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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 1 Introduction: Thinking Critically with Psychology James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers What is Psychology? Psychology the science of behavior and mental processes Nature-Nurture Issue the long-standing controversy over the relative contribution of genes and experience to the development of psychological traits and behaviors What is Psychology? Basic Research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base Applied Research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems What is Psychology? Clinical Psychology a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians who provide medical (drug) treatment as well as psychological therapy Why do Psychology? Critical Thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions examines assumptions discerns hidden values evaluates evidence Why do Psychology? Hindsight Bias tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we do The Scientific Method Theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations Hypothesis a testable prediction often implied by a theory The Scientific Method generate or refine research and observations lead to hypothesis Research Strategies Replication repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other subjects and circumstances usually with different subjects in different situations Case Study an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles Research Strategies Survey technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them False Consensus Effect tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors Research Strategies Population all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn Random Sample a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion Research Strategies Naturalistic Observation observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation Research Strategies Correlation a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other Illusory Correlation the perception of a relationship where none exists Illusory Correlation Conceive Adopt Do not adopt Do not conceive confirming evidence disconfirming evidence disconfirming evidence confirming evidence Do you believe that previously infertile couples become more likely to conceive a child after adopting a baby? Random Sequences Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960. Correlation and Causation Three possible cause-effect relations Low Self-esteem Depression Low Self-esteem Depression Low Self-esteem Depression Distressing events or biological predisposition Research Strategies Experiment a research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) while controlling other relevant factors by random assignment of subjects Research Strategies Experimental Condition the condition of an experiment that exposes subjects to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable Control Condition the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental treatment serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment Perceptions of Violence Perception of illegal play when players seen to wear black 8 3 2 1 White Jerseys Black Jerseys 0 Color Visible Color Not Visible Research Strategies Random Assignment assigning subjects to experimental and control conditions by chance minimizes pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups Research Strategies Independent Variable the experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied Dependent Variable the experimental factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process Research Strategies The Design of the Second Frank and Gilovich Experiment Manipulation of Independent Variable Condition Manipulation of Independent Variable Measurement Of Dependent Variable Experimental Wear black jerseys Aggressiveness (game choice) Control Not wear black jerseys(wear white) Aggressiveness (game choice) Research Strategies Operational Definition a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables Placebo an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent Research Strategies Subliminal tape content Self-esteem Tape label Self-esteem Memory Memory Design of the subliminal tapes experiment Research Strategies Double-blind Procedure an experimental procedure in which both the subject and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the subject has received the treatment or a placebo commonly used in drug-evaluation studies Culture enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people transmitted from one generation to the next Duck or Rabbit? Our preconceptions can bias our observations and interpretations Studying Psychology SQ3R a study method incorporating five steps: Survey Question Read Rehearse Review