Download Geography and Map Skills Guided Notes - World History

Georgraphy and Map Skills
Time Period: 4 million years ago to 8,000 B.C.E.
Key Terms
-geography
-world in spatial
terms
-places and
regions
-physical
systems
-human systems
-environment
and society
-uses of
geography
-culture
-history
-social groups
-language
-religion
-daily life
-arts
-economy
-government
-historian
-prehistory
-map key
(legend)
-drought
-famine
-GPS
-GIS
-map scale
-latitude
-longitude
-parallels
-meridians
-compass rose
-Equator
-Prime Meridian
-hemisphere
-relative location
-absolute
location
-physical map
-political map
-special purpose
map
-chloropleth
-globe
-map projection
-map distortion
-landforms
-artifacts
-fossils
-soil erosion
-ecosystem
-7 Natural
Wonders of
Africa
-Himalayas
-Gobi Desert
-natural
resources
-renewable
resources
-axis
-climate
-Highland
Climate
-Tropical
Climate
-Mid Latitude
Climate
-Dry Climate
-Continent
-ocean
-decade
-century
-epoch
-era
-Millennium
-BC/BCE
-AD/CE
-satellite imagery
-aerial
photography
-cultural
diffusion
Key Places
World Maps. You must know the continents and oceans.
Key People
They are apes with opposable thumbs and a “slightly” larger neo-cortex; no one person
could accomplish anything except to occasionally kill an animal for food.
Key Terms
geography- study of people, their environment in which they live, and the resources
available to them. __________ affects people in six ways (themes or elements): the
world in spatial terms, places and regions, ____________, human systems, environment
and society, and the uses of geography. It is important because it shows the connections
between _____, places, and things.
the world in spatial terms-how to use maps and other geographic representations, tools,
and technologies to __________, and report information from a ___________ (in a
physical space a location). How to use a spatial organization of people, places, and
environments in a spatial context. ___________ – exact location on earth’s surface. Uses
latitude and longitude. Relative location – where a place is in relation to another place.
places and regions-area. We use _______ characteristics (natural things like bodies of
water, forests, mountains, etc.) and _____________ (human created things like music,
art, culture, buildings, etc.) to describe places. Regions-areas that share certain
characteristics. There are several types-physical (set of mountains), political region
(country or state or school district), _________ (region that shares trade routes that are
closely interconnected), cultural regions which share the same culture (Amish
Pennsylvania)
physical systems(structures)-the physical process that shape patterns of the earth’s
surface. Things like wind, ______, storms, water _________ through land, etc.
human systems-how humans and __________ live in a place, more around, and interact
with other cultures. They can move, trade, _________, cooperate, or fight.
environment and society-how people interact with the ________. i.e. how people depend
on their environment (water for drinking and growing food); how people adapt to their
_____________ (create air conditioners in ________ so it is more comfortable); modify
their environment (create damns to build lakes where there were any before)
uses of geography- study the _________ of the past so we can plan for and predict the
future of geography. Common geographic __________: maps, Geographic Information
System (GIS)—computer program that creates _________ out of data to analyze
geography. (Google Earth)
culture-the beliefs, __________, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time
history-the study of past events so we can _______ the future
social groups-people who share certain ___________, interact with one another, accept
expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a ________ identity.
(friends)
Language-the method of human __________, either spoken or written, consisting of the
use of words in a structured and conventional way.
Religion-the belief in and ____________ of a superhuman controlling power, especially a
personal God or ___________.
daily life-the activities and ______________ that constitute a person's normal existence.
arts-the various branches of creative activity, such as __________, music, literature, and
dance.
economy-the wealth and __________ of a country or region, especially in terms of the
production and consumption of __________ and services. (everything people do in the
business world to make _________)
government-the governing body of a _________, state, or community:
historian- determine how people lived in the past by studying their __________,
however, they focus mainly on _________ evidence. They do this by collecting all
written evidence, evaluate the data, and then ___________ it.
prehistory- refers to the time when early man and ________ man had no form of writing
to record what occurred in their lives, this ended around _________ years ago.
map key (legend)- pictures, symbols, or colors on a __________ that show you how to
read (interpret it)
drought- a prolonged period of __________ low rainfall; a shortage of water resulting
from this.
famine- extreme scarcity of ______:
GPS- Global Positioning System, an accurate worldwide __________ and surveying
facility based on the reception of signals from an array of orbiting _________.
GIS- A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data.
map scale- Map scale refers to the __________ (or ratio) between distance on a map and
the corresponding distance on the ___________. For example, on a 1:100000 scale map,
1cm on the map equals 1km on the ground.
latitude- straight lines (side to side) that run north and _________ of the equator that are
used to measure distance.
longitude- straight lines (up and down) that run east and west from the Prime Meridian
(an imaginary longitudinal line that runs through ___________, England) used to
measure distance.
parallels- each of the imaginary ___________ circles of constant latitude on the earth's
surface.
Meridians- imaginary north–south line on the Earth’s _________ that connects both
geographic poles; it is used to indicate longitude.
compass rose- a circle showing the principal directions printed on a _________ or chart
Equator- an imaginary line around the Earth forming the ________ _______ that is
equidistant from the north and south poles; "the equator is the boundary between the
northern and southern __________"
Prime Meridian- An imaginary line _________ from north to south through Greenwich,
England, used as the reference point for ____________.
Hemisphere- hemisphere _________ to one-half of the earth. It can be the northern or
southern hemisphere divided at the equator, or the ___________ hemisphere, east of the
Prime Meridian to 180 degree longitude, or the western hemisphere, west of the Prime
Meridian to 180 degree _____________.
relative location- where a place is in __________ to another place.
absolute location- exact ___________ on earth’s surface. Uses latitude and longitude.
political map- Political maps are designed to show ______________ boundaries of
countries, states, and counties, the location of major cities
special purpose map-also known as a _____________ map. A thematic map is a map that
focuses on a _________ theme or special topic. An example of a thematic map would be
one showing the population change of ___________ in specific locations from 1996 to
2001.
Chloropleth- A choropleth map is a thematic map in which areas are _________ or
patterned in proportion to the ______________ of the statistical variable being displayed
on the map, such as population density or per-capita income.
Globe- a sphere on which a map of the world or the ___________ is drawn or
represented.
map projection- a means of ________ or a representation of the globe or celestial sphere
or part of it on a flat map, using a grid of ___________ of latitude and longitude.
map distortion-when you take a ___________ and turn it into a flat map, the features and
distances get distorted.
landform- a natural feature of the earth's ____________.
artifact- an object made by a human being, typically an item of __________ or historical
interest:
fossils- he remains or impression of a prehistoric organism ______________ in petrified
form or as a mold or cast in rock.
soil erosion- the ______________ away of soil by the flow of water.
ecosystem- a biological community of interacting ____________ and their physical
environment.
7 Natural Wonders of Africa-Victoria Falls, ______________, Ngorongoro Crater, Nile
River, Okavango Delta, Red Sea Reef, Sahara Desert.
http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/
Himalayas- The Himalayas, or Himalaya, are a ____________ range in Asia separating
the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the _____________. The Himalayan range is
home to the planet's highest peaks, including the highest, _____________.
Gobi Desert- The Gobi is a large desert region in Asia. It covers parts of northern and
northwestern China, and of southern Mongolia.
natural resources-naturally occurring materials such as ________, fertile land, etc, that
can be used by man.
renewable resources-Crops, fish, timber, ___________, and wind energy and other
resources that can be used without exhausting them.
Axis- an imaginary line about which a ________ rotates: "the earth revolves on its axis
once every 24 hours"
Climate- the weather conditions _____________ in an area in general or over a long
period:
"our hot, wet climate"
Highland Climate- Highland climates are ____________ and found in mountains and
high plateaus. The climate varies because the higher you are up the mountain the colder it
gets. The climate varies in places because of the mountains. _________ can act as
barriers to the movement of air masses and can cause differences in precipitation
amounts. Rocky Mountain Range in ________________
Tropical Climate- Tropical climates are found in areas that lie close to the equator. Here
the sun shines intensely. Within ____________, there are three groups: tropical wet;
tropical wet and dry; and tropical monsoon. Tropical wet regions, also known as rain
forests, have the most predictable ____________. Here, everyday is pretty much the
same. You can expect lots of rain, warm nights and hot days. The seasons change only
slightly.
Mid Latitude Climate- Mid-latitude Climates: Climates in this zone are affected by two
different air-masses. The ______________ are moving towards the poles and the polar
air-masses are moving towards the equator. These two air masses are in constant conflict.
Either air mass may dominate the area, but neither has exclusive control. Four types: Dry
Midlatitude Climates steppe--Characterized by _____________, this is a semiarid
climate; Mediterranean Climate chaparral biome--this is a wet-winter, ________ climate;
Dry Midlatitude Climates grasslands biome--hese dry climates are limited to the interiors
of North America and Eurasia; Moist Continental Climate--- Deciduous Forest biome
This climate is in the _______________ - the battleground of polar and tropical air
masses. Seasonal changes between summer and winter are very large.
Dry Climate-deserts or places that get very little rain. Very little rain means an area is
“arid”. An __________ is one that gets no more than 12 inches of rain each year. Arid
areas are usually _________. Few plants, animals and people can survive here. Semi-arid
areas are ones that get enough rainfall to allow _____________ to grow. Colorado, for
example, has miles and miles of prairie-land. With irrigation water crops can grow here.
Continent- A continent is one of several very large ____________ on Earth. They are
generally identified by convention rather than any strict __________, with up to seven
regions commonly regarded as continents. These are (from largest in size to smallest):
Asia, Africa, North America, _______________, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.
Ocean- On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional _________ of the World
Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in ______________ order by
area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.
Decade- a period of ten (___)years.
Century-a period of one-hundred (_______) years
Epoch- a period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable
events or _________ characteristics:
Era- a long and distinct period of history with a particular _________ or characteristic:
"his death marked the end of an era"
Millennium-a period of one-thousand years (__________)
BC/BCE- BC is initials that signify when something happened in time in relations to the
birth of Jesus Christ. Recently, ___________ have changed BC (before Christ) to BCE
(before the common era)
AD/CE- AD is the initials that state when something happened in time in relation to the
death of _______________. Recently, historians have changed AD to CE (common era)
satellite imagery-the use of __________ to create pictures of the earth. Usually very large
pictures of very large ___________.
aerial photography- the use of ___________ in airplanes to take pictures of people and
places on the earth.
cultural diffusion- the spread of ideas, _________, and customs, from one culture to
another. This usually happens through ____________ or conquest.