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Tallinna Ülikool
Guernsey
Island
Koostaja: Kristi Rahula
Tallinn 2015
Kristi Rahula
Sisukord
Sissejuhatus.......................................................................................................................... 2
1. Guernsey............................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Etymology ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. History ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Aerial view .................................................................................................................... 5
2. Island .................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Etymology ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Difference between islands and continents ................................................................... 8
2.3. Types of islands ............................................................................................................ 8
2.3.1.Continental islands ................................................................................................. 8
2.3.2.Desert islands ......................................................................................................... 9
2.3.3.Oceanic islands ...................................................................................................... 9
Kokkuvõte...........................................................................................................................11
Kasutatud
kirjandus.............................................................................................................................12
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Sissejuhatus
Enne töö alustamist seadsin endale nii mõnegi eesmärgi. Esiteks püüan täita etteantud nõuded
nii hästi kui oskan. Samuti loodan õpitu meelde jätta, et järgnevates kodutöödes ning ka
igapäevaelus oleks kergem hakkama saada. Ning kõik, mis on juba eelnevalt teada ja õpitud
saab veelgi enam kinnistatud.
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3. Guernsey
Guernsey (/ˈgɜ:nzi/, /ˈɡɜrnzi/ gurn-zee), officially the Bailiwick of Guernsey(Joonis 1) is a
possession of the Crown in right of Guernsey in the English Channel, off the coast of
Normandy. As a bailiwick, Guernsey embraces not only all ten parishes on the Island of
Guernsey, but also the islands of Alderney and Sark – each with its own parliament – and the
smaller islands of Herm, Jethou and Lihou. Although its defence is the responsibility of the
United Kingdom, the Bailiwick is not part of the United Kingdom but rather a possession of
the British Crown. It lies within the Common Travel Area of the British Isles and is not a
member of the European Union, but has a special relationship with it, being treated as part of
the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods. Together, the Bailiwick of
Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey form the geographical grouping known as the Channel
Islands.
Joonis 1. Guernsey
2.1 Etymology
The name "Guernsey", as well as that of neighbouring "Jersey", is of Old Norse origin. The
second element of each word, "-ey", is the Old Norse for "island", while "Guern" resembles
the Spanish Cuerno and means horns.
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2.2 History
Around 6000 B.C., rising seas created the English Channel and separated the Norman
promontories that became the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey from continental Europe.
Neolithic farmers then settled on its coast and built the dolmens and menhirs found in the
islands today.
2.3 Aerial view
During their migration to Brittany, Britons occupied the Lenur islands (the former name of the
Channel Islands) including Sarnia or Lisia (Guernsey) and Angia (Jersey). Travelling from the
Kingdom of Gwent, Saint Sampson, later the abbot of Dol in Brittany, is credited with the
introduction of Christianity to Guernsey.
In 933 the islands, formerly under the control of William I, then Duchy of Brittany were
annexed by the Duchy of Normandy. The island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands
represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy.
During the Middle Ages, the island was a haven for pirates that would use the "Lamping
Technique" to ground ships close to her waters . This intensified during the Hundred Years
War, when, starting in 1339, the island was occupied by the Capetians on several occasions.
In 1372, the island was invaded by Aragonese mercenaries under the command of Owain
Lawgoch (remembered as Yvon de Galles), who was in the pay of the French king. Lawgoch
and his dark-haired mercenaries were later absorbed into Guernsey legend as invading fairies
from across the sea.
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Castle Cornet seen at night over the harbour of St Peter Port.
In the mid-16th century, the island was influenced by Calvinist reformers from Normandy.
During the Marian persecutions, three women, the Guernsey Martyrs, were burned at the
stake for their Protestant beliefs.
During the English Civil War, Guernsey sided with the Parliamentarians. The allegiance was
not total, however; there were a few Royalist uprisings in the southwest of the island, while
Castle Cornet was occupied by the Governor, Sir Peter Osborne, and Royalist troops. Castle
Cornet was the last Royalist outpost anywhere in the British Isles to surrender.
Wars against France and Spain during the 17th and 18th centuries gave Guernsey shipowners
and sea captains the opportunity to exploit the island's proximity to mainland Europe by
applying for Letters of Marque and turning their merchantmen into privateers.
By the beginning of the 18th century, Guernsey's residents were starting to settle in North
America. The 19th century saw a dramatic increase in prosperity of the island, due to its
success in the global maritime trade, and the rise of the stone industry.
During World War I, approximately 3,000 island men served in the British Expeditionary
Force. Of these, about 1,000 served in the Royal Guernsey Light Infantry regiment formed
from the Royal Guernsey Militia in 1916.
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For most of World War II, the Bailiwick was occupied by German troops. Before the
occupation, many Guernsey children had been evacuated to England to live with relatives or
strangers during the war. Some children were never reunited with their families. The
occupying German forces deported some of the Bailiwick's residents to camps in the
southwest of Germany, notably to the Lager Lindele (Lindele Camp) near Biberach an der
Riß. Guernsey was very heavily fortified during World War II out of all proportion to the
island's strategic value. German defences and alterations remain visible (Wikipedia, 2015).
3. Island
An island /ˈaɪlənd/ or isle /ˈaɪl/ is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by
water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets,
skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, or a
holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago,
e.g. the Philippines.
An island may be described as such despite the presence of an artificial land bridge, for
example Singapore and its causeway, or the various Dutch delta islands, such as IJsselmonde.
Some places may even retain "island" in their names for historical reasons after being
connected to a larger landmass by a wide land bridge, such as Coney Island or Coronado
Island. Conversely, when a piece of land is separated from the mainland by a man-made
canal, for example the Peloponnese by the Corinth Canal, it is generally not considered an
island.
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3.1 Etymology
The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland (from ig,
similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and -land carrying its contemporary
meaning; cf. Dutch eiland ("island"), German Eiland ("small island")). However, the spelling
of the word was modified in the 15th century because of an incorrect association with the
etymologically unrelated Old French loanword isle, which itself comes from the Latin word
insula. Old English ig is actually a cognate of Latin aqua (water).
3.2 Difference between islands and continents
Greenland is the world's largest island with an area of over 2.1 million km², while Australia,
the world's smallest continent has an area of 7.6 million km², but there is no standard of size
which distinguishes islands from continents, or from islets. There is a difference between
islands and continents in terms of geology. Continents sit on continental lithosphere which is
part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth's molten mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of
tectonic plates, but it is denser than continental lithosphere, so it floats low on the mantle.
Islands are either extensions of the oceanic crust (e.g. volcanic islands) or geologically they
are part of some continent sitting on continental lithosphere (e.g. Greenland). This holds true
for Australia, which sits on its own continental lithosphere and tectonic plate.
3.3 Types of islands
3.3.1 Continental islands
Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent.
Examples include Borneo, Java, and Sumatra off Asia; New Guinea, Tasmania, and Kangaroo
Island off Australia; Great Britain, Ireland, and Sicily off Europe; Greenland, Newfoundland,
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Long Island, and Sable Island off North America; and Barbados, Falklands and Trinidad off
South America.
A special type of continental island is the microcontinental island, which results when a
continent is rifted. Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands,
New Caledonia, New Zealand, and some of the Seychelles.
Another subtype is an island or bar formed by deposition of tiny rocks where a water current
loses some of its carrying capacity. An example is barrier islands, which are accumulations of
sand deposited by sea currents on the continental shelves. Another example are fluvial or
alluvial islands formed in river deltas or midstream within large rivers. While some are
transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes, others are stable
and long-lived. Islets are very small islands.
3.3.2 Desert islands
A desert island is an island with no people. Typically, a desert island is denoted as such
because it exists in a state of being deserted, or abandoned. An arid desert climate is not
typically implied; one dictionary uses the phrase 'desert island' to illustrate the use of 'desert'
as an adjective meaning "desolate and sparsely occupied or unoccupied". According to
another, "A desert island is a small tropical island, where nobody lives or an undiscovered
island."
3.3.3 Oceanic islands
Oceanic islands are ones that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are volcanic
in origin such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. The few oceanic islands that are
not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the deep
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ocean floor to above the surface. Examples of this include Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the
Atlantic Ocean and Macquarie Island in the Pacific.
One type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from
volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring. Examples include the
Aleutian Islands, the Mariana Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. Some of the
Lesser Antilles and the South Sandwich Islands are the only Atlantic Ocean examples.
Another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface.
There are two examples: Iceland, which is the world's second largest volcanic island, and Jan
Mayen. Both are in the Atlantic.
A third type of volcanic oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots. A hotspot is more or
less stationary relative to the moving tectonic plate above it, so a chain of islands results as
the plate drifts. Over long periods of time, this type of island is eventually "drowned" by
isostatic adjustment and eroded, becoming a seamount. Plate movement across a hot-spot
produces a line of islands oriented in the direction of the plate movement. An example is the
Hawaiian Islands, from Hawaii to Kure, which then extends beneath the sea surface in a more
northerly direction as the Emperor Seamounts. Another chain with similar orientation is the
Tuamotu Archipelago; its older, northerly trend is the Line Islands. The southernmost chain is
the Austral Islands, with its northerly trending part the atolls in the nation of Tuvalu. Tristan
da Cunha is an example of a hotspot volcano in the Atlantic Ocean. Another hot spot in the
Atlantic is the island of Surtsey, which was formed in 1963.
An atoll is an island formed from a coral reef that has grown on an eroded and submerged
volcanic island. The reef rises to the surface of the water and forms a new island. Atolls are
typically ring-shaped with a central lagoon. Examples include the Line Islands in the Pacific
and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Wikipedia, 2015).
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Kokkuvõte
Kodutööd tehes mõistsin kui palju kergemini ja kiiremini on enamik asju võimalik teha, kuid
teadmatusest ja harjumusest teeme teatud toiminguid ikka isemoodi. Kõige keerulisem oli
kindlasti lisada viiteid ning koostada kasutatud kirjanduse loetelu. Lihtsam oleks olnud minna
kergema vastupanu teed ja kirjutada need käsitsi, kuid ise läbi tehes ja tehtule mõeldes jääb
tegevuskäik kindlasti paremini meelde.
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Kasutatud kirjandus:
Wikipedia. (2015). Allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey.
Wikipedia. (2015). Allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island.
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