Download Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 - Organization - mics-bio2

Anatomy and
Physiology
Unit 1 Organization
I. Course Overview
A. Semester 2 Policy
handout.
B. System approach Form (anatomy) and
function (physiology).
1. Greek and Latin
inclusion.
a. The various
disciplines of science are
named with words of
various Greek and Latin
origin.
1) Biology - The
study of Life.
Including Zoology and
Botany.
2) Morphology The study of form and
structure. (could be life
or non)
a) Anatomy - generally
referring to organisms
i. Macroanatomy - macro =
large (see with naked eye)
ii. Histology = study of
tissues
iii. cytology = study of cells
3) Physiology - The
study of function
4) Others:
Biochemistry, psychology,
pathology (study of
disease) Genetics
(beginnings i.e., Genesis).
b. Systemspecific word lists.
2. Function and
Form are interrelated.
3. The body
systems: skeletal,
muscular, nervous, digestive,
respiratory, circulatory
(including immune), urinary,
reproductive (or urogenital),
endocrine, integumentary.
See Table 1-2, page 9
Organ Systems
a. We will look
at most if not all of these
"systems" but may
combine a few and call it
one "system".
II. The Plan of the
Human Body
A. Structural
organization
1. Cells: specialization
2. Tissues.- Four types
a. Epithelial covers and protects
surfaces
b. Connective joins various parts and
provides support.
c. Muscular allows movement
d. Nervous responds to stimuli and
cordinates bodily activity.
3. Organs and
organ systems
4. Organism
B. Anatomical
reference systems
1. Direction
a. anterior
(ventral)/posterior(dorsal
)
b. superior
(cranial)/inferior (caudal)
c.
medial/lateral
reference to midline of
the body
d. proximal/distal
reference to the point of
attachment
e. parietal/visceral
parietal = pertains to the
outer layer or wall
visceral
= covering of an organ
2. Planes of Sections
a. sagittal = any verticle
plane making left and
right portions
Coronal = Frontal
b. midsagittal =
midline plane making
equal right and left
portions
c. frontal
(coronal) = division of the
body into
anterior/posterior
sections.
d. transverse =
division of the body into
superior and inferior
sections.
3. Cavities
a. dorsal cavity
- brain and spinal cord
b. ventral
cavity
1) thoracic =
lungs and the heart
2)
abdominal = the viscera
(guts) = digestive organs,
kidneys and spleen
a) pelvic
cavity = bladder,
reproductive organs
III. An introduction to
scientific terminology.
A. Word roots: In the
word "speaker", speakis the word root. In the
word "cytology", cyt- is
the word root.
B. Combining vowel:
We combine speed and
meter but we call it
speedometer. The vowel,
"o" combines the two
roots. This was done to
help pronunciation.
C. Combining formthe root and combining
vowel
Assignment: Word
origins - Introduction
Word + Combining = Combining
root
form
vowel
speedthermphon-
o
o
o
speed-o
therm-o
phon-o
D. The suffix: a syllable
or syllables added at the end
of the word root or
combining form to change
the meaning of the root, give
it grammatical function, or
to form a new word.
cyt- ology = the
study of cells (verb) cytolog ist = one who
specializes in the study of
cells
E. The prefix: a
syllable or syllables
placed before the word to
alter its meaning or
create a new word. side,
out-side, in-side
Examples of the above
elements combined:
autobiographical
auto-bi-o-graph-ic-al
auto: prefix
bi: word root
o: combining vowel
graph: word root
ic: suffix al: suffix
IV. Cells, the basic unit
of life. Cytology.
(Chapter 3, Wingerd)
A. Functions (in
addition to basic process
of life)
1. Special
functions discussed later (
nerve cells, muscle, etc.)
2. Transportation
through cell membranes.
a. Physical
Processes - Movement
from high concentration
to low
1) Diffusion
= the spreading out of
particles by random
molecular motion.
a) examples:
v Oxygen and
Carbon dioxide between
air and blood
v molecules between
blood and extracellular
areas in tissues
v molcules between
the cells and extracellular
areas
b) rate of diffusion
v drops
dramatically as the
distance increases (10 mm
in 15 ms, size of
basketball in 256 days for
oxygen)
v varies with material
(10 mm in 3.5 sec. for
glucose)
v varies with
membrane permeability
(ability of membrane to
allow materials to pass
through it)
2) Osmosis =
diffusion of a solvent
through a selectively
permeable membrane.
One that does not let all
solute in the solvent
through it.
a) The driving
force is the difference in
solvent concentrations.
This difference creates
osmotic pressure.
b) Solution
concentrations determine
osmotic pressure.
c) Terminology in
reference to cells
isotonic solution =
same osmotic pressure as
cell
hypotonic solution =
less than the cell
hypertonic solution =
more than the cell
3) Filtration =
movement through a
membrane due to
mechanical pressure
gradient. (occurrs in the
kidney)
4) Facilitated
diffusion = movement on
proteins that have
chemical binding sites.
b. Physiological
Processes
1) Active transport
- movement against a
concentration gradient
a) requires the use of
energy
b) membrane is more
one-directional otherwise
diffusion would occur.
c) sodium and
potassium ions
Na = 144 mmol/liter
K = 4.4 mmol/l
3. Metabolic functions
= All the chemical
reactions inside the body.
a. Background
- basics of chemistry
1) atom = the smallest
unit of an element able to
exist alone
2) phases of matter =
solid, liquid, and gas
3) chemical
compounds = made up of
molecules, have various
proportions of atoms.
4) organic compounds
= carbon-containing
compounds
a) carbohydrates =
sugars and starches
b) lipids = fats, oils,
waxes, and steroids
c) proteins = long
chains of amino acids
d) nucleic acids =
DNA (double strand) and
RNA (single
strand)
4) mixture = The
physical combination of
substances where the
substances do not lose
their identity.
5) catalyst = speeds
the rate of a reaction
without being part of it
6) enzyme = an
organic catalyst
7) solute, solvent,
solution
b. Energy Exchange
(absorption or release)
1) synthesis = two
or more substances
combine to make a new
substance
A + B ----> AB
1)) Biological
synthesis = anabolism
2) decomposition =
breakdown of complex
substances
AB -----> A + B
a) hydrolysis = water
breaking
b) Biological decomposition
= catabolism
3) homeostasis = the
tendency of the body to
maintain constant conditions
.
a) feedback
systems
1))
positive = disturbance
causes increased
disturbance ( blood
clotting is one)
2))
negative = increased
output results in decrease
in input
Thermostat example
c. Steps of
metabolism (in the cell =
intracellular)
step 1:
absorption of organic
substances into the cell
step 2: catabolism,
breakdown of the molecules to
release energy
glucose
+ oxygen with enzymes break
down to CO2, water, and
energy
cellular respiration in the
mitochondria
step 3: ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
transfers energy as ATP
then released when
broken down energy is in
bonds
1)) Cell structures:
asters, spindle= fibers on
which chromosomes
move, centrioles,
chromatin = genetic
material which stains
easily
step 4: DNA
code transfered by RNA
step 5:
Anabolism - Protein
synthesis on ribosomes.
d. Cell growth and
reproduction 1) Cell division whole body growth
a) Mitosis
2)) Phases - IPMAT
C. Specialization and
Organization - Tissues
1. Epithelial =
covering tissue which
usuallly secretes, creates
movement, and can
repair itself very quickly.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
ciliated
2. Connective = cells, fibers
and proteins
a. Loose
b. Adipose (fat)
c. Cartilage
d. Fibrous
e. Liquid (blood, lymph) f.
Bone
3. Nervous
a. neuron = nerve
cell
1) Types
a) sensory
b) motor
c) associative
4. Muscle
Striated vs.
smooth and voluntary
vs. involuntary.