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Economic Advance and Social Unrest Chapter 21 Industrial Society • Early 19th century – G.B. dominated manufacturing and trade • Mid 19th century – Continental Europe begins to catch up • Populations continued to grow – Urbanization in western Europe – Living conditions worsened Industrial Society • Railways built across Europe – Easier movement of goods and people – Industrialization increased • Demand for iron, steel, and skilled labor • Iron replaces wood • Wealth increased The Labor Force • Labor force was varied – Rich, poor, women, children • Skilled artisans faced unemployment – Factories • Wage-Labor Force – Labor became a commodity – Proletarianization • Laborers work for a wage • Companies provide the factory, material… • Discipline became strict and mechanical • Guilds – Lost influence – Bans on organizations Chartism • Political activism by skilled workers • Chartism – Political reform in Britain – Charter – Six reforms • Male suffrage, annual elections in the H. of Commons, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, … • Parliament refused to pass it • Failed • Prosperity returned and Chartism abondoned Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution • Working class families changed little during the early years • Factories – Unskilled workers – Unmarried women and children – Less wages • Child labor became an issue – English Factory Act of 1833 Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution • Wage economy – All family members shared wages – Families became a unit of consumption instead of production – Families were not as close Women in the IR • Men – Support the family – Bread winner • Women – Domestic duties – Less skilled cottage industry Women in the IR • 1820’s – Women began working in factories – Unmarried, young, widows – Low skill – Some women turned to prostitution – Wage economy changed marriage • Men could support • Children were an asset Classical Economics • Classical economists – Economic growth through free enterprise • Competition – Appealed to the middle class Thomas Malthus • Thomas Malthus – Nothing could improve the situation of the working class – Essay on the Principle of Population • Population will outstrip food supply • Population control David Ricardo • Principles of Political Economy – “Iron Law of Wages” • More money = more children= more workers=lower wages….. • Minimum wage could solve the problem Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham – Greatest happiness for the greatest number – Utility (majority) would overcome special interests (minority) – Poor Law Commission • Poverty stinks! • Anti-Corn Law League – Lower food prices – Irish Famine Socialism • Socialists – Suffering arose from unregulated Industrial system – Community rather than individual • Saint-Simonianism – Society requires rational management • Social harmony • Owenism – Good working conditions – Collaboration of workers to produce goods Socialism • Fourierism – French – Passionate side of humans is important – Phalanxes • Agrarian • Sexual freedom Anarchism • Anarchists – Rejected industry and government – Usually attacked the capitalist/banking society • Capitalism/banking targeted the poor • Mutualism Marxism • Karl Marx – German – Criticized industrialist capitalist society – Partnered with Friedrich Engels • Communist Manifesto Marxism • Marxism/Communism – – – – Major influence over modern European history Rejection of liberal reform Criticism of other socialist ideas Revolution • Create a propertyless and classless society – Used history as a guide • Social conflict between proletariats and bourgeoisie • Suffering increased with capitalism – Was the idea a product of the times? Communism • Utopian vision of human liberation • Did not take hold in the mid 19th century • Capitalism won out Revolutions of 1848 • Outbreak of liberal revolutions across Europe • Causes – Food shortages – Economic depression – Unemployment – Widespread poverty • Only the most developed and least developed countries escaped revolution Revolutions of 1848 • France – Discontent forced Louis Philippe to abdicate – New National Assembly • Moderates and conservatives • Anti-socialist • Protect property – Elected a president • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – Nephew • Louis Napoleon – Interested in fame and power – Led a coup and proclaimed emperor Napoleon III • Republic to dictatorship • French Women – Vesuvians • Radicals – Moderates • Family role is so prominent that they should have rights • Attack on conservatives (family roles) – Government showed no sympathy • Women activists arrested Hapsburg Empire • Hungary demanded independence – Metternich resigned in the face of worker/student demonstrations – Vienna captured by revolutionaries – Peasants demanded freedom – Ferdinand I abolished serfdom • Peasants lost interest in revolution – Other ethnic groups demanded independence • Monarchy played them against each other – Francis Joseph (son) became emperor and crushed revolutionaries 1848 Revolutions • Slavic groups demanded independence – Pan Slavism • Russian method of using the Slavic people as support against the Hapsburgs • Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, Serbs…. • Suppressed • Italy – Rebellion in northern Italy failed – Republic of Rome was proclaimed • Guiseppe Mazzini, Guiseppe Garibaldi • France helped to defeat the new republic 1848 Revolutions • Germany – Wanted unification of the German confederation minus Austria • Frankfurt Parliament • Wanted Frederick William IV as emperor – He refused – Austria forces Germany to forget unification
