Republican nomination for president
Produced and led a Northern army to defend the Union against the secessionists
Suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War, which was upheld by Congress
Issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves within the Confederacy
Developed the “10% Plan” for Reconstruction
Gave the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, which began “Four score and
seven years ago…”
Assassinated while attending a play at Ford’s heater in Washington; the assassin, John
Wilkes Booth, believed he was assisting the Southern cause
Response to the election of Abraham Lincoln, who sough to contain slavery
South Carolina voted to secede on December 20, 1860
Over the next two months Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and
Texas seceded
These states declared themselves the Confederate States of America and elected
Jefferson Davis as president, adopting a constitution that permitted slavery rights and
the sovereignty of states
Congress passed a federal conscription law in 1863
Rioting in the North took place, notably in New York City, when drafted individuals
were permitted o avoid service by hiring a substitute or paying $300
The Confederacy’s short supply of manpower meant an earlier draft, beginning in
1862
Southerners could also hire substitutes or purchase an exemption
Only needed to resist being conquered
Vast in land size
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377


for the South
Relations
227
Civil War
Advantages
for the North
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1860s
228
Anaconda
Plan
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1861
229
The
Homestead
Act
Domestic
Policies
1862
Battle of
Antietam
Wars and
Foreign
Relation
230
231
Emancipation
Proclamation
September
17, 1862


Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1863








Battle of
Gettysburg
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1863
233
Civil War
Ships
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1860s
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1864
Sherman’s
March to the
Sea




232
235

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
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





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
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
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

236
237
238
Northern
Election of
1864
Wade-Davis
Bill
Conclusion of
Presidential
Matters
1864



Wars and
Foreign
Relations
Domestic
1864
April 9,







Troops would fight in their familiar home territory
Highly qualified senior officers including Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, Albert
Sidney Johnston, and Stonewall Jackson
Inspired to protect their familiar institutions and culture
Greater population
Better railroad lines and more established trade routes than the South
More wealth
Were able to use the moral issue of fighting slavery as motivation
Civil War strategy planned by Northern Winfield Scott to crush the Southern rebellion
Called for a naval blockade to shut out European supplies and exports, a campaign to
take the Mississippi River and, thereby, split the South, and a targeting of Southern
cities in hopes that pro-Unionists would rise up in the South and overthrow the
secession
Both the blockade and the taking of the Mississippi were successful
Granted 160 acres of government land to any person who would farm it for at least
five years
The government helped to settle the West with this provision
This “free soil” proposal became law when the Southern Democrats were not part of
Congress
General George McClellan attempted to defeat Lee and shorten the war, but failed
McClellan had discovered detailed plans for Lee’s entire operation but ignored the
opportunity because of overcautionsness
Lee’s army was forced to retreat to Virginia after a bloody battle at Antietam
McClellan’s failure to pursue Lee led Lincoln to remove him from command
Declared all slaves to be free in areas under rebel control, tux exempting conquered
areas of the South
Lincoln was criticized for not abolishing slavery everywhere
Led to slaves in the South leaving their plantations
Increased morale in the North
Party designed to keep England from joining the war on the side of the South
Changed perception of the war from a conflict to preserve the Union to a war to end
slavery
Lee invade Pennsylvania from Virginia, pursued by Northern General Meade
Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia
The bloodiest, most decisive battle of the Civil War
Farthest northern advance of the Confederacy
Ironclads were Civil War ships protected from cannon fire by iron plates bolted over
the sloping wooden sides
Confederates outfitted an old wooden warship, the Merrimack, with iron railroad rails
and renamed it the Virginia; it achieved devastating results
The Union’s Monitor fought the Merrimack to a standstill
General William Tecumseh Sherman led Union troops through Georgia
Sherman and Union Commander, Ulysses S. Grant, believed in a “total war” that
would break the South’s psychological capacity to fight; Sherman’s army sought to
eliminate civilian support of Southern troops
Sherman captured and burned Atlanta in September of 1864
The Purpose of destroying Georgia was to lower Southern morale and diminish
supplies
Sherman led troops to Savannah, then on to South and North Carolina
Lincoln ran against General McClellan, who claimed hat the war was a failure and
called for a peace settlement
Lincoln ran on the ticket of national unity with Andrew Johnson, a loyalist from
Tennessee
Sherman’s taking of Atlanta helped Lincoln win the election
Those sympathetic in the Southern cause were labeled “Copperheads”
A proposal to reunite the country by Senators Wad and Davis
Required that 50 percent of a state’s white male voters take a loyalty oath to be
readmitted to the Union
Demanded stronger efforts on behalf of states to emancipate slaves
Lincoln “pocket-vetoed” the bill in favor of his “10% Plan”
With his forces surrounded, General Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
the Civil War
239
Freedman’s
Bureau
Policies
Domestic
Policies
1865
1865






240
Radical
Republicans
Domestic
Policies
1860s



241
Civil War
Amendments
Domestic
Policies
1865-1870





242
Black Codes
Society and
Culture
Began
1865




243
Jim Crow
Laws
Society and
Culture
1880s1900s



244
Booker T.
Washington
Society and
Culture
1856-1915






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245
Andrew
Johnson
Presidential
Matters
1865-1869






246
“Seward’s
Folly”
Wars and
Foreign
Relations
1867




247
Carpetbaggers
Society and
Post Civil

Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
Lee’s surrender caused the remaining Confederate soldiers to lay down their arms
By the end of the conflict, the country had sustained over 600,000 casualties
Congressional support agency providing food, clothing, and education for freed slaves
Ex-slave states were divided into districts that were managed by assistant
commissioners
Despite its benefits, the Bureau failed to establish the freed slaves as landowners
It organized the African-American vote for the Republican Party, creating great
animosity toward the Bureau in the South
Faction of the Republican Party that believed the Civil War was meant to stop slavery
and emancipate all slaves
Believed Congress should control Reconstruction and no the president
Rejected the reentry of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana into the Union, despite
their qualification under the “10% Plan”
They wanted the rebellious South to be dealt with in a harsher manner
Ben Wade and Thad Stevens were among their members
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)- Abolished slavery in the United States
Fourteenth Amendment (1868)- African-Americans became citizens and no state
could deny life, liberty, or property without due process of the law
Fifteenth Amendment (1870)- No state could deny the right to vote on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude
Restrictions by Southern states on former slaves
Designed to replicate the conditions of slavery in the post-Civil War South
Various codes prohibited meetings without a white present, while others established
segregated public facilities
Led to Radical Republican opposition and exclusion of Southern representation in
Congress
Laws separating whites and African-Americans in public facilities and restricting their
legal guarantees, such as the right to vote
Often part of state statutes
Support for these laws was provided in the Plessy v. Ferguson case, demonstrating the
limits of the Fourteenth Amendment
Name of the laws are said to be derived from a character in a minstrel song
The son of a slave and a white man
Taught at Hampton Institute and in 1881, helped organize a school for AfricanAmericans in Tuskegee, Alabama
The Tuskegee Institute emphasized industrial training to help African-Americans
gather wealth and become influential in society
Claimed that it was a mistake for blacks to push for social equality before they had
become economically equal
His ideas were denounced by some leaders in the African-American community
Lectured throughout the United States and Europe and wrote various pieces, including
his autobiography, Up From Slavery
Seventeenth President
Vice President who took over presidency after Lincoln’s assassination
He initially followed Lincoln’s policies but gradually became more conservative,
giving amnesty to former Confederate officials and opposing legislation that dealt with
former slaves
His veto of the Civil Rights Act was overridden by Congress, which decreased his
political sway
Johnson’s opposition to the Radical Republicans and his violation of the Tenure of
Office Act led to his impeachment by the House
The Senate was organized as a court to hear the impeachment charges, but it came one
vote short of the constitutional two-thirds required for removal
Derisive title of Secretary of State William Seward’s decision to purchase Alaska for
$7.2 million from Russia
Congress agreed to the purchase, as Russia had been pro-North during the Civil War
Most members thought he purchase to be foolhardy since the land was in such a
remote location
Russia was willing to sell Alaska because Russia was overextended abroad and feared
the loss of Alaska in a future war
Derogatory Southern name for Northerners who came to the South to participate in
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
Culture
248
249
Scalawags
Ulysses S.
Grant
Society and
Culture
Presidential
Matters
WarReconstruct
ion
Post Civil
WarReconstruct
ion







1869-1877


250
Credit
Mobilier
Scandal
Economy
and
Business
1867-1872
First
Transcontin
ental
Railroad
Arts &
Sciences
1869

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
#251
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#252
Knights of
Labor
Economy
and
Business
1869

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
#253
Panic of
1873
Economic
s&
Business
1873
#254
Whiskey
Ring Fraud
Economic
s&
Business
1870’s
#255
Mark Twain
(Samuel
Langhorne
Clemens)
Art &
Sciences
18351910
#256
Rutherford
B. Hayes









Presidenti
al Matters
18771881
Reconstruction governments
Name came from the cloth bags of possessions many of them used to travel South
Response by some violent Southern whites led to organization of the Ku Klux Klan
Derogatory name for Southerners working for or supporting the federal government
during Reconstruction
Some of these Southerners had opposed the war from the beginning, while others
helped Reconstruction for financial gains
Became a target of he Ku Klux Klan
Eighteenth President
Fought in the Mexican War, captured Vicksburg as a Union general, and accepted
General lee’s surrender
Appointed Secretary of War by Andrew Johnson in 1867; disagreed with Johnson’s
policies and won election through support of Radical Republicans
Despite his personal honesty and honor, his administration was marred by scandals
such as Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring
Stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad created a dummy company, Credit
Mobilier
The company was supposed o complete the transcontinental railroad, but instead it
stole millions of dollars from the government
Blame for the scandal fell on Grant and his cabinet
Completed With Golden Spike at Promontory Point, Utah
Marked the meeting of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads.
During construction, the Union Pacific used Irish labor while the Central Pacific
used Chinese labor.
The connection of the railroads opened national markets and met growing
economic needs.
Militant organization seeking solutions to labor problems.
Allowed skilled and unskilled workers (along with women and blacks) to join.
Wanted an eight-hour work day, termination of child labor, equal pay for equal
work, and the elimination of private banks.
Under Terrence Powderly’s leadership, the Knights reached membership of over
700,000
Downfall caused by emergence of the AFL, mismanagement, and financial losses
from unsuccessful strikes
Economic depression during Grant’s second term
Overexpansive, unregulated business during the post-Civil War years, the failure
of American investment banking firms, and economic downturns in Europe all
contributed to the panic
Led to the retirement of greenbacks and a return to the gold standard
To aid in the cost of the Civil War, liquor taxes were increased
Distillers and treasury officials conspired to defraud the government by giving out
cheap tax stamps, robbing the government of millions in excise tax
One of the scandals of Grant’s administration
American novelist who grew up in Hannibal, Missouri
Early jobs as both a printer’s apprentice and a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi
River
His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876), Huckleberry
Finn(1885), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court(1889)

Twain’s writings portray the essence of life and speech during the
era; his use of a distinctly American vernacular influenced future
fiction writers




Nineteenth President
Former Ohio governor who was the Republican presidential nominee in 1876
Won election through the compromise of 1877
During his term, he removed federal troops from the South
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#257
Compromise
of 1877
Presidenti
al Matters
1877






#258
Railroad
Strike
#259
Half-Breeds,
Stalwarts,
and
Mugwumps
Economic
s&
Business
Domestic
Policies
1877
1880s








#260
Gilded Age
Economy
&
Business
1870s1890s




#261
Social
Darwinism
Arts &
Sciences
1880s

Captains of
Industry or
Robber
Barons
John D.
Rockefeller
Economy
&
Business
1880s
Economy
&
Business
18391937
Andrew
Carnegie
Economy
&
Business
18351919
#262
#263
#264

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
#265
#266
J.P. Morgan
William
Randolph
Economic
s and
Business
18371913
Arts &
Sciences
18631951




Dealt with railroad strike in 1877
Compromise came after the disputed presidential election of 1876 between
Tilden won the popular vote but neither candidate won the electoral vote; three
states’ electoral votes were in dispute
The Democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency
Hayes promised to show consideration for Southern interests, end Reconstruction,
aid Southern industrialization, and withdraw remaining forces from the South
This settlement left the freed Southern blacks without support from the
Republican Party
Pay cuts caused labor strikes to spread through the country
Workers of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad went on strike over a second pay cut
President Hayes used federal troops to restore order after workers were killed
Factions of the Republican Party in the 1880s
Half-Breeds-Supported civil service reform and merit appointments to
government
Stalwarts – Opposed civil service reform and supported protective tariff
Mugwumps – Group that left Republican Party to become Democrats; this group
heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the
presidential nominee, as the group suspected his involvement in past corruption
Election of 1880 united Garfield, a Half-Breed, and Vice President Chester
Arthur, a Stalwart
Period of the new industrial era
Phrase coined by Mark Twain
America emerged as the world’s leading industrial and agricultural producer
Profits became increasingly centralized in the hands of fewer people
Theory that wealth was based on the survival of the fittest; associated with Charles
Darwin’s work
Wealthy industrial leaders used the doctrines to justify a vast differences in classes
Supporters included Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner
Leaders of large, efficient corporations
Often gained wealth through questionable business means
Monopolies by these large companies led to demands by small businessmen and
laborers for government regulation
Founder of Standard Oil Company
Used such business practices as horizontal integration, trusts, and rebates to grow
Standard Oil
Also invested in banks, railroads, and timber
After making money through investments in a sleeping car company and oil,
Andrew Carnegie moved on to work in the War Department
He went to work in the iron business and then moved into steel after learning of
the Bessemer Process, which formed steel from pig iron
Grew Carnegie Steel Company through acquisitions
Wrote the article, “Gospel of Wealth,” for the North American Review, which
offered the belief that the wealthy were just trustees of their money
and that they must use their efforts to benefit society
His philanthropic ventures included Carnegie Hall and public
libraries
Wall Street banker whose company financed railroads, banks and insurance
companies
Bought out Carnegie for $400 million
Philanthropist
Inherited the San Francisco Chronicle
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

Hearst


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#267
James
Garfield
Presidenti
al Matters
1881
#268
Chester
Arthur
Presidenti
al Matters
18811885
#269
Chinese
Exclusion
Act
Modern
Navy
Domestic
Policies
1882


Wars &
Foreign
Relations
1880s

Presidenti
al Matters
18851889 and
18931897
#270
#271
Grover
Cleveland








#272
Wabash case
Legal
Issues
1886



#273
American
Federation
of Labor
(AFL)
Economy
&
Business
1886



#274
#275
Haymarket
Square Riot
Interstate
Commerce
Act
Economy
&
Business
May 4,
1886
Domestic
Policies
1887









Built media empire, including newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and movie
studios
His “Yellow Journalism,” writing that dealt with sensational news, helped lead the
United States into the Spanish-American War
Twentieth President
Former Ohio Congressman and Union General
Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker, shot and killed Garfield
His assassination spurred the passage of the Pendleton Act
Twenty-first president
Assumed presidency when Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau
Worked to outlaw polygamy in Utah and to strengthen the Navy
Supported the Pendleton Act, which established open competitive exams for civil
service jobs and officially ended the Spoils System, which had been popular under
Andrew Jackson
Only legislation passed to limit immigration of any one group of people
Passed in response to the Chinese who settled in California after building the
railroads
Construction of new steel ships led the United States to take the lead in the world
naval rankings
United States naval war college was established on October 6, 1884
Alfred Thayer Mahan(1840-1914) was a U.S. naval officer, President of Newport
War college, and author who pushed for imperialism and growth of the U.S. Navy
Repair and coaling stations helped expand the Navy’s effectiveness
Twenty-second and twenty-fourth President
The first democrat elected after the Civil war
He vetoed many private pension bills to Civil War Veterans who submitted
fraudulent claims
Signed the Interstate Commerce Act
Sent in federal troops to enforce an injunction against striking railroad workers in
Chicago
Case challenged legislation made by the State of Illinois against railroads; the
state was trying to appease the demands of farmers for lower railroad rates
The Supreme Court determined that states had no power to regulate interstate
commerce
Case undid an earlier victory for states established in the Munn v. Illinois case
(1877), which had allowed for regulation
Combination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours,
and safety
Individuals were members of their local unions, which in turn, were members of
the AFL
Rather than revolutionary changes, they sought a better working life; their
philosophy was “pure and simple unionism”
First president was Samuel Gompers
Large rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago shortly after striking began at
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Police attempted to disperse the crowd, which was followed by a bomb explosion
Eleven were killed and over 100 were injured
Eight anarchist were put on trial and four were executed
Incident was used to discredit the Knights of Labor
Established the Interstate Commerce Commission in part to monitor
discrimination within the railroad industry
Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates
Also prohibited unfair discrimination against shippers and prohibited the practice
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

#276
Dawes
Severalty
Act
Society &
Culture
1887




#277
Jane
Addams
Society &
Culture
18601935



#278
Benjamin
Harrison
Presidenti
al Matters
18891893







#279
Battle of
Wounded
Knee
Society
and
Culture
1890




#280
Progressivis
m
Society &
Culture
18901914



#281
Sherman
Antitrust
Act
Legal
Issues
1890



#282
Populist
Party
Domestic
Policies
1890





of charging more short hauls than long hauls
In general, the Act opened competition, the goal of which was to preserve equality
and spur innovation
Legislation encouraging the breakup of Native American tribes in hopes of
assimilating them into society
Distributed native American reservation lands among individual members of the
tribe to form a system of agriculture more similar to the white mans
Gave each head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres
of grazing land
Effect was to nearly destroy the reservation system, as the remaining tribal lands
were opened up for whites
American social reformer
Provided the services of the Hull House in Chicago (1889) to help poor
immigrants settle
Member of the “Social Gospel” movement, which applied lessons from the Bible
to help solve problems of immigration and urbanization
Won 1931 Nobel Peace Prize
Twenty-third President
Former senator and lawyer
He was nominated for the presidency on the eighth ballot at the 1888 Republican
Convention
Defeated Grover Cleveland, despite receiving fewer popular votes
Submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii, although President Cleveland
later withdrew it
Signed many appropriations bills for naval improvement and internal
improvements
Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands,
rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity; this frightened the white settlers
The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was planning a rebellion; acting on
the settlers’ fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief
In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull
and others were killed; the remainder of the tribe fled to a camp near Wounded
Knee Creek
When the army reached this camp, a shot was fired, and in reaction, the army
killed 200 men, women, and children in what is considered the last battle of the
Indian Wars
Social, political, and economic reform that came as an American response to
problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration
Democratic reformers were made throughout states and the national government
Reforms helped develop the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Nineteenth
Amendments`
Based on congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce
Declared every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate trade
to be illegal
Corporate monopolies were exposed to federal prosecution if found to conspire in
restraining trade
The Supreme Court applied the act to both labor unions and corporations
Consisted mostly of farmers
Members who met in Nebraska wrote their “Omaha Platform”
The demands of the platform included free and unlimited coinage of silver, a
graduated income tax, and government ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and
railroad industries
Many of these ideas were later adopted by the Progressive Party
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#283
#284
#285
Homestead
Strike
Eugene V.
Debs
Hawaii
Economy
&
Business
1892
Economy
&
Business
18851926
War &
Foreign
Relations


Republic
Founded
in 1894











#286
#287
#288
Frederick
Winslow
Taylor
Arts &
Sciences
18561915
The
Influence of
Sea Power
Upon
History,
1660-1783
Plessy v.
Ferguson
Arts &
Sciences
Published
1890
Legal
Issues
1896










#289
W.E.B
DuBois
Society &
Culture
18681963




#290
Cross of
Gold Speech
Presidenti
al Matters
1896




#291
William
Presidenti
1897-

Iron and steel workers’ strike against Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh to
protest salary reductions
Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton security guards to protect Carnegie’s plant, but
fighting began and several deaths resulted on both sides
Pennsylvania state militia was brought in to take control
Became president of American Railway Union in 1893
Led successful strikes against the Great Northern Railway and against the
Pullmans Palace Car Company
Was the founder of the Social Democratic Party
Ran for president as a Socialist candidate five times between 1900 and 1920
American sugar planters worked in Hawaii and expanded American-Hawaiian
sugar trade
Queen Liliuokalani opposed foreigners, alienating Americans
Revolution against the queen came about in 1893 and was encouraged by
American leaders
Feeling that most islanders did not supports this revolution, Grover Cleveland
unsuccessfully attempted to restore Queen Liliuokalani
Sandford Dole, son of American missionaries in Hawaii, shepherded the
annexation process
Dole became Hawaii’s first governor when the United States annexed it on July 7,
1898
Created the basis for the scientific management of business in a quest for
efficiency
Used shops and large plants as models and succeeded in spreading his ideas on
efficiency to several industries
Wrote books on the subject of scientific management
Written by Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914), a naval officer and historian
Further encourage those in favor of American imperialism and seaward expansion
Themes in the book were used as partial justification for the United States’ taking
of the Philippines
Homer Plessy refused to leave a railroad car restricted only to whites
The supreme court upheld the Louisiana state law that required “separate but
equal” facilities
The majority stated that the Fourteenth Amendment protected only political
equality, not social equality
Justice Harlan’s dissent argued that “…all citizens are equal before the law,”
laying the foundation for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which
overturned “separate but equal”
Civil Rights leader and author
Called for full equality of African-Americans, which included social, civil,
political, and economic equality
Opposed Booker T. Washington’s “Gradual approach” to equality
Through higher education, DuBois wanted to develop leaders from the most able
10 percent of African-Americans(“The Talented Tenth”)
Address given by William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee,
during the national convention of the Democratic Party
The speech criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver
Bryan’s belief were popular with debt-ridden farmers
The last words of his speech and the most famous, were “you shall not press down
upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a
cross of gold”
Twenty-fifth President
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
McKinley
al Matters
1901






#292
Marcus
Alonzo
Hanna
Economy
&
Business
18371904



#293
Teller
Amendment
Domestic
Policies
1898


#294
SpanishAmerican
War
War &
Foreign
Relations
1898






#295
#296
Puerto Rico
and the
United
States
War &
Foreign
Relations
Platt
Amendment
War &
Foreign
Relations
1900
(Foraker)
1917
(citizenshi
p)
1901






#297
Theodore
Roosevelt
Presidenti
al Matters
19011909







Former Republican congressman from Ohio
Business rallied to his support against William Jennings Bryan
While Bryan toured the country, McKinley stayed at home and hosted important
visitors, building an honest, “presidential” image
Defeated William Jennings Bryan for office in 1896
McKinley’s election over Bryans influenced for future political races by setting up
interest groups and alliances that lasted for over a decade
McKinley – re-elected in 1900; Leon Czologosz, an anarchist, assassinated
McKinley one year into his second term
American Capitalist dealing in coal, shipping, shipbuilding, banking and
newspapers
He was active in the Ohio Republican Party, having William McKinley elected
governor in 1891 and 1893
As Chairman of the Republican National Committee, he helped McKinley win the
presidential election of 1896
The Amendment promised that when the United States overthrew Spanish rule in
Cuba, the United States would give Cubans their independence
Late, the Platt Amendment would override the Teller Amendment as Cuba would
come under United States control after the Spanish-American War
Cuba resented Spain’s control, which led to rebellion
Spain responded with the dispatch of General Valeriano Weyler, who confined
civilians to brutal camps
The U.S. “Yellow press” labeled him “Butcher Weyler,” increasing American
support against Spain
The United States sent the battleship Maine to Havana to protect American
interests; it was blown up
The United States fought Spain in the Philippines and in Cuba
Treaty of Paris allowed for Cuban independence; United states gained Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the Philippines while Spain received $20 million from the
United States for the Philippines
In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, Which gave Puerto Rico limited
popular government
In 1917, American citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans
Rider attached to Army appropriation in bill
It was written into the constitution of Cuba by the United States and, in effect
made Cuba a United Sates protectorate
The United States could intervene to preserve Cuba’s “independence”; in reality,
the United States could act to protect its own interests
The United States kept land for naval bases on Cuba; Guantanomo bay would play
a part in later Cuba-United States conflicts
Twenty-sixth
Roosevelt had to deal with ill health and became an advocate for similarly
disadvantaged people
Roosevelt was part of the Rough Rider Regiment during the Spanish-American
conflict, where he became a war hero
As President, he became a “trust buster”; he used the Sherman Antitrust Act to
dissolve trusts that restrained interstate and foreign trade
Won the antitrust case against the Northern Securities Company
Style of diplomacy was to “speak softly and carry a big stick”; protected United
States interests by ensuring the construction of the Panama Canal and United
States authority in Latin America
Served as a middleman in conflicts between Russia and Japan; forged
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#298
Muckrakers
Arts &
Sciences
19001912




#299
#300
Insular cases
Upton
Sinclair
Legal
Issues
Arts &
Sciences
Most
cases
occurred
19011904
18781968







#301
Muller v.
Oregon
Legal
issues
1908





#302
Henry Ford
Arts &
Sciences
18631947
#303
William
Howard Taft
Presidenti
al Matters
19091913









#304
#305
Ashcan
School
(New York
Realists)
Arts &
Sciences
Radio
Arts &
Sciences
Early
1900s




Early1900
s




Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907
Supported conservation (not preservation) of natural resources
American journalists, novelists, and critics who exposed corruption, especially in
business and politics
President Theodore Roosevelt is said to have given the muckrakers their name
Famous muckrakers included Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and
Samuel Hopkins Adams
Led to increased support for the progressive movement
A series of court cases held to determine if the “Constitution followed the flag”
At stake – whether people in areas controlled by the United States were given
rights as citizens
The court determined that those living in new territories were not automatically
granted the rights of United States citizens
Novelist and socialist
Used his writings to expose issues in the United States society, such as the need
for food inspection laws, and oppressive effect of capitalism on education and
culture
His book, The Jungle(1906), a graphic novel about the Chicago stockyards, led to
food inspection reforms and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906
Lost bid to become governor of California in 1934
Won Pulitzer Prize in 1942
Oregon established a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and
laundries
Muller, a laundry owner, challenged the legality of the law, arguing that it violated
the “liberty to contract”
Louis Brandeis, one of the attorneys arguing the case, used extensive sociological
evidence in his brief (the Brandeis brief), which served as a model for later social
reformers
The Supreme Court held that the law was constitutional
His Model-T, introduced in 1908, was the first inexpensive, mass-produced
automobile
Use of the moving assembly line strongly influenced American manufacturing
Twenty-seventh President
After serving as Secretary of War under Theodore Roosevelt, he was elected over
William Jennings Bryan
Prosecuted trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act
His policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” called for acting in foreign affairs to achieve a
financial result on behalf of one’s country
His administration created the Department of Labor and established the parcelpost system
President Theodore Roosevelt’s relationship with Taft deteriorated, leading to
Roosevelt’s opposition of Taft’s re-election
Became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after serving as president
Group of artists who painted realistic scenes
Focused on subjects of everyday life; titles such as The Wrestlers and Sixth
Avenue
Members included George Luks, George Bellows, John Sloan, Robert Henri,
Everett Shinn, and Arthur b. Davies
First human voice was broadcast in 1906 and first musical broadcast was in 1910
Woodrow Wilson was the first president to broadcast
KDKA was first radio station in the United States (Pittsburgh), commencing
broadcast in 1920
Broke down regionalism and provided news and entertainment
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#306
The Great
Migration
Society &
Culture
1910s1940s




#307
Seventeenth
Amendment
Domestic
Policies
Ratified
1913


#308
Woodrow
Wilson
Domestic
Policies
19131921








#309
Federal
Reserve Act
of 1913
Presidenti
al matters
1913






#310
Watchful
Waiting
Domestic
Policies
19131914



#311
#312
Clayton
Antitrust
Act
World War
1 Causes
and Major
Players
Domestic
Policies
1914





War &
Foreign
Relations
1914




The movement of African-Americans from the South to the industrial centers of
the Northeast and the Midwest
Causes for migration included decreased cotton prices, the lack of immigrant
works in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and a growth
of the KKK
The African-American population in such cities as Detroit, Chicago, and New
York grew during this period
The migration led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better
standards of life for many African-Americans
A progressive initiative that allowed each state to elect senators for six-year terms
by popular vote
Restated the first paragraph of Article 1, Section 3, of the constitution by
replacing “chosen by Legislature thereof” with “elected by the people thereof”
Allowed citizens to have a more active participation in government
Twenty-eighth president
Before presidency and political work, he served as an academic and President of
Princeton University
His legislation lowered tariffs, created a graduated federal income tax, and
established the Federal Trade Commission to control unfair business practices
Initiated progressive reform that prohibited child labor and limited railroad
workers to an eight-hour day
Led the United States into World War 1
His “Fourteen Points” outlined the settlement of World War 1
He was a noted racist who segregated the federal government and praised Birth of
a Nation, a controversial movie negatively depicting African-Americans
Response to the Panic of 1907 and concerns of business
Need for a stable currency supply that could grow and shrink with business
demands
Several measures competed for designing this central reserve, each offering
control to a different group
President Wilson worked diligently to create and secure passage of the act
Divided the nation into separate regions with federal reserve banks in each that
would serve as “banker’s banks”
The Federal Reserve Board oversaw the system and regulated it by raising or
lowering the interest rates that each federal reserve banks would charge
Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting alliances with leaders who took control
through force until a determination of their interests could be made
Wilson implemented this policy by refusing to accept the leadership of Victoriano
Huerta when he took control of Mexico though violent revolution
Policy ended when the United States sent forces to retaliate against Mexico, which
had arrested American Sailors in its borders
Further outlined regulations against monopolies and other unfair business
practices
Meant as update for the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
Price discrimination that was destructive to competition was declared illegal
Declared interlocking board of directors of direct competitors illegal
Established Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prosecute instances of
unfair competitions
Served as the grounds for which many suits against big corporations
Exempted labor unions engaged in legal activities
Cause- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a
Serbian nationalist
Cause- nationalism in Austria-Hungary and France
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377




#313
Lusitania
and
Neutrality
War &
Foreign
relations
1915






#314
Labor Acts,
1915-1916
Domestic
policies
19151916




#315
KeatingOwen Child
Labor Act
Domestic
Policies
1916
#316
Louis
Brandeis
Legal
Issues
1916
Nominatio
n





#317
Zimmerman
telegram
War and
Foreign
Relations
1917




#318
#319
Unlimited
Submarine
Warfare
War and
Foreign
Relations
1917
Reasons for
the United
States’ Entry
into WWI
War and
Foreign
Relations
1917











Cause- colonial expansion in Africa and China
Cause – Military build up
Major Players – Allies (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium,
Japan, and the United States
Major Players- Central Powers(Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria- Hungary,
Turkey, and Bulgaria
At the outset of World War 1, Germany bean the use of submarines and
announced a blockade of the Allied forces
The Lusitania was a British passenger liner attacked by German submarines
While unarmed, the Lusitania did carry munitions for the Allies
United States citizens traveling aboard the Lusitania were killed
Wilson protested but remained neutral, in line with the 1914 Proclamation of
Neutrality
One other liner with Americans, the Sussex, was sunk, and then the Germans gave
a pledge to stop attacks on unarmed vessels
La Follette Seamen’s Act (1915) – Required safety and sanitation measures for
commercial ships, as well as regulated wages, food, and hours of sailors
Adamson Act(1916) – Employees of railroads who were engaged in interstate
commerce were given an eight-hour work day and over time pay of time-and-ahalf
Forbade shipment of products whose production had involved child labor
Power of enforcement derived from interstate commerce, so the federal
government could regulated it rather than states
Declared unconstitutional because it interfered with the power of states
Nominated by Woodrow Wilson to the Supreme Court
Considered an advocate of social justice
First jewish justice
Prior to his place on the supreme Court, he was known for his “Brandeis Brief” in
Muller v. Oregon
Telegram from German Foreign Secretary Zimmerman to German minister in
Mexico that was intercepted by the British
Proposed that Mexico attack the United States in the event that America entered
World War 1
Germany would return lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to
Mexico in victory
Telegram released publicly and ensured American support for war against
Germany
Proclamation by Germany that it would sink all ships, without warning, that
entered a large war zone off the coasts of Allied Nations
Germany realized that it might draw the United States into World War 1
Germany believed that cutting Allied supplies would allow Germany to win the
war before a sizeable response by America
America broke diplomatic relations with Germany
Zimmerman telegram showed Germany was untrustworthy and would come after
the United States
Armed neutrality could not protect shipping
After Russia’s revolutions, a democratic Russian government made it an
acceptable ally
America could hasten end of the war and ensure a role in deigning peace
Sinking of the Lusitania and other ships by German submarines
The United States was already backing the Allies with supplies
In his war message, Wilson said that, “The world must be made safe for
democracy
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#320
Committee
on Public
Information
Domestic
Policies
1917



#321
#322
#323
American
Protective
League
Society
and
Culture
1917
Espionage
and Sedition
Acts
Domestic
Policies
1917 and
1918
Hammer v.
Dagenhart
Legal
Issues











1918




#324
Women and
Minorities in
WWI
Society
and
Culture
19171919



#325
United
States Home
Front
During
WWI
Fourteen
Points
War &
Foreign
Relations
1918

War &
Foreign
Relations
1918
Provisions
of Paris
Peace
conference
War &
Foreign
Relations
January
1919
#326
#237














Formed by President Wilson
Established a voluntary censorship of the press and created a propaganda
campaign for the country’s support of World War I
Portrayed Germans as barbaric and urged all citizens to spy on neighbors with
foreign names
Encouraged reporting of suspicious activities to the Justice Department
Headed by George Creel
Fostered “100% American” jingoism
Volunteer organization that claimed approval of the Justice Department for
pressuring support of war
Humiliated those accused of not buying war bonds
Persecuted those of German decent
Encouraged the banning of German culture in everything from product names to
consumption, including “pretzels” and “German Measles
Fines and imprisonment for persons who made false statements which aided the
enemy, hindered the draft, or incited military rebellion
Forbade criticism of the government, flag, or uniform
Led to imprisonment of major figures
The Supreme Court upheld the acts, allowing the government to limit free speech
when words represented clear and present danger, especially during times of war
Struck down the Keating-Owen Act of 1916, which excluded products produced
by child labor from interstate commerce
Dagenhart sued, as he wanted his two sons to work and bring income in for the
family
The Supreme Court held that Congress, with the Keating-Owen Act, had
overstepped its bounds
Led to “dual federalism,” the belief that Congress could not take powers that had
been reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment
Women Served as clerks or in medical units
400,000 black men drafted or enlisted
Blacks were kept in segregated unites and generally used in labor battalions or in
support activities, though some units saw combat
Wilson controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations to ensure
supplies for war
Appointed Herbert Hoover as head of food administration
Wilson oversaw the use of fuel, railroads, and maritime shipping
Wilson resolved labor disputes through offers of employee benefits
Specific peace plan presented by Wilson in an address to Congress
Called for open (rather than secret) peace treaties
Called for free trade, transportation along the seas, and arms reduction
Espoused a general association of nations to preserve the peace
Reactions in Europe were mixed; some countries had a desire to punish Germany
American citizens feared further entanglement and growing isolationist sentiment
would later slow the United States’ decision to enter World War II
The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty which resulted form the conference
Formed the League of Nations to protect territorial integrity and political
independence of all members
Germany was held responsible for war (war guilt clause), required to pay heavily
for damages (reparations), and limited to a small defensive force
New nations’ boundaries were drawn, including Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary,
and Poland
German Colonies were made mandates of the League and under trusteeship of the
Allies
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#328
Wilson’s
treaty and
Henry Cabot
Lodge
War and
Foreign
Relations
1919





#329
Results of
WWI
#330
U.S. v.
Schenck
War and
Foreign
Relations
Legal
Issues
19191920s
1919






#331
#332
Major
Strikes after
WWI
Economy
and
Business
19191920s
Prohibition
Society
and
Culture
1919









#333
Red Scare
and the
Palmer
Raids
Society
and
Culture
1919








#334
Post-WWI
Economy
#335
Women’s
Suffrage
Economy
and
Business
Society
and
1920
1920





Republican Senator Lodge led opposition against Paris Peace Treaty because of
war entanglement with other members (article X)
On national speaking tour to push for League of Nations, Wilson collapsed after a
speech
Wilson returned to D.C. and suffered a severe stroke
Wilson never fully recovered, but he wrote to Democrats to oppose treaty changes
by Lodge
By not compromising, the treaty was defeated and the United States did not join
the League; a joint resolution enacted peace instead
America emerged as the political and economic leader of world
European states went into decline
Germany was devastated
During World War I, Charles Schenck created a pamphlet opposing the military
under the Espionage Act
The Supreme Court determined that speech may be suppressed if it creates a clear
and present danger ( one cannot yell “fire” in a crowded theater)
In following years, the “clear and present danger” test was limited to violent
actions rather than the support of these ideas
Boston police force attempted to unionize, and Governor Calvin Coolidge fired
them to recruit a new force
Seattle had a general strike in 1919
AFL attempted to organize steel industry, but it was broken after violence and the
use of Federal troops
United Mine Workers struck and gained minor wage increases
Temperance movements began to grow in the early 1800s
Carry Nation, a member of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, used
rocks, hammers, and hatchets to destroy liquor stores and saloons
Eighteenth Amendment to Constitution prohibited manufacture, sale, transport, or
import of liquor
Volstead Act defined alcoholic beverages and imposed criminal penalties for
violation of the Eighteenth Amendment
Prohibition led to bootlegging (illegal production or distribution of intoxication
beverages), corruption of government officials, and speakeasies (secret bars
operated by bootleggers)
Al Capone was one of he most famous bootlegging gangsters
In 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed Prohibition was ratified
United States worker strikes seemed to be harbingers of revolution to many in the
country
Fear of revolution fed by anti-German hysteria and the success of the Bolshevik
Revolution
Bombs sent anonymously through the mail to prominent American leaders
encouraged fear
Attorney General Palmer was a target of a failed mail bomb
Four thousand arrested a “communists” and illegal aliens, but only 556 shown to
be in those categories
Palmer announced threat of large Communist riots on May Day of 1920, but none
materialized
Palmer was discredited and the Red Scare Passed
High wages during World War I and European demand continued after conflict
Demand led to inflation and a good economy
Increase in prices prompted major strikes by workers
The Nineteenth Amendment provided for women’s suffrage, which had been
defeated earlier by the Senate
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377


Culture
#336
Sacco and
Vanzetti
Society
and
Culture
1920




#337
Industrial
Changes in
the 1920s
and Effects
Arts and
Science
1920s




#338
Harlem
Renaissance
Arts &
Sciences
1920s






#339
Automobile:
Economic
and Social
Effects
Economy
&
Business
1920s
#340
Rise in the
Standard of
Living
During the
1920s
Marcus
Garvey
Society &
Culture
1920s
Society &
Culture
1920s
Shift in
Popular
Culture,
1920s
Arts and
Sciences
1920s
#341
#342



















#343
Ku Klux
Klan in the
early 1900s
Society &
Culture
Early
1900s



Ratified by states in 1920
Feminists who supported suffrage since the 1860s included Susan B. Anthony,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt
Two gunmen robbed a factory and killed two men in Massachusetts
Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants and anarchists, were tried for the murders
Judge Thayer favored prosecution and pushed for execution
Despite years of protesting that they had not received a fair trial, the men were
executed in 1927, reflecting anti-immigrant sentiments in the United States
Change from steam to electric power allowed more intricate designs, replacing
human workers
Scientific management strategies were employed, leading to more efficient uses of
workers
Major research and development projects reduced production costs and products
Expanding industries included automobile, electricity, chemicals, film, radio,
commercial aviation, and printing
Led to overproduction in the late 1920s
Term used to describe the growth of African- American Literature and arts
The center of this movement was Harlem, New York, where many AfricanAmericans moved to during the early 1900s.
Southern African-American brought jazz to Harlem and influenced the music
scene; at the same time, writing, sculpting, and photography grew as art forms
Writers from the period include Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and
Claude McKay
Musicians from this time included Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, and Louis
Armstrong
The Great Depression led to the decline of he renaissance
Stimulated steel, rubber, glass, gasoline, and highway construction industries
Created a nation of paved roads
The new need for paved roads led to employment for many
Led to increased freedom and the loss of some parental control
Tourism increased and rural areas became less isolated
Advances like indoor plumbing, hot water, central heating, home appliances, and
fresher foods emerged
Many did not have the money to benefit from these advances
Availability of credit rose to allow for payments by installment periods
Sales grew out of advertising through new media, such as radio
Native of Jamaica
Advocated black radical pride and separatism rather than integration
Pushed for a return to Africa
Developed a following and sold stock in a steamship line to take migrants to
Africa
Convicted of fraud after the line went bankrupt
Change from entertainment through home and small social groups to commercial,
profit-making activities
Movies attracted audiences, and Hollywood became the movie center of America
Professional athletics grew in participation and popularity, especially baseball,
boxing, and football
Tabloids grew in popularity, including the New York Daily News and Reader’s
Digest
Main purpose was to intimidate blacks, who experienced an apparent rise in status
due to WWI
Also opposed Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born
Klan hired advertising experts to expand the organization
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#344
#345
Emergency
Quota Act
Warren G.
Harding
Domestic
Policies
Presidenti
al Matters
1921
19211923










#346
Teapot
Dome
Scandal
Economy
and
Business
1921








#347
FordneyMcCumber
Tariff
Domestic
Policies
1922



#348
Five Power
Treaty
1922

#349
Dawes plan
War &
Foreign
Relations
War&
Foreign
relations
1924



#350
#351
Calvin
Coolidge
Creationism
and the
Scopes Trial
Presidenti
al Matters
Legal
Issues
19251929




1925










Charged initiation fees and sold memorabilia
The KK had membership of five million in 1925, which soon began to decline
One of a series of acts by Congress that limited immigration
Immigration limited by nationality to three percent of the number of foreign-born
persons from that nation that lived in the United Sates in 1910
Designation restricted only certain nationalities and religious groups
In effect, restricted Italians, Greeks, Poles, and Eastern European Jews
Twenty-ninth President
Nominated by the Republican Party as a dark horse candidate
Represented opposition to the League of nations, low taxes, high tariffs,
immigration restriction, and aid to farmers
Harding won the election, repudiation Wilson’s domestic policies toward civil
rights
Promised return to normalcy
Pardoned Eugene V. Debs
Gave United States steel workers the eight-hour day
Died suddenly during cross-country tour and was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge
Bribery scandal involving President Harding’s Secretary of the Interior, Albert
Fall
Fall secured naval oil reserves in his jurisdiction
Leased reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to two major business owners in
exchange for cash payouts
The businessmen were acquitted, but Fall was imprisoned for bribery, making him
the first cabinet member to go to jail
Increased tariff schedules
Tariffs were raised on farm produce to equalize American and foreign production
Gave the president the power to reduce or increase tariffs by fifty percent based on
advice from the Tariff Commission
Committed the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to restrict
construction of new battleship class ships
Pact gave Japan naval supremacy in the Pacific
Debt restructuring plan for Germany after World War 1
American banks made loans to Germany, Germany paid reparation to Allies, and
allies paid back the United states government
Cycle based on loans from American Banks
The plan would play a part in the development of the Great Depression
Thirtieth President
Republican candidate who came to office first after Harding’s death and then after
a landslide victory
Avoided responsibility for most of Harding’s cabinet scandals
Reputation for honesty
Believed in leading through inactivity
Stated, “The chief business of the American people is business”
Fundamentalist Protestants supported Creationism as a way to prohibit the
teaching of evolution in schools
Hoped to protect belief in the literal understanding of the Bible
Scopes, a young biology teacher, broke the law by teaching Darwinism and
severed as a test case for the ACLU
Darwinism was a concept of evolution created by Charles Robert Darwin and
written about in Origin of Species
Clarence Darrow defended Scopes, and William Jennings Bryan defended the
State of Tennessee
Judge refused to allow expert witness testimony
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#352
KellogBriand Pact
War &
Foreign
Relations
1928

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#353
Herbert
Hoover
Presidenti
al matters
19291933
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
#354
Stock
market crash
of 1929
Economy
&
Business
October
1929



#355
Foreign
Economies
and the
Great
Depression
Economy
&
Business
Reconstructi
on Finance
Corporation
Economy
&
Business
1920s –
1930s
#357
“Hoovervill
es”
19291930s
#358
HawleySmoot Tariff
Economy
&
Business
Domestic
Policies
#359
HooverStimson
Doctrine
Domestic
Policies
1932
The Bonus
Army
Society &
Culture
#356
#360
1920s1930s



1930



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
1932



Scopes was convicted and fined $100, which was later dropped
Some States passed anti-evolution laws
Also Known as the Pact of Paris
Fifteen-nation pact agreed that all conflicts should be settled by peaceful means
and that war was to be renounced
The United States Congress demanded right of self-defense and that America
should not have to act against countries that broke the treaty
The pact lacked effectiveness as it failed to provide enforcement measures
Thirty-fifth president
Coolidge did not seek nomination in 1928, leaving Hoover to run against Alfred
E. Smith, Governor of New York, a Catholic anti-prohibitionist
Became multimillionaire in the mining industry
Hoover had served as a Secretary of Commerce and head of the Food
Administration
Conservative economic philosophy and continuation of Prohibition won the
election for Hoover
Used the phrase “rugged individualism,” which called for people to succeed on
their own with minimal help from government
Hoover became the scapegoat for the Depression and was soundly defeated by
FDR in 1932
During late October of 1929 investors began to panic, sending the New York
stock market toward tremendous losses
On October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday), the Dow Jones Industrial Average
dropped fifty percent and over thirteen million shares of stock were traded
On October 29, 1929 ( Black Tuesday), over sixteen million shares of stock were
traded
The crash led to the Great Depression
Within Months of Hoover’s election, the sock market crashed, leading the nation
into the Great Depression
Decline in American economy meant less money spent on loans and products
from other countries
Foreign powers were not able to pay debts back to the United States
American exports dropped and the Depression spread
Chartered by Congress and Hoover to loan money to railroads and financial
institutions
Meant to keep basic institutions in business
Accused of being an assistance to the wealthy
Term used to describe makeshift shacks that housed groups of homeless people
Used in open areas near cities during the Depression
This term was used to mock Herbert Hoover
Brought tariff to the highest level in its history
In retaliation, foreign countries set tariffs on American goods, creating a decline in
exports and further deepening the economic depression
This was another expression of isolationism
Henry L Stimson, secretary of state under Hoover, sent identical notes to China
and Japan, which became known as the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine
The notes were a reaction to Japan’s movement against Manchuria
They stated that the United States would not recognize any treaty or agreement
that would impair China’s territory, the United States’ rights in China, the political
situation in China, or the open-door policy
A group of 14,000 unemployed veterans that marched on Washington
They sought payment of money through Congress
Hoover had the Senate kill the bill providing additional payment, and half of the
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377


#361
#362
Dust Bowl
Franklin
Delano
Roosevelt
Society
and
Culture
1930s
Presidenti
al Matters
19331945
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#363
#364
Hundred
Days
FDR’s
banking
acts, the
Gold
Standard,
and the SEC
Domestic
Policies
Domestic
Policies
Commenc
ed on
March 9,
1933
19331934
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
#365
National
Industrial
Recovery
Act
Domestic
Policies
1933





#366
Eleanor
Roosevelt
Society &
Culture
18841962
#367
Fireside
Chats
Economy
and
Business
19331945






veterans took the offer of transportation home
The remaining vets subsisted in shacks near the Anacostia River to draw attention
to their cause
Hoover called in the Army and had the remainder of the vets removed from
Washington
Created the impression that Hoover did not care about the plight of the poor
Areas of American prairie states that experienced ecological damage due to huge
clouds of soil
Mismanagement of grazing land and sever winds swept unprotected soil into dust
storms
Led to both economic and health hardships for many
Thirty-second President
With the slogan “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself,” encouraged new
hope for emerging from the Great Depression
At age 39, he contracted poliomyelitis; he regained use of his legs through a
vigorous exercise program
Led Congress through the “Hundred Days”
Focused on economic and agricultural recovery and support for the unemployed
and elderly
Attempted to enlarge the Supreme Court and put in place justices that would
support his legislation, but he failed
Mobilized the United States for entry into World War II
President Roosevelt called a special session of Congress to deal with the weak
American banking system
Congress passed an emergency act on banking and continued the session to deal
with unemployment and falling farm prices
This special session became known as the “hundred days”
This session launched the First New Deal
The Emergency Banking Relief Act was the first act of FDR’s Hundred Days; it
provided funds to open some banks and it combined and liquidated others
Glass-Steagall Banking Act insured deposits in commercial banks, created the
FDIC, and separated commercial and investment banking to reduce risk
FDR removed gold from circulation; resulting devaluation of the dollar helped
raise prices and assisted United States exports
The Securities and Exchange Commission was created as a watchdog for the stock
exchange and securities
NIRA law was passed on the last day of the “hundred Days” as the pillar of
Roosevelt’s assistance program
Goal of NIRA was to help businesses self-regulate, aiding employment
NIRA created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which oversaw the
creation of fair competition codes
NRA codes abolished child labor, created minimum wages, and capped hours for
workers
In Shechter v. United States(1935), The Supreme Court overturned the National
Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), holding that it granted the president too much
leeway and that these powers should be in the hands of the states
Wife of FDR
Strong supporter of civil rights, women’s rights, and world peace
Resigned form Daughters of the American Revolution after they refused to allow
Marian Anderson, an African-American, to sing at Independence Hall
Served as delegate to the United Nation from 1945-1953
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s method of addressing the nation through radio
Created assurance among the public in the strength of the banks he was opening
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#368
Banking
Failures
Economy
and
business
1933
#369
FDR’s Good
Neighbor
Policy
War &
Foreign
Relations
1930s
#370
First New
Deal
Domestic
Policies
19331934

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
#371
First New
Deal
Creations
Domestic
Policies
1933


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
#372
Muscle
Shoals and
the
Tennessee
Valley
Authority
Economy
and
Business
#373
Bureau of
Indian
Affairs
Society &
Culture
1934
#374
Indian
Reorganizati
on Act
Share Our
Wealth
Society
Domestic
Policies
1934
Society &
Culture
1934
#375
#376
Second New
Deal
Domestic
Policies
1933



19351941


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
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


#377
Second New
Deal
Domestic
Policies
1935



Led to people depositing money again
Banks were unable to collect on loans because of the Great Depression
Banks could not return money to depositors, leading to bank closures
On march 5, 1933, FDR reacted by closing all banks and instituting the
Emergency Banking Act, which gave him the power to reorganize insolvent
national banks
Foreign policy doctrine adopted by FDR for the United States
Withdrew marines from Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and other areas
America stayed out of Cuban Revolution
America Settled with Mexico on American properties in that country
First phase of FDR’s domestic policy
Aimed to provide recovery and relief through public works, business and
agricultural regulation and stabilizing prices
Organizations such as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation, Civilian Conservation Corps, and Nation
Recovery Administration were founded
Economy improved to a degree as unemployment decreased
Criticized by conservatives fro going to far in the use of deficit spending and for
spending on relief
Attacked by liberals for being in favor of business
Civilian Conservation Corps (1933) – Provided work for young men through
projects such as road construction and flood control
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) – Created national Recovery
Administration, which prepared codes for fair competition
Public Works Administration ( 1933) – Encouraged Farmers to decrease their
production, thereby increasing profits
Muscle Shoals was the location of a dam and two nitrate plants built by the
government during World War 1
President Coolidge vetoed Senate’s plan to lease the property to private sector
Facility became the center of the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933, giving FDR
a change to do his first large-scale experiment in regional planning
TVA built a series of dams to provide electricity and flood control
Dams gave economic and environmental boosts to an area in need of rehabilitation
Led by John Collier
Returned ownership of certain lands to tribes, established tribal governments, and
provided economic relief
Created a program of work projects for reservation
Reversed Dawes Severalty Act
Attempted to restore the tribal basis of Native American life
Tribal life was to be recognized as “normal”
Group founded by Louisiana Senator Huey “Kingfish” Long
Long, a populist, criticized FDR for not doing more to help those on the lower
end of the scale
Proposed radical taxation plans on wealthy to make “every man a king”
When Long was assassinated, the society lost its drive
Like the First New Deal, it offered sweeping economic changes to aid in relief and
recovery
While the First New Deal emphasized central planning, the Second New Deal
pushed programs to aid particular groups, such as labor organizations
The United States tax structure was finessed through various revenue acts
Some New Deal acts were declared unconstitutional in 1935
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) provided jobs and income for the
unemployed
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

Creations


#378
#379
Isolationism
and the
Neutrality
Act of 1935
War &
Foreign
Relations
1935
Charles
Evan
Hughes
Legal
Issues
19301941






#380
#381
Father
Charles E.
Coughlin
Society &
Culture
FDR’s Court
Packaging
Scheme
Domestic
Policies
1930s



1937



#382
#383
#384
Congress of
Industrial
Organizatio
ns(CIO)
Fair Labor
Standard
Act
Hitler and
Germany’s
Actions
Leading to
WWII
Economy
&
Business
1937
Domestic
Policies
1938
War &
Foreign
Relations
1930s


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WPA – many projects were in construction and community development and were
labor-intensive to cut equipment costs
The Wagner Act/ National Labor Relations Act clarified the rights of workers and
created a board of oversight on relations between management and labor; workers
were permitted to bargain collectively
The Social Security Act was created to protect older workers; funds came from
tax on money earned by employees and paid equally by the employer; these
monies supported unemployment programs and offered states matching funds for
social services
America became isolationist after World War 1, mainly because its citizens had
felt the harsh effects of war
Isolationist acts include the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and higher tariffs
Neutrality Act – In the event of war, American exports of military components
were to be stalled for six months; this was to stop ships leaving the United States
from transporting arms to combatants
Eleventh Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Had also served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court(1910-1916) and
United States Secretary of State (1921-1925)
As Chief Justice, He often voted to uphold FDR’s New Deal legislation, although
he wrote the opinion in Shechter v. the United States(1935) finding the National
Recovery Administration unconstitutional
A Catholic priest who headed the National Union for Social Justice, which
denounced FDR’s New Deal policies
Held a weekly radio show and discussed politics and finance
Proposed to many listeners and ambiguous currency program, but found
popularity mostly through anti-Semitic rhetoric
Bill proposed by Roosevelt allowing the president to appoint a new federal judge
for those who did not retire by a certain age
Proposed by Roosevelt after he received overwhelming support by the voting
public
Served as Roosevelt's reaction to the Supreme Court, which had declared much of
the New Deal unconstitutional
Huge reaction by both Democrats and Republicans against this show of force
Roosevelt lost the bill and some influence over Congress
Later FDR, proposals, like Social Security, were upheld by the Supreme Court
Association from industries including steel and auto
Organized in reaction to the AFL, which represented primarily craft unions
Headed by John L. Lewis
United with the AFL in 1955
Minimum Wage Law
Established rising minimum wage and reduction of work week
Provided time-and-a-half for work over that period of time
Hitler’s rise to power in 1933 led to the persecution of German Jews
Germany and Austria became unified
Germany and Britain signed the Munich Pact, authorizing Germany to force the
Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
Germany took over the rest of Czechoslovakia
The Nazis systematically eliminated the civil and human rights of Jews and other
“undesirables” under their control
Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Russia, agreeing to divide Poland
Germany invaded Poland
Britain and France declare war
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

#385
Charles
Lindbergh
Arts &
sciences
19021974
#386
Selective
Service and
Training Act
Franklin D.
Roosevelt’s
Election to a
Third Term
Domestic
Policies
September
1940
Presidenti
al matters
1940
#387










#388
Lend-Lease
Act
War &
Foreign
Relations
March
1941





#389
Economic
Measures
against
Japan
War &
Foreign
Relations
19401941




#390
Pearl harbor
War &
Foreign
Relations
December
7,1941




#391
United
States
Domestic
Measure for
WWII
War &
Foreign
Relations
19421943
#392
American
Women
During
WWII
Society &
Culture
1940s
Braceros
Society &
Culture
#393
#394
Battles of
the Coral









War &
Foreign
1942

1942



The Nazis built death camps to attain “the final solution of the Jewish question,”
resulting in the murder of six million Jews and more than five million others
American pilot who made the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean
Flew his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis, from New York to Paris
Most famous speaker for the America First Committee91930s), which opposed
American intervention in the European War (World War II)
Was a noted Nazi sympathizer
United States’ first peacetime draft
Men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-five were signed into service, and
a group of them was chosen for a year of training in the military
Broke the Precedent set by Washington
Agreed to accept the nomination
When faced by his opponent with charges of warmongering, told voters that he
would not enter the war
Lost many supporters because of his choice to run again, but he won by a narrow
margin over Wendell Willkie
American proposal to aid the British, who had little cash for supplies
Offered to give the British American supplies in exchange for payment after the
war
Payment could be made in material goods and services
Put the United States on the side of the Allies
United States also allowed for cash and carry, in which British and French ships
could come into the United States’ ports and buy anything that they could carry
Japan used the Vichy government to expand into French Indochina
Japan wanted to build bases in the area
America responded by holding Japanese funds and creating embargos
Led to failed negotiations between the United States and Japan over Japan’s
presence in China
Hawaiian base for the American pacific fleet and site of massive sneak attack by
the Japanese
Carrie-based aircraft attack American ships, meeting little defense
The Japanese destroyed all United States aircraft, major battleships, and naval
crafts at the base, and killed 2,323 military personnel
FDR asked Congress to declare war on Japan, calling the attack “ a date that will
live in infamy”
War Production Board regulated raw materials
Prices and wages were frozen
Income tax was extended to more people
The United States sold Liberty Bonds
The government had the power to take over businesses closed by strikes
216,000 women served in the armed forces in non-combat duties
WAACS ( Army), WAVES (Navy), and SPARS (Coast Guard) were forces made
up of women
Women also served as defense plant workers
The women who worked in the manufacturing plants during World War II were
symbolized by the icon “Rosie the Riveter,” a feminist image that represented the
growth of women’s economic power
An agreement between the United States and Mexico brought thousands of
agricultural workers, or braceros, to the United States
Braceros were prevalent in the South and West
Braceros became part of the American agricultural economy after World War II
Battle of Coral Sea ( May1942)- American carriers sent planes against Japanese
troops, forcing them to turn back from an invasion of Australia
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#395
Sea and
Midway
Relations
Japanese
Internment
Camps
War &
Foreign
Relations

1942




#396
#397
#398
SmithConnally
Anti-Strike
Act
Teheran
Conference
G.I. Bill
Domestic
Policies
1943


Congress was concerned about the loss of production due to labor strikes
The Act authorized the federal Government to seize and operate industries
stopped by strikes
War &
Foreign
Relations
November
28 –
December
1, 1943


Meeting of the Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
Agreement that Russia would attack Germany from the east as the Allies would
attack from the west
First time Roosevelt had met Stalin
1944

Domestic
Policies



#399
Korematsu
v. U.S.
Legal
Issues
1944



#400
D-Day
War &
Foreign
Relations
June 6,
1944



#401
Battle of the
Bulge
War &
Foreign
Relations
December
1944



#402
Yalta
Conference
War &
Foreign
Relations
February
1945





#403
Harry S.
Truman
Battle of Midway ( June 1942) – American planes destroyed Japanese carriers as
they moved toward the American-owned Midway Islands, becoming a defining
moment in the Pacific front
FDR authorized the evacuation of all Japanese from the West Coast into
relocations centers
The Government interned around 120,000 Japanese-Americans , two- thirds of
them native-born United States citizens
Move came under public fear of Japanese sabotage following Pearl Harbor, and in
some part, due to racial discrimination
In 1988, Congress voted to pay compensations to each surviving internee
Presidenti
al Matters
19451953





Signed by FDR and passed to give educational benefits to those who had served in
the Armed Forces during World War II
Bill was created to help members of the Armed Forces adjust to civilian life,
afford a higher education, and restore lost educational opportunities
The G.I. Bill also promoted volunteerism for the Armed Forces and led to a better
educated population
Korematsu was arrested and convicted after failing to comply with military order
to move a Japanese relocation center
The Supreme Court upheld his conviction based on war powers; the government’s
need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu’s rights
Justice Frank Murphy, in his dissent, stated the decision was the “legalization of
racism”
Eisenhower, Conmmander-inChief of Allied forces, ordered an invasion of
Normandy, France
The operation involved over 4,500 vessels
American troops commanded by George S. Patton weakened the German troops in
France
German counterattack that pushed the Allies back into Belgium
Last stand of Hitler’s armies
Eventually the Allies returned to Germany, leading to surrender on May 7, 1945
Meeting of the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) to talk about postWorld War II plans
Germany was to be divided into American, British, French, and Soviet zones
Poland’s boundaries would be revised, and free elections would be established
Russia would help by attacking Japan three months after Germany’s collapse in
exchange for the Sakhalin and Kurile Islands
Agreed to hold conference in San Francisco to form peacekeeping organization
(United Nations)
Thirty-Third President
Became president in 1945 after FDR died
Decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan
Banned racial discrimination in federal hiring and armed forces
The Truman Doctrine instituted policy of “containment” against communism
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#404
#405
Potsdam
Conference
War &
Foreign
Relations
July 17August 2,
1945
Manhattan
Project,
Enola Gay,
and
Hiroshima/
Nagasaki
War &
Foreign
Relations
V-E and V-J
Day
War &
Foreign
Relations
#407
Richard
Wright
Arts &
Sciences
Manhattan
Project,
19421945;
bombing
of
Hiroshima
, August
6, 1945;
Bombing
of
Nagasaki,
August 9,
1945
May 8,
1945 and
August
15, 1945
19081960
#408
United
nations
War &
Foreign
Relations
Establishe
d Summer
1945
#409
Cold War
War &
Foreign
Relations
Began
1946
Domestic
policies
1947
#406
#410
Taft-Hartley
Act




























#411
Truman
Doctrine
War &
Foreign
Relations
1947






Re-elected against Thomas Dewey in 1948
Attended by Truman, Stalin, Churchill, and Churchill’s replacement, Clement
Atlee
Agreed upon a policy for the occupations of both Germany and Japan
Decided German reparations
Declaration made to Japan to surrender or be destroyed
The Manhattan Project described operations by Army engineers to design an
atomic bomb
J. Robert Oppenheimer directed the group at Los Alamos, New Mexico
Enola Gay was the plane that carried the atomic bomb into Hiroshima, Japan on
August 6, 1945
A second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945
The decision to drop the bombs was controversial, as some argued that the
Japanese were essentially beaten and were willing to surrender, but that the United
States insisted on an unconditional surrender
V-E day, or Victory in Europe Day, was the day the Allies announced Germany’s
surrender in Europe
V-J Day, or Victory in Japan Day, was the day the Allies announced Japan’s
surrender to end World War II
African-American author who wrote about racial oppression
His novels included Uncle Tom’s Children(1938) , Native Son(1940), and Black
Boy(1945)
He joined the Communist Party for a brief time in the early 1930s
Created at the San Francisco Conference
Representative body of nations that wished to resolve global issues
Composed of a General Assembly and a Security Council
All members sit on the General Assembly and form policy
Security Council has eleven members, five permanent and six additional that
rotate
Permanent members are the United States, Britain, France, Russia, and China
War of words caused by differences in economic and political beliefs between the
United States and U.S.S.R
No actual fighting took place
Churchill commented that an “Iron Curtain” had been dropped between Western
Europe and the Soviet’s Eastern Europe
Purpose was to reduce management-labor disputes and to reduce unfair labor
practices
Passed over Truman’s veto
Required sixty-day notice to be given by employers to terminate a contract
Federal Government could take legal action to delay any strike that threatened the
public’s health or safety (for eight days)
Provided cooling-off period for unions and management
Act slowed unionization throughout the country, especially in the South
Part of the anti-Communist crusade
Proposal that the United Sates must bolster the deeds of free people resisting
Communism
$400 million appropriated for aid to Greece and Turkey to fight Communism’s
spread
Supported “containment” as a response to the Cold War
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#412
National
Security Act
Domestic
Polices
1947
#413
Growth of
the Suburbs
Society &
Culture
1940s –
1950s







#414
Jackie
Robinson
Society &
Culture
1919 –
1972


#415
Marshall
Plan
War &
Foreign
Relations
June 1947
#416
Fair Deal
Domestic
Policies
1948
#417
Russian
Spies in the
United
States
War &
Foreign
Relations
1948 &
1950






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




#418
Berlin
Airlift
War &
Foreign
Relations
June 1948



#419
#420
North
Atlantic
Treaty
Organizatio
n
War &
Foreign
Relations
Korean War
War &
Foreign
Relations
Establishe
d 1949




19501953





Created the Central Intelligence Agency
Created the National Security Council
Reorganized the military under one Department of Defense head
After World War II, people began to move away from cities leading to suburban
growth
Causes of this migration included the mass production of automobiles, the growth
of the road system, and better living conditions
As African-Americans began to move to northern cities, whites began to move to
the suburbs (“white flight”)
Suburban developments included Levittown, a planned community which offered
inexpensive houses built bye Levitt & Sons
Baseball player who became a symbol of civil rights when he broke the Major
League’s color barrier in 1947
Recruited from the Kansas City Monarchs, a team in the Negro Leagues, to play
with the Brooklyn Dodgers
Recovery program paid by America and Allies to rebuild Europe
Helped support a strong European economy and stable politics to resist
Communism
Defined by Secretary of State George Marshall and signed by President Truman
America provided over $15 billion in aid to Europe
Proposal by Truman to extend the New Deal for the new era
Increased the minimum wage to $0.75/ hour
Social Security was enlarged to cover more people
Called for low-cost housing projects and slum cleanup
Alger Hiss – Former State Department official who was convicted of supplying
information to the Soviets
Alger Hiss – Implicated by Whittaker Chambers during testimony before the
House Committee on Un-American Activites
Alger Hiss – Richard Nixon gained national exposure during his investigation into
Hiss
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – Couple executed for giving atomic information to
the Russians
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- Some argued that the Rosenberg- could not receive a
fair trial because of the political sentiments of the time
Allies designated Western Germany to be free from Communism
Soviets blocked bother land and water access to West Berlin in the hopes that the
Allies would abandon West Berlin
The United States lifted supplies for more than ten months into the city, forcing
the Soviets to remove the blockade in 1949
Original members included the United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Portugal
Allowed for collective self-defense against the Soviet threat in the North Atlantic
region
Has influenced economic and social cooperation between member nations
The fall of the Soviet Union has led to NATO expanding membership and moving
toward peacekeeping throughout the world
Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium
Korea was taken from Japan at the end of the World War II and divided at the
thirty-eighth parallel; the northern half controlled by the Soviet Union and the
Southern half occupied by the United States
North Korea invaded South Korea and the U.N. sent in troops
General MacArthur led forces and pushed the North Koreans back across the
thirty-eighth parallel
China, recently communist, sent in troops to fight the UN in Korea
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

#421
Joseph
McCarthy
Society &
Culture
Early
1950s





#422
Rock and
Roll
Arts &
Sciences
1950s




#423
Beat
Generation
Arts &
Sciences
1950s





#424
Dwight
Eisenhower
Presidenti
al Matters
19531961


War &
Foreign
Relations
1954






Vietnam
War –
Causes
War &
Foreign
Relations
Beginning
1954
Southeast
Asia Treaty
Organizatio
n
War &
Foreign
Relations
19541977
#425
#426
#427
Geneva
Accords








#428
Brown v.
Board of
education of
Topeka
Legal
Issues
1954



Truman disagreed with both MacArthur’s desire to start an all-out war against
China and with his foreign policy statements; Truman removed him
Cease-fire called an armistice signed in July 1953
Republican Senator from Wisconsin who claimed to have detailed information on
Communists within the State Department (1950)
Was never able to prove Communists were within the State Department or any
other government agency
In 1954, the Army accused McCarthy of attempting to gain preferential treatment
for a MacArthur consultant, and McCarthy accused the Army of keeping him
from finding more Communists
A televised Army-McCarthy hearing was established, and McCarthy came off in a
negative light, leading to Congress condemning his conduct
Music genre that originated in the United State
Combined Rhythm and Blues, Gospel, Jazz, and Country-and-Western music
Alan Freed, a Cleveland disc jockey, coined the phrase “rock and roll” and
produced the first rock and roll concert
Early artists included Elvis Presley, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Chuck
Berry, and Buddy Holly
Group of artists and writers who rejected traditional artistic and social forms
Influences included psychedelic drugs and Eastern beliefs, such as Zen Buddhism
Members rejected regular work and preferred communal living
Many members were located around San Francisco
Writers of the generation included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and Laurence
Ferlinghetti
Thirty-fourth President
Became Allied military commander during World War II and led forces in North
Africa, Italy, and England
Became Republican president after defeating Adlai Stevenson
Signed the truce in 1953 to end Korean War
Completed integration of military forces
Sent troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to ensure desegregation
Gave momentum to the desegregation movement
The foreign ministers of nineteen nations, including the United States, decided to
divide Vietnam at seventeen north latitude
North would be nationalist led by Ho Chi Minh, while the South would be a
Western-influenced republic
Provided for free elections within two years to reunited the two Vietnams
Vietnam was divided into the Communist North, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the
South, supported by the United States
The Viet Cong (Communist guerillas) attempted to overthrow Saigon, South
Vietnam’s capital
South Vietnam asked President Kennedy for aid to fend off the Communists
Created to oppose the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia after France’s
withdrawal from Indochina
Original members included the United States, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand,
and the Philippines
The organization was meant to justify and American presence in Vietnam, though
some members did not support America in this effort
Dismantled in 1977
Supreme Court case which challenged “separate but equal” ruling established in
Plessy v. Ferguson
The Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, held that separate was inherently
unequal and instructed sates to integrate
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377


#429
Rosa Parks
Society &
Culture
1913Present



#430
#431
#432
Suez Canal
Crisis
War &
Foreign
Relations
Interstate
Highway
Act
(Federal-Aid
Highway
Act of 1956)
Domestic
Policies
Martin
Luther King,
Jr.
Society &
culture
1956
1956










19291968
#433
Civil Rights
Act of 1957
Domestic
Policies
1957
#434
Civil Rights
Movement
Incidents
Domestic
Policies
1950s –
1960s













#435
#436
National
Association
for the
Advanceme
nt of
Colored
People
(NAACP)
Civil Rights
Organizatio
ns
Domestic
Policies
1950s1960s




Domestic
Policies
1950s –
1960s


Massive Southern resistance slowed the advance of integration
Federal troops were used to help nine black students attend an all-white school in
Little Rock, despite mobs and the Arkansas National Guard
African-American woman who refused to give her bus seat to a white in
Alabama(1955)
Parks was arrested, drawing the support of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Dr. King organized a bus boycott in Birmingham, Alabama, leading to
desegregation in the United States and strengthening support for the civil rights
movement
International waterway through the Isthmus of Suez
Egypt and been receiving aid from the Soviets, leading Eisenhower to promise
money to Egypt to curtail the Soviets
Eisenhower withdrew his offer and Egypt attempted to nationalize the canal
Britain, France, and Israel invaded to gain back control of the Canal
Eisenhower forced France, Britain, and Israel to withdraw
Under the Act, the interstate highway system was expanded to 41,000 miles
Signed by President Eisenhower
Federal government would pay ninety percent of the cost of the expansion
$25 billion was authorized from 1957-1969; $114 billion was eventually expended
over thirty-five years
Besides allowing motorists to travel easily throughout the country, the expanded
highway system also allowed for troops movement and evacuation routes
Civil rights leader and Chairman of Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Believed in non-violent civil disobedience
Key member of the 1963 March on Washington, a response to a civil rights bill by
President Kennedy being stalled in Congress
At the march on Washington, King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech
Assassinated by James Earle Ray in 1908
First civil rights act since Reconstruction
Stimulated by Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka and civil rights activism
Created a panel to ensure that voting rights of African-Americans were not
violated
Emmett Till, a teenage African-American, was killed by two whites after
supposedly whistling at one of their wives; the men were acquitted
In 1960, four African-American students in Greensboro, North Carolina, sat at the
Woolworth’s “Whites Only” lunch counter and refused to leave until they were
served, sparking sit-ins throughout the South
An explosion at the Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama, killed four AfricanAmerican girls (1963)
During a voter registration drive in Mississippi, two white college students and a
local African-American were murdered; civil rights legislation resulted
In 1965, a group marched from Selma, Alabama, to Birmingham, Alabama, for
voting rights; the 1965 Voting Rights Act was signed soon thereafter
Formed in 1910 by a group of whites and blacks, including William E.B. DuBois,
to stop racial discrimination
Supported sit-ins as a form of protest against segregation as well as other forms of
non-violent protest
Disapproved of the more radical groups such as SNCC and the Black Panthers
Because of its mission, methods, and organization, the NAACP remains a force in
social issues and political affairs
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) – Founded by James Framer in Chicago and
advocated non-violence
CORE – Sponsored the 1961 Freedom Rides in the South, breaking segregation
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377


#437
Sputnik
Arts &
Sciences
Launched
October 4,
1957



#438
Eisenhower
Doctrine
War &
Foreign
Relations
1957



#439
Television
Arts &
Sciences
1950s1960s




#440
Fidel Castro
War &
Foreign
Relations
1959
#441
Election of
1960
Presidenti
al Matters
1960









#442
#443
U-2 Spy
Plane
John F.
Kennedy
War &
Foreign
Relations
1960
Presidenti
al Matters
19611963










#444
Bay of Pigs
War &
Foreign
Relations
April
1961






rules on buses and eventually changing those rules
Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) – Founded in 1961 to
support sit-ins
Stokely Carmichael, a leader of the SNCC and the Black Panthers Party, called for
“Black Power,” which urged blacks to be independent and prideful, separating
himself from the civil rights movement
Russian satellite launched into space
First unmanned spacecraft to escape Earth’s gravity
Caused concern in the United States because Americans realized they were not as
technologically advanced as the Russians
Led to an increased emphasis on science education in the United States
Created as a partial reaction to the Suez Canal crisis
The doctrine committed forces and economic aid to the Middle East to stop
Communist threats
Some nations, including Egypt and Syria, denounced the doctrine
Invented in the 1930s
FDR was the first president to appear on TV; he gave as peech in 1939 at the New
York World’s Fair, where television was being officially introduced to the mass
public
Seminal shows during the 1950s and 1960s included The Honeymooners, I Love
Lucy, and The Ed Sullivan Show
By 1960, over forty million homes had televisions
Communist- friendly leader of Cuba
Took power in Cuba after overthrowing Fulgencio Batista in 1959
Signed agreements with Soviets for trade
The United States broke diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba
Richard Nixon, Eisenhower’s former vice president, was nominated by the
Republicans
Senator John F. Kennedy was nominated by the Democrats
Kennedy’s Catholicism was a campaign issue because of fears that Catholic
leaders would influence him
The four presidential debates were televised and watched by approximately 75
million Americans
Nixon’s negative appearance on television affected voters’ perception of him
Russians shot down a United States U-2 reconnaissance plane over Soviet
airspace
Eisenhower admitted spying on the Soviets
The pilot, Francis Gary Powers, survived and served eighteen months in a Russian
jail
Thirty-fifth President
Democrat and first catholic President
Domestic program (New Frontier) included tax reforms, educational aid and
emphasis on the space program
Raised minimum wage
Approved the Bay of Pigs invasion
Established the Peace Corps in 1961 as an agency to send American volunteers to
developing countries
Successfully led American through the Cuban Missile Crisis
Assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald
Attempted invasion of Cuba by CIA-trained Cuban refugees
Goal was to overthrow Fidel Castro, Cuba’s communist-friendly Leader
The invasion failed after Kennedy refused air support
JFK assumed responsibility for the invasion
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#445
Berlin Wall
War &
Foreign
Relations
Erected in
1961
#446
Alliance for
Progress
1961
#447
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
War &
Foreign
Relations
War &
Foreign
Relations
October
1962











#448
#449
James
Meredith
Engel v.
Vitale
Society &
Culture
Legal
Issues
Born 1933

1962




#450
Baker v.
carr
Legal
Issues
1962





#451
Rachel
Carson
Arts &
Sciences
19071964
#452
Lyndon
Johnson
Presidenti
al Matters
19631969









#453
Gideon v.
Wainwright,
Escobedo v.
Illinois, and
Miranda v.
Arizona
Legal
Issues
1963,
1964, and
1966
respective
ly



Barrier erected by the East German government to separate East and West Berlin
East Berlin was under Communist control, while West Berlin remained under
Western control (American, British, and French)
Meant to stop defections and travel of East Berliners
The Alliance was a “Marshall Plan” for Latin America
Its purpose was to provide economic aid to help the region resist Communism
The results of the Alliance were disappointing to those who supported it
American spy plane discovered Russian missile sites being placed in Cuba
In response, President Kennedy blockaded Cuba and demanded that the Soviets
remove the missile bases and all long-range weapons
Kennedy declared that any missile attack on the United Sates would result in
retaliation against the U.S.S.R
Khrushchev removed the missile sties; the United States lifted the Blockade and
removed its intermediate- range ballistic missiles from Turkey
Led to Nuclear Test Ban (1963), in which the United States, Britain, and the
U.S.S.R agreed not to perform nuclear tests in the atmosphere or under water
James Meredith obtained a federal court order to allow him to enroll at the
University of Mississippi in 1962
On several occasions, he was barred from enrolling
Federal marshals were called in to accompany him to enroll and attend classes
Supreme Court held that a prayer created by the New York State Board of Regents
was unconstitutional
Even though this prayer was “non-denominational,” the Court held that statesponsored prayer of any type went against the First Amendment’s establishment
of religion
Tennessee had failed to reapportion its state legislature for sixty years despite
growth and population movement
Charles Baker, a Tennessee voter, brought suit against the states, arguing a
violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Baker claimed that his vote had been diluted
The Supreme Court held that the political question would be heard, opening the
way for numerous voting suits
American writer and marine biologist
Wrote Silent Spring(1962), a study on dangerous insecticides
Helped initiate the environmental movement
Thirty-sixth President
Became president after JFK’s assassination
Previously served as a Democratic senator from Texas, where he was both the
whip and floor leader
Promoted Kennedy’s agenda through Congress, including a tax cut and the Civil
Rights Act of 1964
Elected 1964
Called for war against poverty and promoted social and economic welfare
legislation (his Great Society program)
Gideon – Supreme Court held that all persons charged with a felony (later
expanded to other charges) must be provided legal counsel
Escobedo- Supreme Court held that the police must honor a person’s request to
have an attorney present during interrogation
Miranda – The Supreme Court provided an arrested person with the right to
remain silent, the right to be told that whatever he said could be used against him
and the right to be represented by an attorney, the right to have a lawyer even if he
could not afford one, and the right to one phone call to obtain a lawyer
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377
#454
Women’s
Movement
Society&
Culture
1960s





#455
Betty
Friedan
Arts &
Sciences
1963



#456
Civil Rights
Act of 1964
Domestic
Policies
1964





#457
#456
Heart of
Atlanta
Motel v.
U.S.
Gulf of
Tonkin
Resolution
Legal
Issues
1964
War &
Foreign
Relations
1964






#459
Ralph Nader
Society &
Culture
1934present



#460
Voting
Rights Act
of 1965
Domestic
Policies
1965




#461
#462
Watts Riots
Malcolm X
Society &
Culture
Society &
Culture
August
1965
19251965








Spurred by increasing employment opportunities and increasing numbers of
educated women
The Movement questioned “traditional” definitions of women’s roles
There became increased opportunities for women in work, education, and business
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination by employers
on the basis of gender
National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 to create equality
between the sexes
Author and activist
Published The Feminine Mystique in 1963, which attacked the belief that a
woman’s sole satisfaction comes through homemaking
Friedan was one of the founders of the National Organization of Women (NOW)
to advance women’s rights and causes
Passed by Lyndon Johnson, who followed Kennedy’s political agenda
The March on Washington in 1963 aided passage of the Act
The Act strengthened voting rights protection
Prohibited discrimination in place of public accommodations (stores, restaurants,
and hotels)
Required the federal government to withdraw support from any state or program
that discriminated
Established Equal Employment Commission to watch hiring practices
A motel operator refused to serve an African-American customer
The Supreme Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 196, which outlawed
discrimination in schools, places of work, voting sites, public accommodations,
and public areas
North Vietnamese supposedly fired on American ships in the Gulf of Tonkin
Congress passed resolution allowing President Johnson to use military action in
Vietnam
Johnson retaliated against the Vietcong with bombing attacks in the North,
followed by ground troops
Political activist and advocate for consumers
His book, Unsafe at Any Speed (1965), shed light on poor safety standards for
automobiles, leading Congress to pass auto safety measures
Unsuccessfully ran as a third-party candidate for the United States presidency in
1996, 2000, and 2004
Signed into law bye Lyndon Johnson
Resulted after demonstrations against the measures used to prevent AfricanAmericans from voting; these measures included violence
Voters could no longer be forced to take literacy tests
Provided federal registration of African-American voters in areas that had less
than fifty percent of eligible voters registered
Six-day riot in Watts, a depressed African-American section of Los Angeles
Causes included a drunk-driving arrest of a young African-American and claims
of police brutality
Thirty-four deaths and over $200 million worth of property damage resulted
Sparked riots throughout the country
African-Americans advocate and leader who moved away from Martin Luther
King’s non-violent methods of civil disobedience
While in prison, he became a Black Muslim and later a minister in the Nation of
Islam
The leader of the black Muslims, Elijah Muhammad, suspended Malcolm X when
he made derogatory remarks about President Kennedy’s assassinations
Malcolm X formed a new organization, the Muslim Mosque
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377


#463
Black
Panthers
Society &
Culture
1966
#464
Robert F.
Kennedy
Domestic
Policies
19251968
#465
Cesar
Chavez
Society &
Culture
19271993
#466
Countercult
ure
movement
Society &
Culture
1960s


















#467

War &
Foreign
Relations
January
1968
American
Indian
Movement
Society &
Culture
1968
#469
Moon
Landing
Arts &
Sciences
July 20,
1969


#470
Richard M.
Nixon
Presidenti
al Matters
19691974



#468
Tet
Offensive





#471
Pentagon
papers
War &
Foreign
Relations
Complete
d 1969,
Published
1971








After a pilgrimage to Mecca, he converted to Orthodox Islam and began publicly
accepting the idea of cooperation between blacks and whites
Assassinated in New York City during a speech, assailants were said to be with
the Black Muslim group, but this has never been confirmed
Founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in California
Called for African-Americans to become liberated through violence
Provided free lunches to African-American children
Have been involved in various violent confrontations over the years
Brother of President John F. Kennedy
Served as Attorney General under President Kennedy
Elected as senator from New York in 1964
Pushed for desegregation and election regulation
Presidential candidate in 1968
Assassinated in California by Sirhan Sirhan in June 1968
Migrant farmer who founded the National Farm Workers Association
His goal was to defeat persecution throughout the migrant worker system
Used strikes, picketing, and marches to help protect workers
Began at Berkeley with free speech movement
Beliefs included women’s liberation, anti-materialism, and opposition of the war
in Vietnam
Experimented with drugs and sex
Young people who favored the counterculture were called “hippies”
The Woodstock Music and Art Festival in New York State (1969) marked the
culmination of the counterculture movement
North Vietnam violated a truce during Tet(New Year), attacking cities throughout
South Vietnam
The attack surprised the United States
Despite initiating the fighting, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong were
defeated, suffering heavy casualties
Supported native American civil rights and recognition of past treaties with in the
United States
Militants associated with the organization staged an occupation of the town
Wounded Knee, South Dakota, arguing that treaties had been ignored
Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Earth’s moon
Armstrong made the famous statement, “That’s one small step for man… one
giant leap for mankind”
Armstrong’s fellow astronauts were Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins
Thirty-seventh President
Prior to becoming president in 1969, Nixon served as United States representative,
senator, and vice president
Nixon oversaw “Vietnamization,” which called for the training of South
Vietnamese troops to assume responsibility for military actions
He began to remove United States troops in phases from South Vietnam
Ended the draft
Opened China for trade
Reduced tension with U.S.S.R. with SALT agreements
Resigned following Watergate scandal, becoming the first president to do so
Defense Department papers that discussed America’s involvement in Southeast
Asia
Discussed how the government had misportrayed its intentions during the 1960s1970sVietnam War in the 1960s
The New York Times received the papers from Daniel Ellsberg, who had studied
defense policies; the Times began publishing articles about the study in June 1971
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377

#472
Kent State
Society &
Culture
1970



#473
TwentySixth
Amendment
Domestic
Policies
Ratified
1971




#474
Henry
Kissinger
War &
Foreign
Relations
1960s1970s
#475
SALT I & II
War &
Foreign
Relations
1972 (1)
&
1979 (II)







#476
Watergate
Scandal
Presidenti
al matters
June 17,
1972








#477
Furman v.
Georgia
Legal
Issues
1972


#478
War Powers
Act
Domestic
Policies
1973


#479
Saturday
Night
Massacre
Presidenti
al matters
1973



#480
Roe v. Wade
Legal
Issues
1973
#481
Gerald Ford
Presidenti
al matters
19741977








The United States tried to stop the Times by arguing national security, but the
Supreme Court allowed publication based on freedom of the press
Set a precedent for future conflicts in the press over security versus liberty
Site of a university protest against the Vietnam War and the Cambodian conflict
Ohio National Guard killed for students during the event and wounded many
others
Led to other uprisings on college campuses, including Jackson States
Ratified in response to Vietnam War
Gave the right to vote to citizens eighteen and older
By November 1971, eleven million Americans between eighteen and twenty-one
were eligible to vote
National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Nixon
Pursued relations with China
Played significant role in SALT
Negotiated talks after Six-Day War of Arab countries against Israel
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SALT I – Agreement signed by the United States and the Soviets to stop building
nuclear ballistic missiles for five years
SALT II – Signed by Carter and Brezhnev; it reduced and limited number of
missile launchers and bombers
These treaties helped to reduce tension between the United States and the U.S.S.R.
CRP/CREEP ( Committee for the Re-election of the President) attempted to spy
on Democrats at their headquarters in the Watergate Hotel
Men with connections to CRP/CREEP were arrested and convicted
Nixon stated that the burglars had no connection to his administration
James McCord, one of the convicted burglars, claimed a Republican cover-up
An investigation uncovered wire taps, presidential tapes, and further evidence of
espionage
Robert Woodward and Carl Bernstein, writers for The Washing Post, helped
reveal the details behind the break-in
This deception at the highest political level caused many Americans to become
disenchanted with the government
Supreme Court Ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional unless fairly
applied
Subsequent Supreme Court decisions have allowed the death penalty in certain
circumstances
President has to report to Congress within forty-eight hours of the commitment of
United States troops or substantially increasing troops in foreign countries
Congressional approval is needed for any military commitment of troops for more
than ninety days
Requirement enacted by Congress over Nixon’s veto
Followed Nixon’s refusal to give his tapes to Archibald Cox, the government’s
special prosecutor
Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox from this
appointment
Rather than fire Cox, Richardson quit
Eventually, the tapes surfaced and Nixon resigned in August 1973
Supreme Court decision that ruled first trimester abortions were to be allowed
All state laws prohibiting such abortions were made unconstitutional
Decision was based on a woman’s right to privacy
Led to criticism from Roman Catholics and right-to-life groups
Thirty-eighth president
Became vice president after Spiro Agnew resigned as a result of an investigation
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Jimmy
Carter
Presidenti
al matter
19771981
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#484
Bakke v.
Regents of
the
University of
California
American
Hostages in
Iran
Legal
Issues
1978
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War &
Foreign
Relations
1979
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#485
Three Mile
Island
Arts &
Sciences
1979
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Ronald
Reagan
Presidenti
al Matters
19811989
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#487
Mikhail
Gorbachev
War &
Foreign
Relations
19851991
#488
Iran-Contra
Affair
War &
Foreign
Relations
1986
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into financial irregularities
Took office after Nixon’s resignation
Pardoned Nixon, though the former president had no been charged with anything
His rise to power represented the first use of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, which
provided for action in cases of a vice-presidential vacancy
Thirty-ninth President
Defeated Gerald Ford for Presidency
Wanted to make a “responsible government”
Reduced unemployment and eased the energy crises
Negotiated Camp David Accords, in which Israel returned land in the Sinai
Peninsula in exchange for Egyptian recognition of Israel’s rights
Iran’s holding of American hostages, along with inflation led to his loss to Ronald
Reagan in 1980
The Supreme court upheld the university’s use of race in its admissions decisions
The Court also found that Bakke, a white, should have been admitted to the
university’s medical school
This holding banned the use of racial quotas
America had supported the Shah of Iran, who lost power after a coup by the
Ayatollah Khomeini
Supporters of Khomeini were anti-American because of this support of the Shah
Carter allowed the Shah to receive medical attention in the United States,
upsetting Iranians
Iranian revolutionaries stormed the American Embassy in Iran and took hostages
Carter froze Iranian assets in the United States and sent ships within striking
distance
An accord was finally singed and the revolutionaries freed the hostages on
Reagan’s inauguration day
A nuclear power plant located south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, overheated,
causing part of its uranium core to melt
The overheating was caused by human, design, and mechanical errors
Radioactive water and gasses were released
Led to a slowdown in the construction of other reactors and changes in the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Americans became more aware of environmental concerns
Fortieth president
Defeated Carter after carrying a large majority
Increased military spending, including the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars
Program), which was a space-based defense system
Succeeded in getting a tremendous tax cut, aiming to increase investment and
improve the job market (Reaganomics)
After first increasing the number of nuclear weapons, Reagan worked with
Gorbachev toward the reduction of nuclear weapons
Won re-election over Democratic nominees, Walter Mondale and Geraldine
Ferraro
Russian political leader
Worked with Reagan to reduce nuclear weapons
Removed Russian troops from Afghanistan
Worked to liberalize repressive atmosphere of country under governmental
policies of “Glasnost” (openness) and “perestroika” (restructuring
Key player in the fall of communism in Russia
Scandal involving CIA, National Security Council, and the Reagan administration
The United States sold weapons to Iranians friendly to America in order to
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Black
Monday
Economy
&
Business
October
19, 1987
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Savings and
Loan
Scandal
Economy
&
Business
1980s
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George
Bush
Presidenti
al matters
19891993
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START
War &
Foreign
Relations
1990
#493
Persian Gulf
War
War &
Foreign
Relations
1991
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#495
Effects of
the collapse
of Soviet
Union
Bill Clinton
War &
Foreign
Relations
1990s
Presidenti
al matters
19932001
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Branch
Davidian
Incident
Society &
Culture
1993
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encourage them to free hostages
Profits from sales of weapons funded Nicaraguan revolutionaries fighting the
Sandinista government
Congress had approved neither the sale nor the funding, and hearings led to
convictions of Oliver North, Robert McFarlane, and John Poindexter
For many, the hearings echoed the Watergate scandal; American citizens became
increasingly skeptical of their government
The Dow Jones dropped 22.6%, the largest single-day drop since 1914
Causes included trade deficits, computerized trading, and American criticism of
West Germany’s economic policies
The crash later affected the insurance industry and was a cause of the savings and
loan crisis
The lax regulation of the savings and loan industry led to poor investments and
high insolvency
The economic environment following Black Monday worsened the savings and
loan financial disaster
As the federal government guaranteed deposits up to $100,000, a $166 billion
rescue appropriation was made
The scandal is representative of the poor governmental regulations
Forty-first President
Prior to becoming president, he served as a congressman, director of the CIA,
U.N. Ambassador, and vice president to Ronald Reagan
Sent troops to overthrow Manuel Noriega in Panama
Led the United States to success in the Gulf War, forcing Iraq to withdraw from
Kuwait
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
Signed by Mikhail Gorbachev and George Bush
Cut the nuclear weapons arsenals of both nations by thirty percent
START was a land mark agreement in the easing of American-Russian tensions
Saddam Hussein, dictator and leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990
American Interests in oil were threatened
After Ireaq failed to meet the deadline for peaceful withdrawal, the United States
launched Operation Desert Storm on January 18, 1991, led by General Norman
Schwarzkopf
Air strikes were followed by a ground war
Multi-national forces defeated Iraqi troops and liberated Kuwait
Though under heavy embargos, Saddam was left in power, which would lead to
second war with Iraq in the George W. Bush presidency
Break-up of nations created new foreign policy challenges and a proliferation of
weaponry
Provided new opportunities for the United States trade
Led to new foreign policy challenges in Asia
Forty-second President
Former Law professor, attorney general of Arkansas, and governor of Arkansas
Achieved gun control measures, a strong economy, acts supporting time off for
family leave, and welfare reform
Led the United States to join the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), lifting barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico
Became the second president to be impeached by the House of Representatives
after an extra-marital affair with Monica Lewinsky
Apocalyptic Christian group funded during the 1930s
David Koresh and his followers lived at a compound outside Waco, Texas
A shootout occurred between the FBI, ATF, and branch Davidian as a warrant for
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#498
Oklahoma
City
bombing
Society &
Culture
George W.
Bush
Presidenti
al matters
1995
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2001 -
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September
11, 2001
War &
Foreign
Relations
September
11, 2001
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#500
Evolution of
the major
Political
parties from
Civil war to
Modern day
Domestic
Policies
1854 –
Modern
Day
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illegal weapons and child abuse was attempted to be served
Four federal agents and five Branch Davidians were killed
A fifty-one day standoff occurred, ending with the burning of the compound and
the death of Koresh and the rest of his followers
Timothy McVeigh destroyed the Oklahoma City Federal Building with a
fertilizer bomb
168 people were killed in the destruction caused by the explosion
McVeigh said he was upset with the government about the Branch Davidian
fiasco and the events at Ruby Ridge
McVeigh was killed by lethal injection in 2001
Forty-third President
Former Texas governor sworn into office in 2001
Won presidential race after the Democratic nominee and former vice president, Al
Gore ,conceded following a voting ordeal in Florida
Gore had more popular votes than Bush but fewer electoral votes
Passed initiatives in attempts to improve education (No Child Left Behind Act)
His Declaration against terrorism led to the liberation of Afghanistan and the
invasion of Iraq
Son of former president, George Bush
Re-elected in 2004
Day of attacks by terrorist cells connected to the Al Qaeda network, which was
led by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi dissident
Al Qaeda operatives hijacked two airliners and crashed them into New York’s
World Trade center, destroying the building and killing thousands
Another hijacked plane hit the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.
A final hijacked plane was diverted from its mission, crashing in Pennsylvania
As a result of the attacks, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act, which Broadened
government authority to gather intelligence and further defined crimes that were
punishable as terrorism
Attacks led to the invasion of Afghanistan
Key Moment: Passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Act
Political parties – Republican and Democrat –extension of slavery into the
territories was the main concern of Lincoln’s Republicans, while Democratic
voting split North-South along the issue
Evolutionary Point: After a Northern victory in the Civil War, the South became
ant-Republican and anti-North; the North maintained political control and became
increasingly industrial and wealthy
Key Moment: though Democratic candidates had been elected since the Civil
Wear, Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency helped to redefine the party
Parties: Modern-day Republican and Democratic parties- Business and tariffs used
to support the state versus policies that support broad social programs
Barron’s AP United States History Flash Cards 2005 ISBN 0764178377