Download Respiratory System Notes

Chapter 16 – The Respiratory System
16.1 Introduction
Primary Function: Exchanging gases- obtaining _____________ and removing
______________________
Other functions: Filter air, produce vocal ________, sense of _________, regulation of
blood ________
Respiration: the process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
Movement of _______ into the __________ – Ventilation
Gas exchange between ___________ and _______ (external respiration)
________ transport in __________
Gas exchange between the blood and body cells (__________ respiration)
Cellular Respiration – the process of ______________ use and ________production at
the _________________ level
16.2 Organs of the Respiratory System
______________ Respiratory Tract – _________, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses,
____________________
_____________ Respiratory Tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, ___________
Nose – bones and cartilage support nose, two openings (__________), _________
filters large particles
Nasal _________ – hollow _________ behind the nose
Nasal septum – divides the nose (___________)
Nasal conchae – _____________ that divide the nasal __________, support the mucus
membrane and increase surface area (superior, middle, inferior)
* deviated septum – when the septum ____________________________________
Paranasal Sinuses – __________ within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid
bones; reduce the weight of __________and are resonant chambers for ___________.
Pharynx – behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx (space, not a
_____________)
Larynx – ____________________ at the top of the trachea and below pharynx,
conducts _________ in and out of trachea, houses __________________
- composed of a framework of muscles and cartilages (thyroid
(_______________________)
- false vocal folds (do not produce sound) – help close ______________ during
_____________________
- true vocal folds (produce sound) – changing ___________ of the pharynx, and
oral cavity changes _____________ into ______________
- contracting and relaxing muscles changes _________ (increased ___________
= higher _____________)
Glottis – triangular _________ that opens during breathing/talking, and closes during
swallowing
Epiglottis – _______________ structure that stands upright, allows air to enter larynx,
during swallowing it presses _________________and prevents ___________ from
entering air passages
Laryngitis – when the _____________ membrane becomes _____________ and
prevents the vocal cords from ________________ freely
Trachea (windpipe) – flexible cylinder, about 12.5 cm long, extends downward in front of
the esophagus
- contains about 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that prevent trachea from
______________________
Bronchial Tree – branched airways leading from the trachea to the air sacs in the lungs
Primary bronchii – left and right  bronchioles  alveolar ducts  alveolar sacs  alveoli
Gases are exchanged between alveoli and the blood stream
Lungs – soft spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.
Left Lung – smaller, ____ lobes | Right Lung – larger than left, _____ lobes
16.3 Breathing Mechanism
Inspiration = inhalation |
Expiration = exhalation
INHALATION
1. The diaphragm moves
downward and forces air
____________________
__________________
2. External muscles
contract, raising ribs and
sternum and enlarges
the cavity even more
3. Pleural membranes
held tightly together,
move with the
contractions of muscles
4. Surface tension in the alveoli (caused by water) makes it difficult to inflate them.
Surfactant reduces tendency of alveoli to collapse. (Lack or surfactant in preemies can
cause respiratory distress)
5. A deeper breath can be achieved through other muscles – pectoralis minor and
sternocleidomastoid
6. The first breath of a newborn is the hardest because all of the alveoli are only partially
inflated and the lack of __________________.
*Since our breathing is based on atmospheric ______________ (and the difference in
the pressure in the lungs), if there is a hole in the pleural cavity, the lung
______________ (deflates). This can happen if a person is stabbed or a broken
______pierces the lung.
NON-RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS - Used to clear air passageways (coughing,
sneezing) or express emotion (laughter, crying) – result from reflexes -- A hiccup is a
sudden inspiration due to a spasm of the _____________, air striking vocal folds makes
the sound ---A yawn may be caused by low ___________________________, a yawn
forces a deep breath
EXHALATION
1. As diaphragm and other muscles relax, ______________ ____________ from
surface tension forces air out
RESPIRATORY AIR VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
Spirometry – measures volumes of air moving ______________________
__________________________________. 4 distinct respiratory volumes
Respiratory cycle – 1 inspiration + the following expiration
Resting Tidal volume – amount of air that enters the lungs during ___________
__________________
Reserve volume – air that can be ___________ in or out
Residual Volume – air remaining in the lungs even after forceful exhalation
*** Combining two or more of the respiratory volumes = respiratory capacities.
Vital __________________ = Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve
Volume + Tidal Volume = (maximum amount of air a person can exhale)
_____________ Capacity= Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (max amount
that can be inhaled)
Functional Residual Capacity – Volume of air that remains in the lungs at ________
Total Lung Capacity =Vital Capacity + Residual Volume (varies by sex, _______, body
_____________)
LABELING
16.4 Control of Breathing
Breathing is an ____________________ act, the muscles are under
_________________ control (we can choose to hold our breath)
Respiratory Center – groups of ____________ in the brain that control inspiration and
expiration (based in the ________________ and the pons)
Factors Affecting Breathing
*Chemosensitive areas – detect concentrations of chemicals like __________
________________ and _____________________
1. Rise in _________
2. _________ blood oxygen
3. Inflation reflex – regulates the _________of breathing, prevents overinflation of the
__________
4. Emotional upset, fear and __________
*hyperventilation – increase breathing for a short time lowers the blood CO2
concentration and will allow you to hold your breath for a longer period
6.5 Alveolar Gas Exchanges
Alveoli – clusters or air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
Respiratory Membrane – layers of simple __________________ cells and capillaries
Oxygen __________________ into the bloodstream
Other solutes (like ______________) can diffuse too and be exhaled  breath analysis
16.6 Gas Transport
___________ – a disease in which there is a lack of _________________ content
within the body’s tissue and vital _______________.. Can be caused by inadequate
bood flow, poisons (cyanide and carbon monoxide), suffocation, strangulation, choking
___________ – a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that
arises from being unable to breath normally (Examples: choking)
ILLNESSES RELATED TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Cystic Fibrosis (genetic)
2. Asthma
3. Bronchitis
4. Apnea
5. Emphysema
6. Lung Cancer
7. Altitude Sickness
8. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
9. Sinusitis
10. Bacterial or Viral Infections (cold, flu, pneumonia