Download Intro to Human Body

Introduction
to
Anatomy & Physiology
Headings
Vocabulary
Important Info
●Anatomy
oscience of
structure
orelationships
revealed by
dissection imaging
techniques
●Physiology
oscience of body
Clinical Observational Techniques
● Palpation
o feel body surface with
hands
 pulses and breathing
rates
● Auscultation
o listen to body sounds
with stethoscope
 abnormal fluid in lungs
● Percussion
o tap on body surface and
listen to echo
Levels of Organization
● Chemical
● Cellular
● Tissue
● Organs
● System Level
● Organismic Level
Levels of Structural Organization
● Chemical Level - atomic and molecular level
● Cellular Level - smallest living unit of the body
● Tissue Level - group of cells and the materials
surrounding them that work together on one task
● 4 basic tissue
o epithelium
o muscle
o connective
tissue
o nerve
● Organ Level
o grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure
with a specific function.
● Organ System
o collection of related organs with a common function
o sometimes an organ is part of more than one system
● Organismic Level - one living individual.
Interactions of Body Systems
● Example: Integumentary System & Skeletal System
o Skin produces vitamin D needed for CA absorption and bone
growth
o Bone marrow produces cells which help the skin resist
infection.
Life Processes
● Metabolism = sum of all
chemical processes
o breakdown of large
molecules into small
o building new structural
components (proteins)
o providing chemical energy
for cells
● Responsiveness
o detect & respond to changes
in internal or external
environment
o some typical responses
 muscle contraction, electrical
● Movement
o any structural level
o body, organ, cell or cell
component
● Growth
o increase in number or size
of cells or the material
found between cells
● Differentiation
o specialization of cells
for a specific function
o stem cells give rise to cells
that specialize
● Reproduction
o formation of new cells or
Homeostatis
● Maintaining the internal
environment within
physiological limits
(internal balance)
● First described by French
physiologist, 1813-1878
● Process named by Walter
Cannon, 1871-1945
● Example
o blood glucose level is kept
within narrow range 70110/100ml
Homeostasis of Body Fluids
● Delineation of fluid compartments
● Intracellular Fluid (ICF) = w/i cells
● Extracellular Fluid (ECF) = o/s cells
 Intercellular Fluid = tissue fluid =
interstitial fluid
 Plasma = fluid portion of blood
● Composition of fluids change as
substances move between compartments
o nutrients, oxygen, ions and wastes
move in both directions across
Control of Homeostasis
●Homeostasis is continually
being disrupted by:
o External Stimuli
 intense heat, cold , and lack of
oxygen
o Internal Stimuli
 psychological stresses
 exercise
●Disruptions are usually mild &
temporary
●If homeostasis is not
Neural and Endocrine Controls
● Maintaining a controlled
condition
o sensory receptors detect change
in a monitored variable
o nervous system and/or endocrine
system responds
● Ex: Control of blood gas level
o exercise increases blood CO2
levels
o sensory receptors detect change
o nervous system increases heart
and breathing rates to remove
excess CO2
o adrenal gland releases
epinephrine to increase heart
Components of Feedback Loop
● Receptor
o monitors a controlled condition
● Control Center
o determines next action
● Effector
o receives directions from the
control center
o produces a response that
changes controlled condition
Negative & Positive Feedback Loops
●Negative Feedback Loop
o original stimulus reversed
o most feedback systems in the body are negative
o used for conditions that need frequent adjustment
o body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pressure
●Positive
Feedback
Loop
o original
stimulus intensified
o normal childbirth
Homeostasis of Blood Pressure
● Pressure receptors in walls of
certain arteries detect an increase in
BP
o Blood Pressure = force of blood on
walls of vessels
● Brain receives input and signals
heart and blood vessels
● Heart rate slows and arterioles
dilate (increase in diameter)
● BP returns to normal
Positive Feedback during Childbirth
● Stretch receptors in walls of
uterus send signals to brain
● Brain releases hormone (oxytocin)
into bloodstream
● Uterine smooth muscle contracts
more forcefully
● More stretch, more hormone,
more contraction etc.
● Cycle ends with birth of the baby
& decrease in stretch
Homeostatic Imbalances
● Disorder = abnormality of function
● Disease = homeostatic imbalance with distinct…
o Symptoms: changes in body function felt by patient such as nausea
o Signs: changes in body function that can be observed by doctor
such as rash or fever
● Diagnosis: skill of
distinguishing one
disease from another
● Epidemiology: how
disease is transmitted
● Pharmacology: how
drugs used to treat
disease
Basic Anatomical Terminology
● Regions of the body
● Anatomical position
● Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms
Anatomical Position
● Standardized position
describing directional
terms
o standing upright
o facing the observer,
head level
o eyes facing forward
o feet flat on the floor
o arms at the sides
o palms turned forward
● Prone Position = lying face
down
● Supine Position = lying face up
Common Regional Names
She is standing in the Anatomical Position
● Clinical terminology based on a Greek or Latin root word.
● Fill in worksheet to help remember the terms
Planes & Sections
●Plane: imaginary flat
surface that passes
through the body.
●Section: one of the 2
surfaces (pieces) that
results when the body is
cut by a plane passing
through it.
Sagittal Plane
● Sagittal Plane
o divides the body or an organ into left and right sides
● Midsagittal Plane
o produces equal halves
● Parasagittal Plane
o produces unequal halves
Other Planes and Sections
● Frontal or Coronal Plane
o divides the body or an organ into front
(anterior) and back (posterior) portions
● Transverse or Horizontal Plane
o cross-sectional
o divides the body or an organ into upper
(superior) or lower (inferior) portions
● Oblique Plane
o some combination of 2 other planes
Planes and Sections of the Brain(3-D
anatomical relationships revealed)
● Horizontal Plane
● Frontal Plane
● Midsagittal Plane
Major Directional Terms
●Dorsal & Ventral
● Dorsal or Posterior
o Back of the body
o Brain is posterior to the
forehead.
● Ventral or Anterior
Superior & Inferior
● Superior
o Towards the head
o Eyes are superior to mouth.
● Inferior
o Front of the body
o Away from head
o Sternum is anterior to
the heart.
o Stomach is inferior to the
heart.
Proximal or Distal
● Proximal
o nearer to attachment of the limb
to the trunk
o The knee is proximal to the
ankle.
● Distal
o farther from attachment of the
limb to the trunk
o The wrist is distal to the elbow.
Medial or Lateral
● Medial
o nearer to midline of body
o Heart lies
medial to lungs
● Lateral
o farther from midline of body
o The thumb is on the lateral
side of the hand.
●Brain is posterior to the
forehead.
●Eyes are superior to
mouth.
●Stomach is inferior to the
heart.
●Sternum is anterior to the
heart.
●The knee is proximal to the
ankle.
●Heart lies medial to lungs
●The wrist is distal to the
elbow.
●The thumb is on the lateral side of the
Dorsal Body Cavity
●Near dorsal surface of body
●2 subdivisions
oCranial Cavity
 holds the brain
 formed by skull
oVertebral or Spinal Canal
 contains the spinal cord
 formed by vertebral
column
●Meninges (system of membranes) line dorsal
body cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
● Near ventral surface of body
● Visceral Organs (viscera): A group of internal organs housed in
the ventral cavity
● 2 subdivisions
o Thoracic Cavity: above
diaphragm
o Abdominopelvic Cavity:
below diaphragm
● Diaphragm = large,
dome-shaped muscle
● Organs called viscera
Abdominopelvic Cavity
● Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm
● Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis
Thoracic Cavity
● Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle
● Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum
● Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs
o "middle" section of the chest cavity
Mediastinum
● Area behind the breastbone
● Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and
great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.
Serous Membranes
●Thin slippery
membrane lines
body cavities not
open to the outside
o parietal layer lines
walls of cavities
(outside)
o visceral layer covers
viscera (internal
organs) within the
cavities
●Serous fluid
Pleural & Pericardial Cavities
● Visceral Pleura: clings to surface of lungs
● Parietal Pleura: lines chest wall
● Visceral Pericardium: covers heart
● Parietal Pericardium: lines pericardial sac
Peritoneum
● Visceral Peritoneum --- serous membrane that covers
the abdominal viscera (organs)
● Parietal Peritoneum --- serous membrane that lines the
abdominal wall
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants
● Describe locations of organs or source of pain
● Tic-tac-toe grid or intersecting lines through navel
Medical Imaging
●Allows visualization of structures without
surgery
●Useful for
confirmation
of diagnosis
●Examples of
imaging
techniques
Conventional Radiography
● A single burst of xrays
● Produces 2-D image on
film
● Known as radiography or
xray
● Poor resolution of soft
tissues
● Major use is Osteology:
study of bones
Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
● Moving x-ray beam
● Image produced on a
video monitor of a crosssection through body
● Computer generated
image reveals more soft
tissue detail
o kidney & gallstones
● Multiple scans used to
build 3D views
Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA)
● Radiopaque material
injected into blood
vessels
● Before and after images
compared with a
computer program
● Image of blood vessel is
shown on a monitor
Ultrasound (US)
● High-frequency sound waves
emitted by hand-held device
● Safe, noninvasive & painless
● Image or sonogram is
displayed on video monitor
● Used for fetal ultrasound and
examination of pelvic &
abdominal organs, heart and
blood flow through blood
vessels
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
● Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field
● Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field
● Pulse of radiowaves used to generate an image on
video monitor
● Can not use on patient with metal in their body
● Reveals fine detail within soft tissues
Positron Emission Tomography(PET)
● Substance that emits
positively charged
particles is injected into
body
● Collision with negatively
charged electrons in
tissues releases gamma
rays
● Camera detects gamma
rays & computer
generates image